Arthropods

Question 1

what is the most diverse eukaryotic group?

Answer 1

Anthropods

Question 2

Dysticus is a

Answer 2

predaceous diving beetle

Question 3

how do Dytisucs breathe?

Answer 3

adults collect air under wings and use this to breathe underwater

Question 4

What is the structure of an Arthropod?

Answer 4

• Reduced segmentation
• body regions
• jointed appendages

Question 5

What kind of skeleton do Arthropods have?

Answer 5

rigid exoskeleton

Question 6

Arthropods are …

Answer 6

ecdyosozon (which means they are moulting animals)

Question 7

what does the rigid exoskeleton of a Arthropod cover?

Answer 7

all external surfaces, digestive tract and the tracheae

Question 8

What are the advantages of having a rigid exoskeleton?

Answer 8

Physical support

Question 9

What are the advantages of having a rigid exoskeleton?

Answer 9

place for muscle attachment

Question 10

What are the advantages of having a rigid exoskeleton?

Answer 10

physical protection from abrasion, predatation, parasite entry and desiccation

Question 11

What are the advantages of having a rigid exoskeleton?

Answer 11

Location of pigments - camouflage

Question 12

What are the advantages of having a rigid exoskeleton?

Answer 12

jointed appendages and exoskeleton allow faster locomotion

Question 13

What are the advantages of having a rigid exoskeleton?

Answer 13

Opportunity to change morphology between larval and adult stages

Question 14

Why is it important to change between life stages?

Answer 14

Less competition within the species

Question 15

What the disadvantages of having a rigid exoskeleton

Answer 15

Infelixble and heavy

Question 16

What the disadvantages of having a rigid exoskeleton

Answer 16

continuous growth in size is not possible

Question 17

What the disadvantages of having a rigid exoskeleton

Answer 17

requires energy to form and shed

Question 18

What the disadvantages of having a rigid exoskeleton

Answer 18

prevents the use of cilia as effectors

Question 19

What the disadvantages of having a rigid exoskeleton

Answer 19

respiration through the skin is not possible

Question 20

How do arthropods breathe?

Answer 20

through spiracles - pores and tracheae - tubes

Question 21

what needs to be removed before myosin can bind?

Answer 21

tropomyosin

Question 22

what spikes drive muscle contractions?

Answer 22

motor neurons

Question 23

what causes the contraction of the sarcomere?

Answer 23

sliding of thick filaments between thin filaments

Question 24

Name the 3 types of skeletons

Answer 24

1. hydrostatic skeleton
2. exoskeleton
3. endoskeleton

Question 25

what do skeletal muscles need?

Answer 25

a resistor to act against

Question 26

what is a skeleton?

Answer 26

points of attachment for the muscles

Question 27

skeletal muscles are often found in…

Answer 27

antagonistic piars

Question 28

in which direction do skeletal muscles act?

Answer 28

they act in opposite directions

Question 29

Organ

Answer 29

muscle tissue and connective tusse

Question 30

multinucleate cell that contains many myofibrils is called a

Answer 30

muscle fibre

Question 31

myofibrils are

Answer 31

composed of protein bundles

Question 32

contractile unit of a myofibril

Answer 32

sacromeres

Question 33

where do the muscle fibre commands come from?

Answer 33

the spinal cord

Question 34

Neuromusclar junction is when the

Answer 34

motor neuron creates a synapse with the muscle fibre

Question 35

what is the characteristic of a Neuron at rest?

Answer 35

higher concentrations of Na+ outside of a neuron and higher concentrations of K+ on the inside

Question 36

a single spike in a motor neuron can cause a …

Answer 36

single excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) and spike in the associated muscle fibers, followed by a single twitch

Question 37

what is needed for actin and myosin to separate?

Answer 37

ATP

Question 38

Motor Unit

Answer 38

neuron + muscle fiber

Question 39

for vertebrate skeletal muscle, each muscle fiber is innervated by what?

Answer 39

a single motor neuron, but each motor neruon innervates many muscle fibers

Question 40

How does an entire muscle contract?

Answer 40

single action potential generates a single twitch

Question 41

what does the force generated by entire muscle depend on?

Answer 41

• number of motor units (aka motor neuron and associated muscle fibers) activiated
• frequency at which motor untis are firing

Question 42

Characteristics of skeletal muscles

Answer 42

Striated

Question 43

Characteristics of skeletal muscles

Answer 43

Cylindrical

Question 44

Characteristics of skeletal muscles

Answer 44

Multinucleated

Question 45

Characteristics of skeletal muscles

Answer 45

Most are under voluntary control

Question 46

Characteristics of skeletal muscles

Answer 46

Actions where skeletal muscles are involved: running, standing, shivering

Question 47

Characteristics of cardiac muscles

Answer 47

Striated

Question 48

Characteristics of cardiac muscles

Answer 48

branched in shape which allow them to withstand high pressures

Question 49

Characteristics of cardiac muscles

Answer 49

Smaller than skeletal muscle cells; have only one nucleus

Question 50

Characteristics of cardiac muscles

Answer 50

gap junctions between cells allow synchronized contraction

Question 51

Characteristics of cardiac muscles

Answer 51

forms a mesh nest around the hollowness - prevents gaps due to pressure

Question 52

Characteristics of a smooth muscle

Answer 52

Actin and myosin are not as regularly arranged - not striated

Question 53

many skeletal muscles are paired for

Answer 53

antogonistic action

Question 54

skeletal muscles are composed of proteins that don’t _____ but instead ____ past one another

Answer 54

contract ; slide