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Bio 111 > Embryonic Development and Symmetry > Flashcards

Embryonic Development and Symmetry Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

a zygote is a

A

multicellular organism

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2
Q

A zygote cell is a diploid cell resulting from the union of two what?

A

two haploid gametes

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3
Q

an embryo is a young animal or plant while..

A

it is still contained within a protective structure

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4
Q

the embryoe is NOT exposed to…

A

the environment

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5
Q

what are the two major processes occurring during embryonic development

A

cleavage and gastrulation

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6
Q

what is cleavage

A

first cell divisions in the embryo

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7
Q

what is gastrulation

A

in-folding, invagination

- the process forms embryonic tissue layers (2-3) from the first layer of cells

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8
Q

Gastrula

A

layers of embryonic cells are formed = germ layers

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9
Q

the ectoderm is the

A

outer skin

  • epidermis
  • nervous system
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10
Q

the endoderm is the

A

inner skin

- lining of digestive AND respiratory system

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11
Q

organisms with 2 germ layers are

A

diploblastic (with two buds)

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12
Q

Mesoderm is the

A

middle skin

- most internal organs: muscles, skeletal system, heart, stomach

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13
Q

Organisms with 3 germ layers are

A

triploblastic - three buds

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14
Q

Archenteron =

A

old gut

- digestive spaces (gut cavity)

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15
Q

blastopore is the

A

mouth or anus

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16
Q

what do tissues enable?

A

complex body organization

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17
Q

what does the gut enable?

A

extracellular digestion - large food items possible

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18
Q

cnidaria are

A

diplobasltic, blind gut, radial symmetry, multicellular

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19
Q

flatwroms are

A

triploblastic, blind gut, bilaterally symetrical

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20
Q

3 types of symmetry

A

asymmetrical
radially symmetrical
bilaterally symmetrical

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21
Q

asymmetrical

A

no axis divides body into equal halves

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22
Q

radially symmetrical

A

along one axis - as long as one cuts through centre- body can be divided into equal halves from many angles

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23
Q

bilaterally symmetrical

A

-single axis divides body in equal hlaves

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24
Q

examples of cnidarians

A

-jellyfish, sea anemones, corals, hydrozoans

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25
Q

how many species of cnidarians are there

A

11,000

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26
Q

cnidarians are…

A

diploblastic

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27
Q

cnidarians have what kind of tissues?

A

nervous and muscular

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28
Q

most life cycles include both of these body forms

A

polyp - sessile

medusa - motile

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29
Q

how do cnidarians obtain energy

A
  • carnivorous

- using cnidocytes to caputre prey, inject prey with venom and stick to prey

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30
Q

another way cnidarians obtain energy?

A

extracellular digestion in gastrovascular cavity

- corals can obtain a large proportion of their energy from symbiotic algae

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31
Q

How do cnidarians reproduce?

A

budding

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32
Q

do cnidarians have simple nervous systems or complicated ones?

A

simple.

33
Q

which direction can sensory information come from (cnidarians)

A

ANY!

34
Q

Hydra

A

simple nerve net

35
Q

what do cnidarians have instead of brains?

A

Hydra connecting everything together

36
Q

Hydrozoa

A
  • polyp dominate phase

- most species alternate between polyp and medusa

37
Q

Scyphozoa

A

jellyfish!

  • medusa is dominate
  • polyp is reduced
38
Q

This type of cnidarians is polyp dominate with no medusa

A

anothozoa

39
Q

Hydra live in

A

freshwater

40
Q

do Hydra have a medusa stage?

A

no.

41
Q

how do hydra move?

A

by gliding, somersaulting or floating

42
Q

what do the tentacles of hydra contain?

A

cnidocytes

43
Q

how long are the hydra tenatcles?

A

supa long

44
Q

example of scyphozoa

A

JELLYFISH

45
Q

what do jellyfish feed on?

A

larvae and zooplankton

46
Q

who eats jellyfish?

A

leatherback turtle

47
Q

Cassiopeia is known as the

A

upside down ejlly

48
Q

what can cassiopeia tolerate?

A

low O2 conditions

49
Q

where do cassiopeia get its o2 and nutrients?

A

from symbionts

50
Q

anthozoa are known as

A

flower animals

51
Q

example of anthozoa

A

sea anemones

52
Q

how do sea anemones protect themselves?

A

retracting their tentacles

53
Q

what animal do sea anemones have a (+/+) relationship with?

A

anemone fish and shrimp

54
Q

coral bleaching

A

stress response is due to a variety of factors

  • incresaing water temperature
  • increasing UV Radiation
  • pollution
  • disease (bacteria)
55
Q

Platyhelminthes

A

bilateria

56
Q

what does the blastopore develop into in Platyhelminthes

A

mouths!

57
Q

Platyhelminthes have

A

anterior brain

58
Q

Platyhelminthes have

A

ventral nere cord

59
Q

Platyhelminthes are

A

protosomes

60
Q

Platyhelminthes are

A

triploblastic

61
Q

How many species of flatworms are there?

A

25,000

62
Q

how do flatworms move?

A

by cilia

63
Q

where is the mouth in flatworms?

A

in the middle

64
Q

how do flatworms get oxygen?

A

everywhere because their bodies are so flat that oxygen can’t get anywhere through diffusion (same for CO2)

65
Q

do flatworms have a respiratory system?

A

no.

66
Q

do flatworms have a circulatory system?

A

no.

67
Q

Do flatworms have a digestive system?

A

no. they just get nutrients through their skin.

68
Q

What is cephalization linked to?

A

directed movement

69
Q

what is cephalization

A

concentration of neurons and sensory structures at the anterior end

70
Q

what kind of symmetry do cephalization have?

A

bilateral symmetry

71
Q

Turbellaria’s anterior end will always develop into a …

A

head

72
Q

how do turbellaria reproduce?

A

asexually by fission AND sexually

73
Q

A species of monogenea is

A

an ectoparasite

74
Q

ectoparasites are known as

A

flat bodies with suckers

- flukes or fish gills

75
Q

Trematoda cause

A

diseases that rarely lead to death but can damage internal organs and impair growth and development in children

76
Q

an example of a cestoda is a

A

tape worm

77
Q

where do tapeworms live?

A

intestines of vertebrates

78
Q

do tapeworms have mouths?

A

no

79
Q

what system do tapeworms not have?

A

digestive

Bio 111 (15 decks)

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