intro to bones

Question 1

development of bones

Answer 1

• endochondral ossification, process in which an initial small, hyaline cartilage version grows and turns into bone
• at each end the bone has, an epiphysis, epiphyseal growth plate, metaphysis, diaphysis
• when growth plate of hyaline cartilage occifies (fuses) bone growth ceases

Question 2

structure of bone

Answer 2

periosteum, nutrient vessels, outer cortex, inner medulla

Question 3

periosteum

Answer 3

fibrous connective tissue ‘sleeve’ around bone, vascularised, well innervated resulting in extreme pain during tearing of it curing fractures

Question 4

nutrient vessels

Answer 4

artery and vein to carry blood to and from

Question 5

outer cortex

Answer 5

dense and strong. compact, cortical, bone

Question 6

inner medulla

Answer 6

more porous, weaker and lighter, spongy (cancellous) bone.. the medulla may contain bone marrow site for red/white cell production

Question 7

bony features

Answer 7

develop during growth

Question 8

types of bony feature

Answer 8

functional = best shape for job. an adjacent structure applies force to developing bone. adjacent structure develops at same time. tuberosity - rough area where muscle attaches

Question 9

how does the cranial cavity divide

Answer 9

floor of cranial cavity is divided into 3 fossae. anterior cranial fossae, middle and posterior. development of brain forms around these

Question 10

foraminae

Answer 10

hole for cranial nerves and blood vessels to pass in ad out of skull

Question 11

fractures and healing

Answer 11

• Collagen collar surrounds bone and starts healing process
• Sometimes screws and plates are used surgically reduce (realign) and fix bones in place

Question 12

axial skeleton

Answer 12

bones of skull, neck and bones of trunk (chest, abdomen and back)

Question 13

appendicular skeleton

Answer 13

bones of pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, lower limbs

Question 14

bones of cranial vault

Answer 14

sphenoid bone, frontal, left and right parietal, temporal, occipital

Question 15

pterion

Answer 15

weakest part of skull where bones fuse together, also has artery behind it

Question 16

coronal suture

Answer 16

connection between frontal and parietal bones. where they fused together when young

Question 17

facial bones

Answer 17

nasal bone, zygoma (cheek bone), maxilla, mandible

Question 18

vertebral column

Answer 18

33 vertebrae total. 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral (fused), 4 coccygeal (fused to form coccyx)

Question 19

size of vertebrae

Answer 19

From top to bottom they become larger as they bare more weight then smaller as hips take the weight

Question 20

curvatures of spine

Answer 20

(- primary )- secondary. They develop as we begin to weight bare

Question 21

intervertebral foraminae

Answer 21

between adjacent vertebrae. spinal nerves emerge through

Question 22

ribs

Answer 22

12 pairs. 1-7 true ribs, 8-10 false ribs, 11 and 12 floating ribs

Question 23

bones and cartilage

Answer 23

both make up skeleton

Question 24

bone

Answer 24

hard connective tissue, support, protection, calcium metabolism, red cell formation, attachment for skeletal muscles

Question 25

cartilage

Answer 25

less ridged, located where mobility is required eg at joints