1. surgical: selective laser trabeculoplasty 2. if they don't want SLT: latanoprost

Opthalm Flashcards by Mehnaz Aabideen

two types of ARMD

dry
wet (neovascularization, leakage of fluid)

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what do you see in dry vs wet ARMD

dry: drusen (yellow spots)
wet (red patches of haemorrhage)

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Mx for wet ARMD

anti-VEGF

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bacterial keratitis
most common cause, Px, Mx

bacterial infection of the cornea
assoc. with contact lens wearers (pseudomonas!!!!) /corneal abrasion

red eye, lacrimation, feeling of foreign body in eye

Mx: topical ABs

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blepharitis and MX

chronic eyelid inflammation
Mx: lid hygiene,

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carotid cavernous fistula
Px

connection made between cavernous sinus and carotid artery
Px: pulsatile exophthalmos; conjunctival injection, optic bruit

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cherry red spot on a pale retina

central retinal artery occlusion

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stormy sunset
describe it and what causes it q

flame haemorrhages, cotton wool spots
central retinal vein occlusion

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chronic open angle glaucoma and Px

increased resistance to trabecular meshwork = less drainage of aqueous humour.
gradual vision loss, tunnel vision

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Mx of COAG

surgical: selective laser trabeculoplasty
if they don’t want SLT: latanoprost

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headache, nausea, vomiting
severe eye pain, red eye, blurry vision
what is this? Mx

acute angle closure glaucoma
Mx: pilocarpine; acetazolamide; timolol
peripheral iridotomy

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pupil presentation in angle closure glaucoma

fixed-dilated

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3rd nerve palsy, eyes rest at what position

down adn out

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scleritis vs episcleritis

both present w red eye
scleritis is more severe pain on eye movement
episceral vessels blanch when pressed, scleral do not

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endopthalmitis
Px and Mx

infection inside the eye presenting with severe eye pain, vision loss
happens after cataract surgery
Mx: intravitreal vancomycin

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dendritic ulcers are pathognomic for:

herpes simplex keratitis

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Argyll-robertson pupil

bilaterally small pupils
constrict when focused on a near object, do not constrict upon bright light
neurosyphilis!!!!!!

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optic neuritis triad and Mx

ocular pain
vision loss
colour blindness

IV methylprednisolone

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swollen, red, painful eye
recently had a sinus infection
what is it? and Mx

orbital cellulitis
IV antibiotics

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newborn baby, acute red eye, mucopurulent discharge bilaterally
what is it? and Mx

gonorrhoeal conjunctivitis (passed vertically through delivery)
Mx: cefotaxime

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gold standard Ix for orbital cellulitis

CT sinus and orbits

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post cataract surgery, progressive blurring of vision
what is it and Mx?

posterior capsule opacification
YAG laser capsulotomy

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Px of anterior uveitis 4 points and Mx

redness, pain, photophobia, reduced visual acuity
Assoc with HLA B27 (ankylosing spondylitis, IBD)
Mx: dexamethason drops

any eye problem with neovascularization do….

pan-retinal photocoagulation

any eye problem with macular edema do....

anti-VEGF intravitreal

what is occlusion therapy in strabismus

covering the normal eye with a patch. forces the kid to use the abnormal eye and strengthens the msucles

ABs for orbital cellulitis

adults: pip taz children: cefotaxime + metronidazole

Holmes Adie pupil px and ix

unilateral dilated pupil, reduced constriction upon light positive pilocarpine test

corneal ulcer vs corneal abrasion

corneal abrasion does not cause vision loss

macular star

exudates lining up like a star retinal blood vessels leaking fluid -> macular star seen in hypertensive retinopathy

what is the surgery used to remove cataracts

phacoemulsification

normal intraocular pressure

12-22mmHg

1st and 2nd line treatment for conjunctivitis

topical chloramphenicol drops topical fusidic acid drops

what treatment for conjunctivitis is contraindicated in pregnancy, what is used instead

topical chloramphenicol contraindicated topical fusidic acid used instead

difference between bacterial, viral and allergic conjunctivitis

bacterial: discharge on waking up, grittiness, redness viral: associated with URTI, bilateral, itchiness, pre auricular lymph nodes allergic: redness, itchiness, check history!

how to confirm anterior uveitis

slit lamp

2 meds for anterior uveitis and MOA

topical corticosteroids (reduce inflammation) cycloplegic myadriatic ( cyclopentane 1% ) to paralyse the ciliary muscles and relieve the pain caused by contraction of these muscles prevent adhesions between the iris and the anterior lens capsule

management schedule for different stages of diabetic retinopathy

R0 (no retinopathy) → annual check up R1 (background retinopathy) → annual check up R2 (pre proliferative) → non-urgent opthalm (see in 13 weeks, monitor every 4-6 months) R3 (proliferative) → urgent opthalm M1 (maculopathy) → urgent opthalm

symptoms of proliferative retinipathy

blurred vision floaters

what is diabetic maculopathy

when any features of diabetic retinopathy exist at the macula e.g. ring of exudates and a dot haemorrhage at the fovea (macular centre)

what anatomical region creates the blind spot

optic disc

retinal detachment: if the symptoms are from an inferotemporal side, the detachment will be from the....

superonasal side

phenylephrine causes resolution of symptoms, what was the condition

episcleritis If the inflammation is localized to the episcleral tissue, then the vessels will blanch with the phenylephrine, and the eye will be relatively white and asymptomatic

posterior vitreous detachment

precursor to retinal detachment associated with myopia px flashes and floaters no horseshoe tear seen on dilated fundoscopy

how to differentiate between HSV ulcer and non HSV ulcer

HSV ulcer = dendritic ulcer. stain very brightly with floeurescein + has a terminal bump (even brighter) non HSV ulcer e.g. acanthomeba or VZV = pseudodendritic ulcer. no terminal bulbs

complication of pan retinal photocoagulation

decreased night vision

what Ix is used to confirm wet ARMD

flourescein angiography

Mx of HSV keratitis

Topical aciclovir drops

Mx of corneal abrasion

topical antibiotic drops

Mx of herpes zoster opthalmicus

oral aciclovir

2 risk factors for retinal detachment

myopia type 2 diabetes mellitus

risk factor for acute angle closure glaucoma

hypermetropia (long sightedness)

Ix for vitreous haemorrhage

red blood cells in the anterior chamber

what to use to test for refractive error

pin hole occluder

treatment of dry AMD

High dose of beta-carotene, vitamins C and E, and zinc can be given to slow deterioration of visual loss

difference between argyll robertson pupil and holmes adie pupil

holmes adie constricts slowly upon light, but argyll Robertson does not constrict at all