Organismal Biology Flashcards
animals are eukaryotic, which means they have…
- “true nucleus”
- membrane-bound organelles
what does it mean to be heterotrophic?
different feeding
what do heterotrophic organisms use as energy and carbon source?
organic materials
what are the modes of feeding?
- predators
- herbivores
- filter feeders
- parasites
- detritivores
- omnivores
Most animals have an ___ digestion
internal
aniamls guts are
internal and continuous with the outside environment and permits internal digestion of food items
having multiple cells (multicellularity) means…
cells can become specialized to carry out specific functions and can grow in size
animals don’t cell walls so how do they support their body?
- hydrostatic skeleton
- exoskeleton
- endoskeleton
hydrostatic skeleton
muscles contract against fluid-filled cavity
example of an animal with a hydrostatic skeleton
earth worms
exoskeleton
non-living covering that does not grow with animal
- ex: moulting animals
Endoskeleton
internal support
-vertebrates (living tissue)
whats the importance of mobility at some life stage?
- movement reduces competition
- enhances genetic diversity
Somatic (body cells) are ….
diploid
animals are ???
diplontic
fungi are???
haplontic
plants are???
alternating
what are tissues?
groups of similar cells organized into a functional unit
what type of tissues are there?
- muscular
- nervous
- connective
- epithelial
what type of connective tissues are there?
- reticular
- adipose
- blood
- bone
tissues can function together as ___ to complete more complex tasks
ORGANS
how many species of animals are there
more than 1 million!
how many are invertebrates?
97%
when did animals evolve?
late precambrian
who are the closest living relatives to animal origins?
colonial choanoflagellate protists
what were the first animals?
marine
when did the first animals live?
1.2 bya -700 mya
when did the cambrian explosion happen?
542 - 490 mya
what happened in the cambrian explosion?
- rapid diversification
- many new phyla were formed
- burgess shale
animals are…
monophyletic
- Even though most of their charactersitics are shared with some other groups
- no other groups share all of these characteristics
evidence that animals are monophyletic
- similar gene sequences
evidence that animals are monophyletic
- similar extracellular matrix molecules
evidence that animals are monophyletic
unique types of junctions between cells
what types of junctions between cells are there?
tight junctions
what types of junctions between cells are there?
desmosome
what types of junctions between cells are there?
gap junction
what does porifera mean?
pore bearing
how many species of sponges are there?
9000 species
most sponges are
marine
when are sponges motile?
as larvae
sponge morphology is highly…
variable
where do waste products go out of the from the sponges?
osculum
how do sponges reproduce?
asexually through: FRAGMENTATION and BUDDING
what is fragmentation
not self-induced brought about by waves or preators
what is budding
clone of parent
whats a form of sexual reproduction
hermaphroditic
what is hermaphroditic
sperm and eggs are produced in choanocytes of ameobocytes
where do eggs develop/
extracellular matrix
features of extracellular matrix
- non cellular
- collagen, glycoproteins
- some support
features of spicules
- CaCO3
- SiO2
- provide rigidity
features of spongin
- protein fibers
- flexible support
