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Oral Radiology Flashcards

1
Q

Position-Indicating Device

A

Line up tube head

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2
Q

What is an X-ray?

A

High energy and High Frequency Wave
* between UV rays and Gamma rays

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3
Q

Attenuation

A

How the X-ray beam weaknes as it passes through matter on its way to receptor

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4
Q

Filtration

A

Involves aluminum

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5
Q

Collimation

A

Involves Lead
* Rectangular=best method to decrease pt exposure

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6
Q

What are the 2 types of Ionizing Radiation?

A

Electromagnetic

Particulate

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7
Q

Electromagnetic Ionizing Radiation

A

Energy Movement= Electrical Fiel + Magnetic Field

Shorter Wavelength= Increased Energy

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8
Q

Particulate Ionizing Radiation

A

Atomic nuclei or subatomic particles moving at high velocity

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9
Q

What are the 2 types of X-ray Production?

A

Bremsstrahlung

Characteristic

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10
Q

X-ray Production: Bremsstrahlung

A

Primary Source of X-ray Photons
* generates a continuous spectrum of energy

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11
Q

X-ray Production: Characteristic

A

Secondary Source of X-ray Photons
* emits a photon of specific energy when it moves orbitals

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12
Q

Intensity

A

Quantity of electrons & photons

Effects: Density
* Darkness of the image

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13
Q

Energy

A

Quality of electrons and Energy of photos

Effects: Contract
* difference among Gray values

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14
Q

Exposure Time

A

Changes the NUMBER of photons
* most frequently altered setting

Affects: Intensity (Density)

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15
Q

What if the exposure time is too long?

A

To Dark, overexposed

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16
Q

What if the exposure time is too short?

A

Noisy and light, underexposed

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17
Q

Tube Current (mA)

A

Not adjusted easily

Affects: Intensity (Density)

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18
Q

What if the tube current is too much?

A

Too dark, underexposed

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19
Q

What if the tube current is too little?

A

Noisy, underexposed

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20
Q

Tube Potential

A

Acceleratioin of e- from cathode to anode
* affects the number and energy of photons

Affects: Density & intensity

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21
Q

What if the Tube Potential is too high?

A

Too gray (not enough contrast)
mostly compton scattering

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22
Q

What if tube potential is too low?

A

Too light (Very high contrast)
mostly photoelectric absorption

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23
Q

Distance: Inverse Square Law

A

Inverse Square Law: Further from the source, Decrease photons per unit area

Intensity =1/distance
* short distance=Increase intensity=Increase Density=Dark

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24
Q

Ideal Distance

A

Incrase Source Object= Decrease Intensity (Density), Increase Quality
Decrease Object-Image Distance=Increase Quality, Decrease Magnification

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25
Size depends on:
Focal Spot Szie Source-to-Object Distance Object to image distance
26
Ideal Size:
Decrease Focal Spot Size Decrease Object to image distance Increase Source-to-Object distance
27
Coherent Scattering
Incident Photon contacts outer electron Effect: Decrease contrast
28
Photoelectric Absorption
Incident Photon contacts & ejects an inner electron forms an ion pair Effect: Increase Contrast
29
What happens to photoelectric absorption when kVp is too low?
Increase Photoelectric absorption
30
Compton Scattering
Incident Photon contacts an outer electron Form ion pair Effect: Decrease Contrast
31
Deterministic Effects:
Hair loss, Cataracts, Skin Damage, Oral Mucositis Threshold needs to be reached: * Less than=no effects
32
Stochastic Effects
Cancer, Leukemia, Hertiable Effects No threshold: Dose builds up over years
33
Direct Radiation
Direct alteration of biologic molecules
34
Indirect Radiation
Ionizing radiation converts H2O into free radicals * alter biologic molecules Cells that are mitoticallys active are more radiosensitive * Most Sensitive: Hematopoietic cells, epithelial cells, sperm cells * Least sensitive: Nerve cells, Muscles Cells
35
Film vs Digital Imaging: General
Film: * Requires chemicals to process * quires time to develop * Superior image quality * More radiation dose to patient Digital: * No chemicals * Instant viewing * Image
36
Film composition
Base: Flexible Plastic Emulsion: **Silver halide crystals in gelatiin material** Intensifying Screens: * coated w/fluorescent phosphor * Decrease amount of exposure needed * decrease resolution
37
Film Speed
A
38
Film Speed is determined by:
Large Crystals: Faster films Double Emulsion: Faster Film Radiosensitive Dyes in emulsion=faster film
39
Film Imaging: Chemical Processing steps:
1. Developing 2. Fixing: wash away unexposed silver halide crystals 3. Washing: Wash away residual chemics 4. Drying
40
Chemical Procesing: Developing
Converts exposed crystals into **metallic silver grains** If final image is light: Developer is porbably old
41
Chemical Processing: Fixing
Wash away unexposed silver halide crystals * Ammonium Thiosulphate: removes undeveloped silver halide crystals * Aluminum slats: preserves emulsion
42
Detector: Contrast resolution
Distinguish shades of gray Film>Digital
43
Spatial Resolution
Distinguish 2 close points Film> CCD/CMOS> PSP
44
Detector Latitude
Exposure range * provide useful image PSP> CCD/CMOS> FIlm
45
Detector Sensitivity
Dose required to achieve standard gray level CCD/CMOS is 1/2 the speed of F speed film=way less radation
46
What could cause an image to be underexposed?
Inadequate exposure time inadequate development time old development solution Temp too low
47
What could cause an overexposed image?
Exposed too long Exposed to light
48
What are the types of intraoral x-rays?
Periapical Bitewing Occlusal
49
What are the different type of extraoral x-ray?
Pan Cephaolmetric CBCT
50
Occlusal
Receptor flat on occlusal plane * canine to canine assesses: Trauma, Impacted teeth, SUpernumery
51
Panoramic
Used for: screening pathology 3rd molar location
52
CBCT
Cone Bean Computed Tomography 3d image: * axial view (top bottom) * Sagittal (Side-side view) * Coronal (Front back) * 3D volumetric render
53
CBCT is useful for
Implant planning CBCT (Strange anatomy) Ortho TMJ Pahtology
54
Waters View
PA ceph at 45 degrees to obrito medial line Best for: * Paranasal sinus * Midface * Orbits
55
Townes View
PA ceph at 30 degree from orbito medial line Best for: Condyle * eliminates superimposition of amstoid and zygoma
56
Submentovertex View
Base projection of the skull Best for: * basilar skull fractures * Zygomatic fractures
57
Bisecting Angle Technique
Central ray of x-ray is aime perpendicular to bisecting line b/w: long axis of the tooth long axis of receptor
58
Paralleling Technique
Receptor parallel to long axis of tooth * Beam center perpendicular to long axis of tooth and receptor **Less distortion** **Increase Image quality**
59
Elongation
Most common error could be: * angulation issue * bending film
60
Cone cut
X-ray beam & receptor not line up
61
Underexposed
Grainy or too light * too short exposure time * Decrease mA and kVP
62
Overexposed
image to dark * Increase mA * Increase kVp
63
Double exposure
2 images exposed on same plate
64
Pan: Motion Error
Wavy & irregular borders * pt swallows or moves
65
Corticated Unilocular
One Compartment Radiopaque Border

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