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Bio 111 > Arthropods II: Metamorphosis Hormones > Flashcards

Arthropods II: Metamorphosis Hormones Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What the 4 major groups of Arthropods?

A
  1. Myriapods
  2. Chelicerates
  3. Crustaceans
  4. Hexapods
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2
Q

Myriapods aka

A

“countless feet”

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3
Q

How many body regions do myriapods have?

A

2

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4
Q

What are the two regions of myriapods?

A

head and runk

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5
Q

chelicerates have ___ body regions

A

2

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6
Q

what are the two body regions of chelicerates

A
  • chepalothorax: appendages

- abdomen: no appendages

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7
Q

How many pairs of appendages do chelicerates have?

A

6

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8
Q

what are the 6 pairs of appendages chelicerates have?

A

1: fangs
2: copulatory organs, pinchers
3, 4, 5, 6: walking legs

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9
Q

what are the three body regions of custaceans

A
  • head
  • thorax
  • abdomen
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10
Q

what makes up the group of hexapods?

A

insects and other groups

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11
Q

what are the three body regions of a hexapod

A
  1. head: antennae, mouthparts
  2. thorax: 3 pairs of walking legs (possibly wings)
  3. Abdomen: no appendages
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12
Q

are springtails insects?

A

no but they are considered hexapods

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13
Q

when did wings evolve?

A

around 320 mya

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14
Q

the wing of a ____ and the gill of a ___ ____ are homogolous

A

insect ; cray fish

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15
Q

how do most insects and myriapods breathe?

A 
through holes (spiracles) open into tubular tracheae which branch to finer tubes 
- carry O2 to body cells
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16
Q

What kind of circulatory system do arthropods have?

A

open system

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17
Q

what drives hemolymph into hemocoel

A

dorsal tubular heart with pores

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18
Q

what kind of valves do arthropods have?

A

one way valves

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19
Q

most species of arthropods are

A

dioceous

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20
Q

most species of arthropods…

A

lay eggs

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21
Q

Arthropods can reproduce on ___ and in ____

A

land ; water

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22
Q

How do Arthropods reproduce on land?

A
  • internal fertilization

- some use spermatophores (= packets of sperm_

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23
Q

How do Arthropods reproduce in water?

A

internally (crabs) or externally (barnacles)

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24
Q

How do males prevent females from eating their sperm?

A

by giving it this extra layer that takes a long time to eat

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25
Q

Why do females compete for males?

A

because they get nutrients from the males

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26
Q

What does moulting enable?

A

changes in morphology aka metamorphosis

27
Q

when do insects stop moulting?

A

when they are adults

28
Q

what kind of Arthropod continues moulting as adults?

A

crustaceans

29
Q

Indirect of holometabolous development

A

complete metamorphosis

30
Q

what regulates moulting?

A

Wigglesworth’s experiment

31
Q

Wigglesworth’s experiment using

A

Rhonidus porlixus

32
Q

Rhonidus prolixus

A

a blood sucking insect moults after blood meal

33
Q

Hormones are secreated by

A

endocrine cells

34
Q

Hormones are distrubted by the ____ and bind to ___ ____ _____

A

blood; target cell receptors

35
Q

some chemical signals act locally meaning they can…

A

act without entering the blood stream

36
Q

How do hormones work?

A
  1. affect the expression of a gene
  2. alternate the activity of an existing enzyme
  3. change the permeability of a cell membrane
37
Q

what are the three chemical families of hormones

A
  1. peptides and polypeptides
  2. amino acid derivatives
  3. steroids
38
Q

what is the hormone involved in Arthropod moulting?

A

PTTH: ProThoracicoTropic Hormone

39
Q

where is PPTH produced and stored?

A

in the brain

40
Q

PTTH controls the activity of what gland?

A

prothoracic gland

41
Q

What does the prothoracic gland produce?

A

Ecdysone

42
Q

Where is the ecdysone secreted?

A

into the blood

43
Q

What cells does the ecdysone targe?

A

epidermis

44
Q

what releases ecdysone?

A

corpus allatum

45
Q

what determines when its time to moult?

A

pulses in the brain

46
Q

What are the two body control systems?

A

endocrine system and nervous system

47
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A
  • hormones
  • diffuse via blood
  • slower, longer term
48
Q

What is the nervous system?

A
  • action potentials
  • electrical signals along neurons
  • quicker: shorter term
49
Q

what happens when both systems work together?

A
  • neurons trigger hormone release
  • neurons in hypothalamus make hormones released by the posterior pituitary gland
  • hormones feed back onto nervous system
50
Q

what are the responses of nervous and endocrine system to stimuli?

A
  1. brain detects danger and signals an action
  2. brain signals adrenal gland to release epinephrin
    3 epinephrine causes:
    - the liver to convert clycogen to glucose
    - the heart to beat faster
    - Blood vessels to gut and skin to constricut - shunting more blood to muscles
    - fat cells release fatty acids (fuel) into blood
51
Q

The Hypothalamus integrates …

A

information about the state of the body

52
Q

ADH stands for

A

anti-diuretic hormone

53
Q

what triggers ADH?

A

Increased salt concentration in the blood

54
Q

what is the function of ADH?

A

water is conserved and urine is more conentrated

55
Q

what does ADH target?

A

kidneys

56
Q

what does ADH do?

A

Increases the absorption of water

57
Q

Eating a bag of chips

A
  • Sodium levels go up
  • body tries to flush out some of the Na (this requires water)
  • body loses water
  • if you lose too much you’ll shrivel up
  • hypothalamus releases hormone to the kidney so it reabsorbs the water so you don’t shrivel up
58
Q

Oxytocin’s 1st targe

A

the smooth muscle of the uterus

59
Q

First action of Oxytocin

A

contractions

60
Q

2nd target of oxytocin

A

mammary glands - milk is released

61
Q

2nd action of oxytocin

A

milk release

62
Q

where is oxytocin produce?

A

in the hypothalamus

63
Q

where is oxytocin released?

A

from the posterior pituitary glands

64
Q

what does the hypophyseal portal system carry?

A

neuro-endoprime signals from the hypothalamus down to the anterior pituitary which then releases its own set of hormones

Bio 111 (15 decks)

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