ENT

Question 1

presbycusis

Answer 1

aging of the cochlea hair cells + auditory system
bilateral hearing loss

Question 2

bilateral vestibular schwannoma seen alongside what condition?

Answer 2

neurofibromatosis 2

Question 3

unilateral hearing loss and painless discharge

Answer 3

cholesteatoma

Question 4

unilateral parotid gland swelling, facial nerve palsy, facial pain

Answer 4

adenoid cystic carcinoma

Question 5

tinnitus, aural fullness, deafness, vertigo in episodes

Answer 5

menieres

Question 6

hearing loss improved when there is background noise

Answer 6

otosclerosis

Question 7

Px of otosclerosis

Answer 7

conductive hearing loss, tinnitus. their voice sounds louder than it is. better hearing when there is lots of background noise

Question 8

when do you give ABs in otitis media

Answer 8

when it hasn’t resolved after 3 days. 5-7 days of amoxicillin

Question 9

mild otitis externa treatment

Answer 9

acetic acid 2% drops

Question 10

moderate otitis externa Mx

Answer 10

gentamicin + hydrocortisone drops (NOT IF THEY HAVE GROMMETS/PERFORATED EARDRUM)

Question 11

in Pts with BPPV what do you see in the dix-hallpike test

Answer 11

rotational nystagmus

Question 12

at home treatment for BPPV

Answer 12

Brandt-Daroff exercises

Question 13

labyrinthitis vs vestibular neuronitis

Answer 13

labrynthitis = loss of hearing, tinnitus

Question 14

thyroglossal cyst

Answer 14

midline swelling, moves on tongue protrusion

Question 15

branchial cyst

Answer 15

lateral swelling, doesn’t move on tongue protrusion

Question 16

bilateral cherry red swelling after trauma to the nose
what? Mx?

Answer 16

septal haematoma
emergency incision and drainage (can lead to irreversible septal perforation and necrosis if its untreated)

Question 17

thin watery secretions from nose, trauma

Answer 17

CSF rhinorrhoea

Question 18

hearing loss in viral labyrinthitis or in vestibular neuronitis?

Answer 18

viral labrynthitis

Question 19

peritonsillar abscess Px

Answer 19

sore throat, painful swallowing
deviated uvula

Question 20

BPPV Px

Answer 20

vertigo, vomiting, nausea when the pt turns his head

Question 21

Mx of Menieres

Answer 21

betahistine to prevent
prochlorperazine when the episodes happen

Question 22

Px of vestibular schwannoma

Answer 22

tumour of CN8
unilateral hearing loss, tinnitus
vertigo
facial palsy
absent corneal reflex

Question 23

Mx of epistaxis

Answer 23

1. hold head down for 20 mins
2. posterior packing OR anterior silver nitrate cautery
3. embolisation of the sphenopalatine artery (Little’s area)

Question 24

Dx of acoustic neuroma

Answer 24

MRI

Question 25

cystic hygroma

Answer 25

neck lump that appears in infancy
does not trans-illuminate
in the posterior triangle of the neck

Question 26

Px of sialolithiasis

Answer 26

stone in the salivary gland
pain around salivary gland
pain reproduced upon production of saliva (e.g. squeezing lemon juice in mouth)

Question 27

feeling of lump in throat with no underlying pathology
Mx?

Answer 27

globus
drinking lots of water, sniffing out, stress reduction

Question 28

vocal cord nodules
Px and Mx

Answer 28

hoarse voice
found in singers (voice abuse)
Mx: vocal rest, speech therapy

Question 29

most common cause of hypercalcemia

Answer 29

parathyroid adenoma

Question 30

damage to what nerve causes hoarse voice

Answer 30

recurrent laryngeal nerve

Question 31

oral hairy leukoplakia
cause, Px and Mx

Answer 31

Epstein Barr virus
found in severely immunosuppressed patients (untreated HIV)
shaggy, irregular border, white, can’t be scraped off
nothing really to Mx

Question 32

Px of aphthous ulcer
Mx

Answer 32

well demarcated lesion, painful, acute onset
Mx: topical steroids and analgesia

Question 33

unexplained sudden sensorineural hearing loss Mx

Answer 33

MR HEAD
Ent emergency

Question 34

damage to what nerve causes inability to alter pitch of voice

Answer 34

external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (cricothyroid muscle)

Question 35

oral thrush Mx

Answer 35

nystatin (anti fungal)

Question 36

management of small vs large vestibular schwannoma

Answer 36

small: fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy
large: translabrynthine approach surgery

Question 37

laryngeal papillomatosis
cause, Px, Mx

Answer 37

rare disease in children characterised by benign tumour (papilla) formation in the aero digestive tract. it is recurrent.
hoarse, gruff voice

Mx: microlaryngoscopy and biopsy (have to do many times)
Caused by HPV

Question 38

most common cause of malignant otitis externa

Answer 38

pseudomonas
immunocompromised peopl

Question 39

indications for tonsillectomy

Answer 39

if episodes of tonsillitis prevent normal function

7/year for a year
5/year for two years
3/year for 3 years

Question 40

webers test
lateralises to one ear, what does it mean with regards to a conductive hearing loss or sensorineural hearing loss

Answer 40

lateralises to one ear
that ear could have a conductive hearing loss
or
the other ear could have a sensorineural hearing loss

Question 41

a positive Rinne’s means….

Answer 41

air > bone
normal people

Question 42

which test should be done first: weber or rinne

Answer 42

weber

Question 43

when can you get a false negative rinne

Answer 43

severe sensorineural hearing loss
vibrations are transmitted to the other ear and heard better through bone

Question 44

Mx of cholesteatoma

Answer 44

ENT out patient clinic
micro suction

Question 45

CENTOR criteria

Answer 45

1. absent cough
2. tender anterior cervical lymphadenopathy
3. exudate on tonsils
4. fever >38