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Bio 111 > Embryonic Development Part II > Flashcards

Embryonic Development Part II Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does the development of a digestive tract enable?

A

specialization of gut regions

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2
Q

what does the stomach do?

A

it stores food until it can be readily processed

- disinfects food

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3
Q

what does the intestine do?

A

breaks down the food

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4
Q

What does the development of a digestive tract enable?

A

Sequential food processing

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5
Q

What does the development of a digestive tract enable?

A

continuous operation

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6
Q

What’s the gizzard?

A

muscular structure that grinds food particles

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7
Q

How do cows eat their food?

A

they regurgitate their food and chew it some more and make it more processable and then food gets swallowed again and is in the omasum

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8
Q

what does the omasum do?

A

takes in a lot of water and minerals from the food

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9
Q

what odes the abomasum do?

A

disinefcts the food with hydrochloric acid - like our stomach

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10
Q

what does the intestine of a cow do?

A

secretes enzymes and process all of the molecules

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11
Q

what’s the digestive system of a rabbit?

A

rabbit eats the food –> stomach –> small intenstine but not much can happen here since the cellulose is in the way –> large intestine: water extraction –> cecum: corresponds to our appendix - lots of microorganisms: break down of cellulose –> gut –> produces two types of poop

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12
Q

what are the two types of poop rabbits produce?

A
  1. soft poop with the goodies and then they eat it…

2. poop with all the waste

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13
Q

What are the two ways a digestive tract develops in bilateria?

A

Protosomes

  • 1st is mouth
  • blastopore –> mouth
  • new opening –> anus
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14
Q

What are the two ways a digestive tract develops in bilateria?

A

Dueterostomes

  • humans
  • 2nd is mouth
  • blastopore –> anus
  • new opening –> mouth
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15
Q

What are the tree different body plans with respect to body cavities?

A
  1. coelomate
  2. pseduocoelomate
  3. acoelomate
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16
Q

Coelomate

A

mesoderm lines the entire cavity as a “peritoneum”

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17
Q

Pseudocoelomate

A

“false colem”

- the mesoderm lines the outside of psedocoel

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18
Q

Acoelomate

A
  • no body cavity
  • solid except digestive space
  • flat organisms (not much in terms of organs)
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19
Q

What the two ways to make a coelom

A
  1. schinzocoely

2. enterocoely

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20
Q

schinzocoely

A

splitting with the mesoderm

- protosomes

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21
Q

enterocoely

A

mesoderm forms pockets from the gut

-deuterostomes

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22
Q

LOPHOphore

A

ciliated feeding gas exchange strucutre

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23
Q

TROCHOphore

A

a ciliated free living larval form

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24
Q

what kind of animals are Endysozoans

A

moulting animals

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25
Q

how do animals moult?

A

they have an external covering secreted by the epidermis that must be shed in order to grow

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26
Q

when are endysozoans vulnerable?

A

directly after moulting

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27
Q

when did moulting evolve?

A

more than 500 million years ago

28
Q

how does moulting work?

A
  • they inflate and are soft
  • then they harden and replace air space inside the body (grow mass but don’t grow in size)
  • adults stop moulting and stop growing
29
Q

are worms a monophyletic group?

A

nope

30
Q

Nematoda are also known as

A

roundworms

31
Q

characteristics of nematoda?

A
  • multi-layered
  • flexible cuticle
  • allows diffusion of gases
  • must live in moist habitat
32
Q

how do nematodas move?

A

move by trashing - snake like movements

33
Q

body cavity of a nematoda is filled with

A

fluid

34
Q

what kind of skeleton do nematoda’s have?

A

hydrostatic

35
Q

what systems do nematoda’s NOT have

A

respiratory and circulatory

36
Q

how many species of nematoda are there?

A

25,000

37
Q

what is the major model organism of genetics, developmental biologists and neurobiologists

A

C. elegans

38
Q

the largest nematode is

A

9 m long

39
Q

where is the hookworm common ?

A

in tropics and subtropics

40
Q

Earthworms convert dead organic matter into what?

A

mature compost

41
Q

how do earthworms provide a rich natural fertilizer?

A

by concentrating nutrients in their waste

42
Q

annelida are known as

A

segmented worms

43
Q

why is segmentation advantageous?

A

multiple copies of organs, structures

44
Q

why is segmentation advantageous?

A

efficient nervous control

  • ganglion in each segment
  • faster responses
45
Q

why is segmentation advantageous?

A

increases body size by unit repetition

46
Q

Each segment has…

A
  • longitudinal and circular muscles

- coelomic space (hydrostatic skeleton)

47
Q

how do circular muscles contract?

A

coelomic fluid trapped in each segment –> anterior ends elongate

48
Q

longitudinal muscles contract when

A

the posterior ends is brought forward

49
Q

Annelids have ___ brains

A

anterior

50
Q

the circulatory system of annelid’s are

A

closed

51
Q

what are the two types of blood vessels in annelids?

A

dorsal and ventral

52
Q

what are the advantages of a circulatory system?

A

improved exchange between

  • deeper tissues and surface
  • gut and muscles (nutrient delivery)
53
Q

what are the advantages of a circulatory system?

A

permits development of a thicker body (free of diffusion limit)

54
Q

what is the largest group of annelids?

A

polychaeta

55
Q

polychaeta means

A

many hairs

56
Q

clitellata are

A

oligochaeta - “few hairs”

57
Q

are polychaeta mainly marine or terrestrial

A

marine

58
Q

are oligcohaeta mainly marine or terrestrial?

A

terrestrial

59
Q

both polychaeta and oligcohaeta are

A

detrivores

60
Q

oligcohaeta are h…

A

hermaphroditic

61
Q

Hirudinea live mainly in

A

freshwater

62
Q

hirudinea are

A

parasitic and carnivours

63
Q

do hirudinea have setae?

A

noe

64
Q

hirudinea are also …

A

hermaphroditic

65
Q

an example of a hirudinea are

A

leeches

Bio 111 (15 decks)

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