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DMD2 > Oral Mucosa > Flashcards

Oral Mucosa Flashcards

1
Q

What type of epithelium does the oral mucosa consist of?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium (both keratinized and non-keratinized)

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2
Q

How does the type of illness affect the way the illness look in the oral cavity?

A

When there is increase in sickness the epithelium looks whitish.

When there is a decrease in sickness the epithelium looks less white.

This is due to keratin layer being affected. (Eg. squamous cell carcinoma)

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3
Q

What are the roles of the oral mucosa?

A

It is protective against both compressive and shearing forces

Barrier function

Immunological defense

Lubrication, buffering, and secretion of antibodies

Input for touch, proprioception, pain, and taste (highly innervated

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4
Q

What are the 3 components of the oral mucosa?

A

Epithelium

Lamina propria

Sub-mucosa

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5
Q

What body system is the oral mucosa a part of?

A

Oral mucosa is part of the mucosa covering the alimentary tract

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6
Q

What are the histological layers of the oral mucosa?

A

Oral epithelium

Basement membrane

Lamina propria consisting of basal and papillary layer + a dense fibrous layer

Submucosa

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7
Q

How is epithelium attached to the connective tissue?

A

By a basement membrane and they are attached to each other.

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8
Q

Where is epithelium derived from embryologically?

A

Ectoderm or endoderm.

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9
Q

What does the lamina propria consist of?

A

Dense connective tissue

Submucosa (looser connective tissue)

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10
Q

What happens if the adhesive junctions in oral mucosa is defective?

A

This leads to a condition called pemphigous. Defect is seen between cells.

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11
Q

How is pemphigous treated?

A

Via use of corticosteroids

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12
Q

What causes pemphigo?

A

Pemphigo occurs when anchoring fibrils are defective between the cells of the basement membrane and reticular fibers.

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13
Q

What are the layers of the epithelium of the oral mucosa?

A

Stratum germinativum

Stratum spinosum

Stratum granulosum

Stratum corneum

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14
Q

What are the types of layers of epithelium?

A

Pyknotic layer

Maturing layer

Basal layer

Basement membrane

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15
Q

What cells are seen in the stratum germinativum/basale?

A

Single cell layer adjacent to the lamina propria

Cuboidal cells, progenitor cells, give rise to cells in epithelial cells above

A minority are true stem cells

Non-keratinocytes may be found in the stratum germinativum

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16
Q

Why does the oral mucosa heal faster than the rest of the body?

A

Because of the quality of the cells in the stratum basale (mitotic index high)

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17
Q

What happens in the stratum spinosum?

A

Consists of round or ovoid cells

First stages of maturation is present here from the stratum basale. They are rounder and larger than the startum basale.

Desmosomes

Parabasal layer is the layer adjacent to the basal layer

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18
Q

What is contained in the stratum granulosum?

A

Many organelles are reduced or lost, cells are larger and flatter/ Contain keratohyaline granules.

Membrane-coating granules discharge into the extracellular space.

Development of a barrier in the epithelium that limits the movement of substances between the cells.

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19
Q

What is contained in the stratum corneum?

A

Final stage of maturation

Epithelial squamas (shed via desquamation)

Mechanical protective function to the mucosa

Ortho or parakeratinized

In lining epithelium the epithelial cells are non-keratinized at the surface

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20
Q

What is the principle cell in the oral epithelium?

A

The keratinocyte which are rapidly renewing, terminally differentiated cells with cytoplasmic filaments, cell envelopes, and specialized cell junctions

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21
Q

What are cytokeratins?

A

a type of intermediate filament

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22
Q

What si the cytoskeleton composed of?

A

Micro and intermediate filaments

Microtubules

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23
Q

Why are cytokeratins so important?

A

Cytokeratins are specific to different types of epithelium and this is useful because antibodies can be used to visualize these layers

24
Q

How many cells of the oral epithelium are non-keratinocytes?

A

Up to 10%

25
Q

What are Langerhan cells?

A

Bone marrow derived dendritic cells which present antigenic informatin to T-suppressor lymphocytes

26
Q

How is the oral mucosa of different races different in colour and why?

A

Larger number of melanocytes present in the oral mucosa of darker skinned people making the mucosa appear darker

27
Q

What is the most dangerous tumour that can affect the oral cavity?

A

Melanomas

28
Q

Where do melanocytes arise from embryologically?

