feedback control, temp, vital signs

Question 1

what are 7 common vital signs

Answer 1

• Pulse 60-100 bpm
• BP
• Respiratory rate resting 12-20 breaths pm
• Oxygen saturation >96%
• Temperature
• Consciousness
• Capillary refill time <2 secs

Question 2

what is core body temperature

Answer 2

• The core body is represented by the structures deep within the body
• The temperature of the blood and internal organs is known as “core body temperature”
• The core temperature is homeostatically maintained in the structures deep within the body at about 37.8C

Question 3

what is the narrow range core temp is kept at

Answer 3

core temp is kept at normothermia despite environmental changes. its optimum for cellular function and metabolism

Question 4

what does an increased body temp do

Answer 4

speeds up cellular metabolism. - Overheating causes protein denaturation, nerve malfunction, convulsions, and death

Question 5

what does a low body temp do

Answer 5

• Decreased body temperature slows down cellular metabolism and function, and can also be fatal

Question 6

indirect sites for monitoring body temp

Answer 6

infrared tympanic thermometer, infrared forehead/forehead strips. ear drum normal range = 36-37.5

Question 7

whats considered a high body temp

Answer 7

> 38

Question 8

whats considered fever temperature

Answer 8

38-40

Question 9

what temp is hyperthermia

Answer 9

above 40

Question 10

what temperature is hypothermia

Answer 10

below 35

Question 11

direct site for monitoring temp

Answer 11

rectal or oesophageal. slightly higher than tympanic. may become important at extremes of body temp

Question 12

when does normal body temp vary

Answer 12

from person to person. during the day (lowest in early morning). altered by activity, exercise, emotions or exposure to extreme temps. also varies during menstrual cycle

Question 13

heat gain from internal environment

Answer 13

metabolic heat gain

Question 14

heat gain from external environment

Answer 14

radiation, convection, conduction

Question 15

heat loss to external environment

Answer 15

radiation, conduction, convection, evaporation

Question 16

metabolic heat gain

Answer 16

oxidation of metabolic fuel derived from food in the body

Question 17

what is a basal metabolic rate

Answer 17

BMR = minimum amount of energy required to sustain vital body functions. it leads to basic level of heat production

Question 18

what can effect BMR

Answer 18

• The BMR can be increased by hormones
• Muscle Activity
• Shivering increases heat production by increasing Muscle Activity

Question 19

what are the sensors in negative feedback control for temp control

Answer 19

central thermoreceptors (hypothalamus), peripheral thermos receptors (skin)

Question 20

whats the control centre for temperature control

Answer 20

hypothalamus

Question 21

what are the effectors during temp control

Answer 21

skeletal muscles, skin arterioles, sweat glands

Question 22

what do skin arterioles do when exposed to cold

Answer 22

vasoconstriction, blood flow to skin surface decreases

Question 23

skeletal muscles when exposed to cold

Answer 23

increased muscle tone and shivering, increased heat production

Question 24

other behavioural adaptations when cold

Answer 24

postural changes, warm clothing

Question 25

what is the skin arterioles response when exposed to heat

Answer 25

vasodilation

Question 26

sweat glands when exposed to heat

Answer 26

increased sweating, evaporation of sweat increases heat loss

Question 27

skeletal muscle reaction when exposed to heat

Answer 27

decreased tone, decreased voluntary movement, decreases heat production