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Oral Anatomy 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Blood

A
  • A fluid connective tissue
  • The substance which form transport system of the body.
  • PH 7.4
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2
Q

Function of blood

A
  • Transport - Oxygen and carbon dioxide, Nutrients to the tissue, waste to excretory organ, hormones from endocrine glands to their target gland/ tissue.
  • Maintain body temperature
  • Forms the clotting mechanism
  • Help immunity - transporting antibodies to the area of infection.
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3
Q

Blood Volume

A
  • Average human being 5.6Litres blood
  • 8% of total body weight
  • 1 Litre in the arterial system
  • 1 litre in the capillary system
  • 3 litres in venous system
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4
Q

Blood composition

A
  • 55% Plasma
  • 45% Cells ( 41% Red blood cells , 4% white blood cells)
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5
Q

Plasma

A
  • Straw coloured fluid
  • 90-93% water
  • Rest - Plasma protein, Clotting factors, Mineral salts, Nutrients, waste products, Hormones, Antibodies, Gases
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6
Q

Plasma function

A
  • Salt and proteins imported in maintaining balance of water in tissues and in blood - in balance results in oedema
  • Caries nutrients from alimentary canal to body tissues
  • Carries waste eg. Uric acid to kidneys and CO2 to lungs for excretion
  • Carries antibodies e.g immunoglobulins involved in immune response
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7
Q

Blood cells

A
  • Erythrocytes- Red blood cells
  • Leucocytes - White blood cells
  • Thrombocytes - Platelets
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8
Q

1- Erythrocytes

A
  • Biconcave , circular
  • Non - Nucleated
  • Developed in 9days
  • life span 120. Days
  • 7 microns in diameter , 2 micron in diameter
  • Formed in red bone marrow
  • Contain Haemoglobin - involved in transportation of oxygen around body .
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9
Q

Leucocytes

A
  • Larger than erythrocytes
  • In fewer number
  • Nucleated
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10
Q

Types of Leucocytes

A
  • Granulocytes
  • Agranulocytes
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11
Q

1- Granulocytes

A

3 Types : Neutrophils, Eosiniphils, Basophils
- Granule in cytoplasm
- 75% of white cell count
- 1-2 day life span
- 12-15 microns in diameter
- Development 2 weeks

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12
Q

1a - Neutrophils

A
  • 70% white cells
  • 4-5 lobed nucleus in N or S shape
  • Phagocytose bacteria
  • Attracted to area of infection by chemotaxis
  • Lysosome granules degrade ingested material
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13
Q

1b- Eosinophils

A
  • 4% white cell count
  • Bi- lobed nucleus
  • Neutralise histamine released in allergic reactions
  • Histamine cause vasodilation and increase permeablity vessels
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14
Q

1c-Basophils

A
  • 1% white blood cells
  • Kidney shaped bi- lobed nucleus
  • Called mast cells when in tissue
  • Contain histamines and heparin granules
  • Promotes entry of blood into inflamed tissue - allows movement of antibodies and phagocytes.
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15
Q

2-A Granulocytes

A
  • No granules in cytoplasm
  • 25% white cell count
  • Life span 2-3 days
  • 2 types Lymphocytes and monocytes
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16
Q

2a- Lymphocytes

A
  • 23% white cell count
  • 8-12 microns in diameter
  • Large nucleus
  • Formed in bone marrow - Transported by blood to lymphoid tissue to be activated to respond to antigens.
  • Effector cells destroy specific antigens.
  • Memory cells remain in lymphoid tissues to pass on capabilities to subsequent generations (immunity )
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17
Q

2b- Agranulocytes - Monocytes

A
  • 2% of white cell count
  • Large monoculear cells
  • 18 microns in diameter
  • Circulated in blood stream for two days then migrate into tissues to become macrophages
  • Phagocytes bacteria , cellular debris , cancer cells and dead and dying cells .
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18
Q

2c- Thrombocytes

A
  • 2-4 microns in diameter
  • 8-11 day life span
  • Originates in red bone marrow
  • Non- Nucleated
  • Granules in cytoplasm
  • Involved in haemostasis and coagulation
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19
Q

Immunology

A
  • The defence system of body
  • Two lines of defence - Natural immunity and Acquired immunity
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20
Q