A

They are neural crest cells.

29
Q

What are granstein cells?

A 
similar to Langerhans cell but 
present antigenic information to t
-
helper 
lymphocytes
30
Q

What are merkel cells?

A

epithelial neural cell found in basal
layer containing vesicles and filaments, a
sensory receptor

31
Q

What is a melanocyte?

A

dendritic cell of neural crest origin
forming a continuous network in the basal layer

32
Q

What do langerhan cells do?

A

APCs

Contact hypersensitivity reactions

Anti-tumour immunity

Graft rejection

Birbeck granules

33
Q

What are the layers of the lamina propria?

A

Superficial papillary layer
Collagen fibres are thin and loosely arranged

Deep, reticular layer: Thick, parallel bundles of collagen
fibres

Collagen – 90 % type I, 8% type III, non - fibrous forms of collagen .
Elastin
fibres
.

34
Q

What do fibroblasts do?

A

synthesize and degrade the extracellular
matrix, interact with epithelium, important for wound
healing

35
Q

What do mast cells do?

A

large polygonal cells containing
metachromatic granules, involved in inflammation and
immune response

36
Q

What immune cells are present in the lamina propria?

A

macrophages, polymorph neutrophils and

lymphocytes may be present

37
Q

What peripheral nerve cells are present in the lamina propria?

A

Sensory, Schwann cells and various nerve endings

38
Q

What is the role of the basement membrane?

A

Important role in attachment of epithelium to connective tissue

When there is a breach of this membrane there is a carcinoma (helps with staging)

39
Q

How does the structure of the oral mucosa vary?

A

Thickness of the epithelium

Degree of keratinisation

Complexity of the connective tissue

Composition of the lamina propria

Presence or absence of the submucosa

40
Q

What are the types of mucosa?

A

Lining mucosa

Masticatory mucosa

Tongue mucosa

41
Q

Where is non-keratinising mucosa located?

A

Buccal mucosa

Labial mucosa

Soft palate

Floor of the mouth

Gingival sulcus

Ventral surface of tongue

Junctional epithelium

Alveolar mucosa

42
Q

Where is keratinising oral mucosa located?

A

Dorsal surface of the tongue

Gingiva

Hard palate

43
Q

What percentage of oral epithelium is non-keratinized?

A

10% of epithelium is non-keratinized

44
Q

What kind of mucosa does the buccal mucosa contain?

A

Thick non-keratinized epithelium

Lamina propria is dense

Submucosa contains minor salivary glands

Fordyce spots

45
Q

What are the zones of the lip?

A

Outer surface (Skin)

Inner surface (Labial mucosa)

Vermilion zone (Red or transition zone)

46
Q

What are the unique features of the outer surface of the lip?

A

Contains keratinized epithelium

Sweat glands

Sebaceous glands

Hair follicles

47
Q

What are the features of the vermilion zone?

A

Keratinized epithelium - thin and translucent

Sebaceous glands (very occassionaly may be found (angles of the mouth especially))

Connective tissue papillae are long, narrow and contain capillary loops

Intermediate zone is parakeratinized

48
Q

How many minor salivary glands are present in the submucosa?

A

600 to 1000 minor salivary glands

49
Q

What are the features of the labial mucosa?

A 
Thick 
non
-
keratinized epithelium 
•
Lamina 
propria
is wide , the papillae are 
short and irregular .
•
Submucosa
–
minor salivary glands

Small muscles

50
Q

What is the labial frenum?

A

The protrusions of gums between the gum linign and the lower lip (labial side)

51
Q

What are the important functions of the soft palate?

A

Sound production

Mastication

52
Q

What are the features of specialized mucosa and where is it located?

A 
•
Is 
a 
specialized 
region of gustatory 
mucosa .
•
Keratinized 
epithelium + thick lamina 
propria
•
The 
dorsum of the tongue 
Specialized mucosa is found on 
the dorsal surface of the tongue 
where the epithelium and 
connective tissue is either 
arranged into large papillae or 
other structures
53
Q

Where are circumvallate papillae located?

A

In a junction between anterior 2/3ds and posterior 1/3rd of the tongue

54
Q

What happens to mucosa overlying absent teeth in edentulous patietns?

A

The friction generated
by mastication in the absence of
teeth often results in frictional
keratosis of the mucosa

55
Q

What does edentulous mean?

A

Lacking teeth

DMD2 (89 decks)

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