diversity of cells

Question 1

histology

Answer 1

study of tissue at a microscopic leve

Question 2

histological technique

Answer 2

tissue processing, embedding, sectioning and staining

Question 3

tissue processing

Answer 3

tissue is fixed to preserve it in a life like state. To do this you must dehydrate then replace the water in tissue with alcohol then replace with xylene and then with wax

Question 4

embedding and sectioning

Answer 4

Thin sections are cut on a microtome and put onto microscopic glass slides, the wax is washed out and the tissue rehydrated. Next we want to embed the tissue we have just processed into a wax block

Question 5

staining

Answer 5

Staining is a process by which a tissue section is colored and are of three main types.

Question 6

acidic stains

Answer 6

The acidic stains are negatively charged and combine with positively charged particles. They are red or pink in colour, Eosin is a commonly used acidic stain. The tissue components that stain with acidic dye are termed acidophilic (Red, pink).

Question 7

basic stains

Answer 7

Basic stains are the opposite They are positively charged, and combine with negatively charged particles They are blue or dark purple in color, Hematoxylin & toluidine blue are the commonly used ones. Tissue components that stain with basic dye are termed basophilic (Blue).

Question 8

neutral stains

Answer 8

The neutral stains combine with both positively and negatively charged particles and give different colour to different components.

Question 9

4 basic tissue types

Answer 9

epithelium, connective, muscle, nervous. all organs are made up of a combination of these

Question 10

epithelial

Answer 10

covers surfaces of the body, line hollow organs, form glands

Question 11

characteristics of epithelial tissue

Answer 11

The first one is polarity of the cells, such as apical and basal. the cells of epithelial tissue tightly adhere to each other by the means of intercellular junctions and cytoskeletal elements. Its also avascular which means there are no blood vesicles

Question 12

classifications of epithelial tissue

Answer 12

glandular and covering

Question 13

glandular

Answer 13

Exocrine- has ducts to transport secretion. Ducts lined w simple cuboidal
Endocrine – lack duct system. Secrete into blood stream

Question 14

covering

Answer 14

simple- one layer. Shapes = squamous, cuboidal, columnar
Stratified- multiple layers. Shapes = “ “ and transitional Pseudo stratified- one layer looks stratified

Question 15

surface specialisation

Answer 15

in covering epithelium. some types have special characteristics to carry out jobs

Question 16

cilia

Answer 16

hair like texture, moves things eg. mucus from trachea

Question 17

keratin

Answer 17

dead cells, protection eg skin

Question 18

microvilli

Answer 18

thick brush bristles, absorption eg small intestine

Question 19

goblet cells

Answer 19

produce mucus

Question 20

connective tissue

Answer 20

forms framework of the body, dynamic role in development, growth and homeostasis of tissue and in energy store (via fat)

Question 21

types of connective

Answer 21

soft, hard, dense

Question 22

soft connective

Answer 22

tendons, ligaments, mesentery, stroma of organs and skin

Question 23

hard

Answer 23

bone and cartiliage

Question 24

dense

Answer 24

packed bundles of collagen fibres

Question 25

cartilage

Answer 25

strong, flexible. Semi rigid nature comes from highly hydrated nature of ground substance. Its avascular, receives nutrients from adjacent tissues by diffusion through matrix.

Question 26

types of cartilage

Answer 26

hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic

Question 27

hyaline

Answer 27

most common, clear matrix

Question 28

fibrocartilage

Answer 28

collagen fibre bundles, single chondrocytes

Question 29

elastic

Answer 29

thin elastic fibres, groups of chondrocytes

Question 30

bones cell types

Answer 30

osteocytes, osteoclasts, osteoblasts

Question 31

types of bone

Answer 31

compact and spongy

Question 32

osteons

Answer 32

in compact bone, aligned in same direction, prevent bone resist bending or breaking

Question 33

muscle

Answer 33

specialised to contract and generate force, cells filled w contractile fibres actin and myosin.

Question 34

types of muscle tissue

Answer 34

cardiac, skeletal, smooth

Question 35

smooth muscle

Answer 35

elongated, central nucleus, longitudinal and transverse sections

Question 36

cardiac

Answer 36

has striations, short branching fibres, single central nucleus, intercalated discs (sites of end to end attachments between branching cells, intercellular junctions), forms major part of walls of the heart and great vessels

Question 37

skeletal

Answer 37

striations, non branching fibres, multinucleated cells, peripheral nucleus

Question 38

nervous tissue

Answer 38

Specialised to conduct impulses. Consists of neurons and supporting cells. Connective tissue coat (meninges and perineuium)

Question 39

type of neurons

Answer 39

multipolar, bipolar, pseudo-unipolar

Question 40

multipolar

Answer 40

multiple dendrites fibres one axon

Question 41

bipolar

Answer 41

one dentrite, one axon, can both branch.

Question 42

pseudo-unipolar

Answer 42

one cytoplasmic process

Question 43

supporting cells

Answer 43

microglia, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes. M provide immune surveillance. O wrap around axon to myelinate it. Schwann cell can also myelinate