A- Natural immunity

A
  • First line of defence
  • Non specific
  • No memory
  • Acts in same way at each exposure
    E.g Skin, tears, cough reflex, Saliva, Stomach acid
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21
Q

B- Acquired immunity

A
  • Second line of defence
  • Highly specific
  • Has memory
  • Capable to defence in repeated exposure
  • Two system : Cell mediated and Humoral immune system
  • Work together in balance to mount an appropriate response to challenge.
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22
Q

Cell mediated immunity

A
  • T- lymphocytes by thymus glands
  • released into circulation.
  • Respond to specific antigen no matter what encounter
  • Antigen must be presented to the T- Lymphocyte by antigen presenting cell. Like Macrophage - Phagocytoses antigen and displays fragment of it own cell membrane.
  • When contact is made produce 3 cells
  • Memory cell- created to respond to future contact with same antigen
  • Cytotoxic cells- attach to target cell and produce toxin to destroy it
  • Helper cells - Work with B- lymphocytes to produce anitbodies can not be produced without simulation from T- cells
  • Produce cytokines - Support cytotoxis cells
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23
Q

Humoral Immunity

A

-B - lymphocytes processed in bone marrow
- Exist fixed in lymphoid tissues
- Produce proteins called Antibodies which bind to and destroy target specific antigens
- Antigen do not need to be presented
- Once antigen detected , Help comes T- Lymphocyte, B- Lymphocyte enlarges and divide into 2 : Plasma cells - secrets antibodies into blood . Memory cells- Cell remain in the body to respond in future encounter with same antigen
-

