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Year 4 Small Animal Studies > Exotics: Common Problems in Pet Rodents > Flashcards

Exotics: Common Problems in Pet Rodents Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main risk factors for guniea pigs with diarrhoea?

A
  • Uncommon in adults
  • Young
  • Immunosupressed
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2
Q

What are the common and less common causes of diarrhoea in guinea pigs?

A

Common:
* Diet- inadequate fibre/high simple carbohydrates
* Bacterial infections- tyzzer’s disease
* Dysbiosis/enterotoxaemia- after incorrect use of ABs, clostridial overgrowth
Less Common:
* Bacterial- salmonella
* Other bacteria through food- E.coli, yersinia
* Cryptosporidium wrari
* Eimeria caviae
* Hepatopathies
* Dental disease

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3
Q

What is the clinical approach to diarrhoea of guinea pigs?

A
  1. Full clinical history- diet, weight, hydration, temperature
  2. Supportive care- supplemental heat, fluids, maropitant
  3. Faecal testing, culture, bloods ± abdominal scan
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4
Q
  1. What are most calculi in guinea pigs?
  2. Which locations are more and less common?
A
  1. 90% are calcium carbonate
  2. Bladder, urethra (most common), Ureters, kidneys (less common)
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5
Q

What are the clinical signs of urolithiasis in guinea pigs?

A
  • Haematuria
  • Dysuria
  • Pain/vocalizing during urination
  • Non-specific
  • Depends on urolith location
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6
Q

What can be used for diagnosis of urolithiasis in guinea pigs?

A
  • Plain radiography- Most uroliths are calcium-based and easily detectable, required sedation/GA
  • Abdominal US- can be done conscious, allows for other problems to be checked
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7
Q

What are the treatment options for urolithiasis?

What supportive medication can be given?

A
  • Very small uroluths <5mm diameter can pass unaided- analgesia
  • Bladder- GA and cytostomy
  • Urethra- GA and flush
  • Ureters- GA and hydropropulsion into bladder then cystotomy
  • Kidneys- usually not possible- palliative?

Supportive
* Analgesia- meloxicam, buprenorphine, gabapentine, maropitant
* Fluids
* Reduce Ca intake
* Increase water intake

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8
Q
  1. What are the two types of cystitis?
  2. How is it diagnosed?
  3. What can be given?
A

Often secondary to urolithiasis
1. Sterile or bacterial
2. Urinalysis ± C&S, US scan
3. ABs based on results- merbofloxacin, TMP and Sulfa, Sterile- Meloxicam ± maropitant

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9
Q
  1. What is the normal signalment for a guinea pig with ovarian cysts?
  2. What are the 2 main types of cysts and how do they differ?
A
  1. Older, intact females
  2. Serous and follicular
    Serous:
    * Non-functional
    * Develop spontaneously during oestrus cycle
    * Don’t respond to LH
    * Clinical signs if too large
    Follicular
    * Follicles that failed to ovulate
    * Hormonally active
    * Respond to LH
    * Variable clinical signs
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10
Q

What are the clinical signs of ovarian cysts?

A
  • Serous can be completly asymptomatic
  • Non-specific
  • Abdominal distension and discomfort
  • Palpable soft tissue mass
    Follicular cysts:
  • Non-pruritic flank alopecia
  • Mammary gland hyperkeratosis
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11
Q

How are ovarian cysts diagnosed?

A

Ultrasonography
* Doesn’t differentiate between serous and follicular cysts
* Allows to check for other problems

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12
Q

Guinea Pigs

What are the treatment options for ovarian cysts?

A

Medical treatment
* Only effective in follicular cysts
* Human chorionic gonadotrophin
* 2 injections 14 days apart
* Doesn’t prevent recurrence
Surgery
* Surgery- GA and spay
* Percutaneous US guided drainage of cysts: temporary relief, refill quickly

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13
Q
  1. What is the most common neoplasia of guinea pigs repro?
  2. What can be the best treatment for guinea pigs with dystocia?
  3. When are guinea pigs typically affected by pregnancy toxaemia?
A
  1. Uterine leiomyosarcoma
  2. Poor prognosis- often C-section, medical treatment unrewarding
  3. 2 weeks before and after parturition, supportive care, poor prognosis
    Generalised weakness, ketonuria, proteinuri, hypoglycaemia
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14
Q

What 3 main forms of lymphoid neoplasia commonly affected guinea pigs?
What is used for diagnosis?

A
  • Usually presents as multicentric and high-malignancy form
  • Epitheliotropic T-cell lymphoma
  • Leukaemia caused by a retrovirus

Diagnosis:
* Cytology of peripheral lymph glands/skin
* Haematology
* US scan

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15
Q

How can lymphoma be treated in guinea pigs?

A
  • Poor prognosis
  • Prednisolone- SID- palliative care
  • Lomustine- q 21d
  • L-asparaginase
  • Discuss euthanasia
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16
Q

What common skin conditions can affect guinea pigs?

A
  • External parasites- mites/lice
  • Ringworm/dermatophytiasis
  • Cervical lymphadenitis
  • Sebaceous lumps
  • Pododermatitis
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17
Q

What is performed for guinea pigs skin conditions diagnosis?
What treatments can be given?

A

Perform:
* Skin strips
* Skin scrapes
* Hair plucks
* Dermatophyte culture
* FNA lumps
Treatment:
* Ivermectin injections for mites/lice
* Meloxicam for inflammation
* ABs for secondary infection
* Terbinafine for fungal infections

18
Q

What lice and mites can infect guinea pigs?

