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Bio 111 > Mollusks - How the nervous system works > Flashcards

Mollusks - How the nervous system works Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

how many species of Mollusca are there?

A

more than 100,000

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2
Q

Mollusca is the ____ largest animal group after arthropods

A

2nd

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3
Q

How are Mollusca diverse?

A

they are diverse in their

  • morphology
  • modes of nutrition
  • reproduction
  • response to environment
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4
Q

how are Mollusca symmetrical?

A

bilaterally

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5
Q

Mollusca are ___plastic

A

triploblastic

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6
Q

what are the four major groups of Mollusca

A
  1. polyplacophora
  2. gastropoda
  3. bivalvia
  4. cephalopoda
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7
Q

what does the mantle cavity of Mollusca contain?

A

gills

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8
Q

For land living organisms the mantle cavity is …

A

an extended space for surface oxygen exchange

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9
Q

The front end of the intestine is known as the

A

radula

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10
Q

the Polyplacophora is known as the

A

“bearer of many plates”

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11
Q

how many overlapping plates does the Polyplacophora have?

A

eight!

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12
Q

Polyplacophora are…

A

omnivorous

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13
Q

where are the gills located in Polyplacophora

A

in the mantle grooves?

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14
Q

Polyplacophora are able to withstand ___ ____

A

low oxygen

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15
Q

Bivalvia means …

A

“two valves”

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16
Q

Bivalvia have a reduction of

A

head

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17
Q

the mantle cavity of Bivalvia is modified by

A

siphons

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18
Q

how do Bivalvia get oxygen?

A

by using their gills

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19
Q

what else do the gills of Bivalvia do?

A

filter food

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20
Q

are Bivalvia sessile or mobile?

A

sessile

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21
Q

what kind of feeders are Bivalvia

A

filter feeders

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22
Q

Siphons are extensions of

A

posterior mantle

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23
Q

In Siphons water flows in the __ ___ and then across the ___ that act as ___ for food

A

mantle cavity ; gills ; filters

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24
Q

there are two exits/entries in Siphons

A

one water is sucked in and the other water is squished out

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25
Q

what is the most diverse group of mollusks?

A

Gastropoda

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26
Q

how many species of Gastropoda are there?

A

85,000

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27
Q

what kind of eaters are Gastropoda?

A

herbivores, predators, scavengers

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28
Q

what kind of fertlization do Gastropoda do?

A

both internal and external

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29
Q

Gastropoda are either _______ or hermaphroditic but can produce only sperm or eggs at any given time

A

dioecious

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30
Q

Dioecious means

A

separate sexes

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31
Q

Gastropoda means

A

stomach foot

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32
Q

how do Gastropoda move?

A

torsion of the body

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33
Q

where is the anus of a Gastropoda

A

over the head!

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34
Q

a species of Gastropoda are

A

land snails

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35
Q

where are the eyes located on Gastropoda?

A

on the tentacles

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36
Q

what is the radula modified into in cone snails?

A

into toxic harpoons

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37
Q

cone sails are also known as

A

cigarette snails because if you’re stung by one, the only time left tat you have is for one cigarette

38
Q

nidubranchs means

A

naked gill

39
Q

aposematic says

A

don’t touch me! I’m toxic!

40
Q

How do Gastropoda reproduce?

A

love darts

- mutual exchange of sperm

41
Q

Cephalopoda have an enlarged _____ and a reduced ____

A

head ; shell

42
Q

what do Cephalopoda use their mantle and siphon for?

A

jet propulstion

43
Q

Cephalopoda use this to shoot ink out of the mantle cavity and use this fore to push predators away

A

Siphon

44
Q

Cephalopoda have visual communication with

A

colour and texture

45
Q

what do Cephalopodas use as their defense?

A

ink sac

46
Q

what kind of circulatory system do Cephalopoda have?

A

closed.

47
Q

some Cephalopoda use their tentacles to transfer

A

sperm

48
Q

how do Cephalopoda reproduce?

A

separate sexes with elaborate courtship

49
Q

what kind of fertlization do Cephalopoda do?

A

internal

50
Q

how do male Cephalopoda transfer sperm?

A

via a specialized arm called the hectocotylus

51
Q

what happens to female Cephalopoda after they lay/hatch their effs

A

they die

52
Q

what does the reproduction cycle of Cephalopoda NOT have?

A

Trochophore larva

53
Q

how many arms do Nautilus?

A

80-90 arms

54
Q

how do Nautilus regulate its buoyancy?

A

with gases in chambered shell

55
Q

Nautilus are the only extant ____ chephalopod

A

shelled

56
Q

when did Ammonite go extinct?

A

at the end of the creatceous period

57
Q

Mollusks are ___ for parasites

A

vectors

58
Q

the giant squid can reach up to

A

15 m long

59
Q

giant squid are large enough to support intracellular recording by the first

A

microelectrode

60
Q

what is the function of the nervous system?

A

to produce behaviour

61
Q

what tasks does the nervous system perform?

A

detection and analysis of sensory signals

62
Q

what tasks does the nervous system perform?

A

decision making

63
Q

what tasks does the nervous system perform?

A

generation of coordinated motor output

64
Q

what tasks does the nervous system perform?

A

disregard non-important information

65
Q

the nervous system also generates…

A

mental activity

66
Q

Dendrites

A

receive information from other neurons via synapses

67
Q

cell body (soma)

A

contains nucleus and most cell organelles

68
Q

what integrates info collected by dendrities and initates action potentials?

A

axon hillock

69
Q

what is known as the “telephone line of nerve cell” that synapses at terminal to target cell

A

axon

70
Q

what are glia cells?

A

electrical insulation of nerve cells

71
Q

what do Neurons generate and transmit?

A

electrical signals

72
Q

what do glial cells provide?

A

nutrients that maintain extracellular environemt

73
Q

glial cells are part of the

A

blood-brain barrier

74
Q

glial cells fight…

A

infections of the nervous system

75
Q

how do neurons work?

A

ELECTROCHEMICALLY

76
Q

what does ELECTRO mean?

A

difference in charge across the cell membrane

77
Q

what does CHEMICAL mean?

A

concentration gradients of ions across cell membrane

78
Q

what prevents the free movement of ions?

A

lipid bilayer

79
Q

what controls the ion flux across the membrane?

A

ion channels and ion transporter proteins

80
Q

what determines the membrane potential?

A

the interaction of two forces

81
Q

what does diffusion favour?

A

it favours the net movement of ions down their concentration gradient

82
Q

this force favours net movement of ions according to potential difference

A

electromagnetic force

83
Q

when the two forces are balanced for a GIVEN ION this is called

A

equilibrium potential

84
Q

Depolarization

A

Na+ channels open

85
Q

when does depolarization become regenerative?

A

if the tresh-hold level of depolarization reaches around -50 mV

86
Q

when Na+ channels close while voltage-gated K+ channels open this is called

A

repolarization

87
Q

How are concentration gradients of ions maintained in the long run?

A

by ACTIVE processes

88
Q

what does Na+/K+ pump require?

A

ATP

89
Q

Brief “spikes” of membrane potentail from resting potential towards equilibrium potential of Na+ are called

A

action potentials

90
Q

Graded potentials

A

strength and temporal pattern of input determines mebrane potential; potential decays with distance along nerve fiber; only works over short distances

91
Q

how is information encoded in electrical activity or nerve cells and populations of nerve cells?

A

nerual code

Bio 111 (15 decks)

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