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24
Q

Antibodies

A
  • Bind to antigens- Label them for destruction by other cells
  • Neutralise bacterial toxins
  • Activate complement - system of protein aids immunity , increases chemotaxis/ phagocytosis.
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25
Immunisation
- Memory cells form basis of immunisation - Vaccine (antigen) given to induce small immune response - Body then recognise antigen and produce antibodies to fight it. - Booster given as antibody levels fall unless antigen encountered again. - Presence of memory cells rapidly induces greater secondary response
26
Oral cavity
-Saliva - Mucosa - Crevicular fluid
27
Oral Cavity Immune response
- Salivary ImmnogolinA (IgA) presented attached to bacteria to oral mucosa - If antigen penetrates mucosa , Phagocytoses by macrophages in sub- mucosa, these stimulate T- helper cells to initiate immune response. - Neutrophils - Migrate from blood vessels into gingival crevice and on into mouth. - Increases in presence of Perio
28
Bones of the skull Relationship of anatomical structure
- The human body divided into 3 planes - 1- Sagittal / Median plane - body split vertically 2- Transverse plane - Across body 3- Coronal plane - Vertical plane at right angles to sagittal / median plane.
29
Position of body structure
- Anterior or ventral - Posterior or dorsal - Superior - Inferior
30
Median plan - Medial and lateral
- Lateral being further away from midline
31
The Skull
It protects : - The brain - The organs of special sense - The cranial part of the respiratory and digestive systems - Provide attachment for many muscles of the head and neck. - Composed of 28 bones - Structure of the skull can be divided into 2 areas : Cranial skeleton and facial skeleton
32
Cranium
Composed of 8 bones 1 frontal bone 2 Parietal bones 1 occipital bone 2 temporal bones 1 sphenoid 1 ethmoid
33
1Frontal
- Forms the forehead, roof of the nasal cavity and orbits
34
2Parietal
- Form sides and roof of the Cranium
35
1 Occipital
Back of head
36
2Temporal
Side of head
37
Sphenoid
- Forms middle portion of base of the cranium
38
Ethmoid (eye)
- Light bone at the base of skull, helps to form the orbits eye and nose
39
Superior aspect of skull - Convex covered with 3 sutures
- Coronal - divides frontal from parietal - Sagittal- Centre of skull front to back - Lamboid - Divided parietal and occipital
40
Anterior aspects of skull -
- Forms the facial skeleton - Many bones are pieced together by sutures, except the mandible which is movable joint
41
Anterior aspects of skull -
- Maxilla (2) - Nasal (2) - Mandible (1) - Lacrimal (2) - Zygomatic (2) -Palatine (2) - Vomer - Inferior Turbinates (2) part of maxilla connect with ethmoid
42
Feature of the Anterior Aspect
- Supra- orbital Foramen - Infra- orbital foramen - Anterior Nasal spine - Orbit - opening in the orbit
43
Supra - Orbital Foramen
- Transmission of the ophthalmic division of the 5th cranial nerve
44
Infra - Orbital Foramen
- Transmission of the. Terminal branches of maxillary division of the 5th cranial nerve
45
Anterior Nasal Spine
- Anterior nasal spine of maxilla
46
Orbit
4 walls - Roof - Frontal and lesser wing of sphenoid Floor - Maxilla - Medial - Lacrimal and parts of maxilla , ethmoid and sphenoid - Lateral - Zygomatic and greater wing of sphenoid
47
Opening of orbit
- Optic Foramen - Superior orbital fissure - Inferior orbital fissure - Naso Lacrimal duct
48
Lateral Aspect of Skull
- Ramus of mandible - External Auditory Meatus - Mastoid process - Styloid process - Glenoid fossa - Articular Eminence - Temporal Fossa
49
Ramus of Mandible
- Condyle for articulation in the glenoid fossa (front one ) - Coronoid process for muscle attachment. ( back one)
50
Mastoid Process
- Air filled
51
Styloid process
- Attachment of stylo- Glossus and stylo- hyoid muscle - Attachment of stylo- hyoid and stylo- mandibular ligament
52
Glenoid fossa
- Articulate with condyle of mandible
53
What protect dislocation of TMJ ?
Articular eminence - Anterior to Glenoid fossa
54
Temporal Fossa
- Origin for temporalis muscle
55
Inferior Aspect of skull
- Horizontal process of maxilla (paired) - Horizontal process of palatine Bone (paired ) - Incisive Foramen - Greater palatine Foramen (paired )
56
Horizontal process of maxilla
- Anterior 2/3rd of hard palate
57
Horizontal process of palatine Bone
- Posterior 1/3rd of hard palate
58
Incisive Foramen
- Posterior to central incisors (terminal branches from the spheno- palatine ganglion.
59
Greater Palatine Foramen (paired)
- Palatally to upper first molar - Passage for branches of the spheno- palatine ganglion
60
Middle part
- Situated from the posterior border of the palate to the Foramen magnum contains - Medial Pterygoid plate - Lateral Pterygoid plate - Pterygoid Hamulus - Infra Temporal crest of the greater wing of the sphenoid Bone. - Carotid canal - Foramen Lacerum - Glenoid Fossa - Stylomastoid Foramen
61
Infra temporal crest of the Geater wing of sphenoid Bone
- Foramen ovale - Passage for mandibular division of 5th cranial nerve -Foramen Spinosum - passage for middle meningeal artery and nervous spinosus
62
Passage for Carotid artery ?
- Carotid canal
63
Passage for blood vessels
- Foramen Lacerum
64
Which part articulate mandibular condyle
- Glenoid fossa
65
Passage for 7th cranial nerve?
Stylomastoid Foramen
66
Posterior part
- Foramen Magnum (passage for medulla oblongata) - Occipital Condyle (paired) articulates with atlas vertebrae -Jagular Foramen ( passage of Jagular vein and the 9th, 10th and 11th cranial nerve) - Posterior condylar canal. -External occipital Protuberance- slightly roughened for muscle attachment.
67
Feature of anterior cranial fossa
-Orbital plate of frontal bone (above the orbit) -Cribriform plate of the Ethmoid Bone. - Crista Galli. - Lesser wing of the sphenoid Bone.
68
Feature of the Mid Cranial Fossa
- Optic Foramen - Passage of optic nerve - Hypophyseal Fossa (Sella turcica) - Optic chiasma and pituitary gland - Foramen Rotundun - Foramen Ovale - Foramen Spinosum - Foramen Lacerum - Petrous Portion of Temporal Bone - Internal Auditory meatus
69
Feature of Posterior cranial Fossa
- The largest and deepest fossa - Foraman magnum - Jagular Foramen (paired) - Hypoglossal canal ( 12 cranial nerves )

Orthodontics (53 decks)

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