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Year 4 Small Animal Studies > Ophthalmology: Eyelids > Flashcards

Ophthalmology: Eyelids Flashcards

1
Q

What do the following pre/suffixs mean?
1. -Blephar-
2. -Cor-
3. -Cycl-
4. -Dacro-
5. -Hyal-
6. -Kerat-
7. -Papilla-
8. -Phak-

A
  1. Lid
  2. Pupil
  3. Ciliary body
  4. Tears
  5. Vitreous
  6. Cornea
  7. Optic disc
  8. Lens
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2
Q

What do the following terms mean?
1. Aniscoria
2. Blephrospasm
3. Bupthalmos
4. Chemosis
5. Ectropion
6. Entropion
7. Endophthalmitis
8. Enopthalmos
9. Epiphora
10. Equator

A
  1. Unequal pupils
  2. Sustained closing or excess blinking of the eye- usually pain
  3. ‘Ox eye’- enlarged eye from sustained glaucoma
  4. Oedema of conjunctiva
  5. Outward displacement of lid
  6. Inward displacment of lid
  7. Inflammation of all the interior of eye
  8. Abnormally deep position of the eye in the orbit
  9. Poor tear drainage leading to overflow
  10. Roughly over the ciliary body- oriented vertically, not horizontally
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3
Q

What are the following terms?
1. Exophthalmos
2. Hyphaema
3. Hypopyon
4. Lagophthalmos
5. Microphthalmia
6. Miosis
7. Mydriasis
8. Panophthalmitis
9. Phthisis bulbi

A
  1. Abnormal protrusion of the eye- acquired or congenital
  2. Blood in the anterior chamber
  3. Pus in the anterior chamber
  4. Rabbit eye- abnormally prominent eye
  5. An abnormally small eye
  6. Constriction of the pupil
  7. Dilation of the pupil
  8. Inflammation of all parts of the eye
  9. Sunken soft ‘end stage’ eye due to severe irreversible damage
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4
Q

What do the following terms mean?
1. Ptosis
2. Staphyloma
3. Synechiae
4. Trichiasis

A
  1. Abnormally low carriage of the upper lid
  2. Defect in the coat of the eye- becomes lined with uveal tissue
  3. Adhesion of the iris to adjacent tissues following inflammation
  4. Skin hairs in contact with the eye
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5
Q

Generally what is the method of administration of opthalmic drugs?

A
  • Topical always has higher conc on ocular surface an anterior chamber
  • Oral if inflammation or infection in the posterior segment
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6
Q

What antibiotics can be used for opthalmic drugs?

A
  • Chloramphenicol- broad spectrum- not recommended for corneal ulcers
  • Fusidic acid- non-specific conjunctivitis- narrow spec- not suitable for corneal ulcers
  • Gentamycin- broad spec, includes pseudomonas
  • Ciprofloxacin/Ofloxacin- broad spec- expensive
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7
Q

What is the function of anti-collagenase drugs?

A
  • Acetylcysteine- anti-metling agents for melting corneal ulcers
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8
Q

What corticosteroids can be used optically?

A
  • Dexamethasone
  • Prednisolone acetate

Never on corneal ulcers

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9
Q

What optical anti-inflammatories are used?

A
  • Cyclosporin- also stimulated tears (dry eye)
  • Tacrolimus-
  • Acular
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10
Q
  1. What are mydriatics?
  2. What drugs can be used?
A
  1. Dilate the pupil for treament of uveitis and lens/fundus examination
  2. Atropine- long lasting, not for examination
    Tropicamide- short acting
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11
Q

What are the different anti-glaucoma medications and what are there actions?

A
  • Dorzolamide/Brinzolamide- topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
  • Latanoprost/Travoprast- prostaglandin analogues
  • Timoptol- beta-blocker- often in combination of above
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12
Q

What is the indication ofr eye lubricants?
What are the different ones?

A

Treatment of dry eye
* Lubithral
* * Lacrilube
* Artelac night time gel
* Anhypro, Hylo Forte, Hyabak

Non prescription

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13
Q
  1. What muscle closes the eye?
  2. What nerve innervates it?
  3. What muscle opens the eye?
  4. What nerve innervates it?
A
  1. Orbicularis oculi
  2. VII- facial
  3. Levator palpebrae superioris, muller’s muscle
  4. Levator- III- occulomotor
    Muller’s- smooth muscle/sympathetic
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14
Q
  1. Where are tarsal/meibomian glands found?
  2. What is their function?
A
  1. Run at right angles along the lind margin
  2. Release lipid on to pre-corneal tear film
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15
Q

How are the eyelids stabilised and attached to bony orbit

A

Y-shaped ligmaments

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16
Q

How should the skin be prepared for surgery of the following procedures?
1. Enucleation
2. Eyelid surgery
3. Corneal, conjunctival, third eyelid

What is used for an antiseptic

A
  1. Full surgical clip
  2. Clip field only
  3. No clipping

Non-lathering aqeuous povidone-iodine

17
Q

What are the principles of eyelid surgey?

A
  • Knots must never touch the eye
  • Hairs must never touch the eye
  • Cornea must be protected without exposure problems such as inability to blink
18
Q
  1. What is distichiasis?
  2. How is it diagnosed?
  3. How is it treated?
A
  1. Hairs grow from the tarsal gland openings and irritate the cornea
  2. Watery eyes, visible corneal damage (rare)
  3. Some none, if do none ideal
19
Q
  1. What is ectopic/conjunctival cilia
  2. How it it treated?
A
  1. Hairs that emerge from the conjuntival surface
  2. Excise a deep wedge- no suturing
20
Q

How is entropion treated?

A

Skin-muscle operation
* Dog conscious- decide on excision
* Incise skin and suture together
* Imagine pinching with pliers but pinched skin is removed

21
Q

What different entropion surgeries may be required?

A
  • Shar Peis- skin muslce of all four lids, when young- tacking sutures
  • St. bernards, bloodhounds- diamond eye- specialist
  • Lateral canthus- ligament section
  • Medial entropion- pugs
  • Upper lid trichiasis/entropion- english cocker spaniels
22
Q
  1. What is the most common eyelid tumour?
  2. How are they treated?
A
  1. Sebaceous epithelioma/adenoma
  2. Excision usually curative
23
Q

What surgeries can be used to prevent chronic sequential ulcers in brachycephalics?

A
  • Facial fold removal
  • Medial entropion
  • Shortening at palpebral apature
24
Q

Describe the anatomy of the nicitiating membrane?

A
  • Fold in the conjunctiva
  • Supported by a T-shaped cartilagenous frame
  • Gland- 1/3 aqueois of tears
  • Lymphoid follicles
25
Q

How can nicitating membanes be examined?

A
  • Gentle pressure of the globe through the upper lid
26
Q

What are common differentials for third eyelid?

A

Usual complaint- prominence
* Congenital lack of pigment
* Prolapse
* Folding/kinkage of cartilage
* Plasma cell infiltrations- GSDs
* Retrobulbar swellings
* Horners

Can be carcnoma, lymphoma or histiocytosis

27
Q

How is third eyelid prolapse treated?

A
  • Traditionally excised
  • Pocket technique- enclose in a fold of conjunctiva
28
Q

What can be used in the treatment of plasma cell infiltration of third eye lid in german shepherds?

A
  • Cyclosporin
29
Q

What are the features of horner’s syndrome?

A
  • Ptosis- low upper lid
  • Enopthalmos- deep eye
  • Miosis- pupil dilation
  • Protrusion of nicitating membrane

Year 4 Small Animal Studies (97 decks)

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