organisation of cells into tissue and organs

Question 1

digestive system

Answer 1

gastrointestinal tracts, associated organs and glands

Question 2

4 layers of GI tract

Answer 2

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa

Question 3

mucosa

Answer 3

epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa (all contain villi).

Question 4

muscularis

Answer 4

outer layer, nerve plexus, inner layer

Question 5

variations in mucosa

Answer 5

Protective eg in oral cavity, oesophagus. Absorptive, with villi and tubular glands eg small intestine. Secretory, extensive tubular glands, eg stomach. Protective and absorptive, large intestine.

Question 6

salivary glands

Answer 6

parotid (serous secreting cells), submandibular (mucous and serous secreting cells), sublingual (serous and mucous secreting cells)

Question 7

liver

Answer 7

hepatocytes, hepatic lobules (hexagonal arrangement), at each corner (portal traid) branch of portal vein, branch of hepatic artery and bile duct. Central vein, blood flows from portal and hepatic artery towards central vein through sinusoids.

Question 8

pancreas

Answer 8

mixed gland. Exocrine portion (produce digestive juices, proteases and lipases). Endocrine portion (islet of Langerhans, produce insulin and glucagon)
- Isle of Langerhans: 4 types ABCD, A produce glucagon, B produces insulin

Question 9

respiratory system

Answer 9

upper respiratory tract, trachea, bronchial tree and lungs

Question 10

trachea

Answer 10

respiratory epithelium (pseudo stratified, columnar epithelium with goblet cells), lamina propria, hyaline cartilage of tracheal rings

Question 11

bronchial tree

Answer 11

Bronchi = large diameter, has hyaline cartilage. Bronchiole = smaller airways, no cartilage, smooth muscle predominates wall. columnar discs of epithelium get shorter as we go down respiratory tree

Question 12

lung

Answer 12

alveoli = lined by simple squamous epithelium

Question 13

urinary system

Answer 13

• Kidney: cortex, medulla, main functional unit is nephron
• Medulla = loop of henle (thick and thin segment), collecting duct
• Cortex = renal corpuscle, proximal convoluted tubule (collects fluid) PCT, distal CT

Question 14

blood vessels

Answer 14

• Basic structure is 3 layers: tunica intima, tunica media, tunica externa
• Arteries: 3 types = elastic (tunica intima, many muscular cells maintaining blood pressure). Muscular (thickest tunica intima). ateriole