A
19
Q

Where is ringworm commonly found on guinea pigs?

A

Peri-ocular
Nostrils

20
Q
  1. What causes cervical lymphadenitis in guinea pigs?
  2. What does it cause?
  3. What can it spread and further cause?
  4. How is it treated?
A
  1. Streptococcus equi zooepidemicus
  2. Abscessation of cervical lymph nodes after oral abrasions
  3. Pneumonia, otitis media, septicaemia
  4. Surgical excision, lance/flush, ABs
21
Q

What are the possible DDXs for sebaceous lumps?
What is the best treatment option?

A
  • Sebacous cyst
  • Sebaceous adenoma
  • Trichoepithelioma
  • Trichofolliculoma
    Surgical removal
22
Q

What disease cannot affect guinea pigs?
1. Hyperthyroidism
2. Hyperadrenocortisim
3. Insulinoma
4. Fibrous osteodystrophy
5. Hypovitaminosis C
6. Mammary gland neoplasia and mastitis
7. Pneumonia
8. Heart Disease- pericardial effusion, DCM
9. Black leg

A
  1. 9- Black leg

Yeh I didn’t really know how to ask that

23
Q

What are the differing clinical signs of URT and LRT infection?

A

URT
* Sneezing
* Nasal discharge
* Porphyrin staining around notrils
* ‘Noisy breathing’
LRT
* Increased RR and effort
* ‘noisy breathing’
* Crackles, muffled heart sounds

24
Q
  1. What can increase risk of resp disease in rats?
  2. What viral, bacterial and fungal agents can cause disease?
A
  1. Stress/immunosupression, environment (cage ventilation)
  2. Viral
    * Sendai virus
    * Paramyovirus
    Bacterial
    * Mycoplasma pulmonis
    * Streptococcus pneumonis
    * Corynebacterium kutscheri
    Fungal
    * Pneumocystitis carinii
25
Q

How is respiratory disease diagnosed in rats?

A
  • Clinical exam: high level of suspicion
  • GA and radiography- assess nasal cavities and thorax
  • Culture and Sensitivity- not done routinely
  • Virus PCR- not routine
26
Q

How are resp diseases in rats treated?

A

Broad spectrum ABs- minimum of 3 weeks
* Doxycyline
* Marbofloxacin
* Azithromycin
NSAIDs- meloxicam
Nebulization- saline or hypertonic saline
Furosemide- secondary lung oedema

27
Q

What are the 2 most common mammary gland neoplasias in rats?

A
  1. Mammary fibroadenoma- most common, benign, associated with repro changes
  2. Mammary adenocarcinoma- less frequent, malignant
28
Q

How can mammary neoplasia in rats be treated?

A

Surgery:
* Best option
* Fibroadenomas- likely to recur
* Some locations can be more challening
* Effect of spay: redcues incidence
Medical
* Cabergoline- prolactin antagonist
* Palliative care if surgery not possible
* Euthanasia

29
Q
  1. Where is the zymbal gland found in a rat?
  2. What neoplasm often forms there?
  3. What is the treatment?
A
  1. Specialised sebaceous gland on rate ear canal
  2. Locally invasive carcinomas
  3. Surgical removment difficult, palliative care
30
Q

What are the signs of pituitary adenomas in rats?
How is it treated?

A

Signs: Neurological
* Paresis/paralysis on FLs
* Loss of vision
* Ataxia
* Progressive

Treatment
Surgery not realistic
Cabergoline q3 days
NSAIDs

Confirm with MRI or CT

30
Q

What are the signs of pituitary adenomas in rats?
How is it treated?

A

Signs: Neurological
* Paresis/paralysis on FLs
* Loss of vision
* Ataxia
* Progressive

Treatment
Surgery not realistic
Cabergoline q3 days
NSAIDs

Confirm with MRI or CT

31
Q

What are common presentations for hamsters with skin conditions?

A
  • Alopecia
  • Pruritis
  • Skin masses
  • Skin ulcers and scabs
  • Inflammed skin
32
Q

What are common skin conditions in hamsters?

A
  • Demodecosis-
  • Hyperadrenocorticism
  • Epitheliotropic lymphoma
  • Bacterial dermatitis
  • Hypothyroidism
  • Ringworm
  • Skin neoplasia
33
Q

How is skin disease in hamsters diagnosed?

A
  • History/clinical exam
  • Skin samples
  • Skin imprints
  • Hair plucks
  • GA and US
  • Bloods
  • Biopsy
  • C&S
34
Q
  1. How can hyperadrenocorticism be diagnosed in hamsters?
  2. What species of hamster more commonly get epitheliotropic lymphoma, How is it diagnosed?
A
  1. Plasma cortisol 0.5-1ud/dl. PUPD
  2. More common in syrians, skin biopsies, prednisolone
35
Q

When would the following drugs be used for treatment of skin diseases in hamsters?
Ivermectin SC
Meloxicam PO
Broad spectrum ABs

A

Ivermectin
* Demodex, other mites, lice
Meloxicam
* history of pruritis, skin inflammed
Broad spectrum ABs
* TMP and Sulfa
marbofloxacin

36
Q
  1. What species more commonly evert cheek pouches?
  2. What are possible causes?
  3. What is the approach to managment/treatment?
A
  1. Dwarf species
  2. Food impaction, inflammation, abscess, neoplasia
  3. GA, complete clinical exam, flush/clean, suture transcutaneously, remove in 7-10 days
37
Q
  1. What causes ‘wet tail’ in hamsters?
  2. What are common causes?
  3. What can severe cases lead to?
A
  1. Enteropathies with diarrhoea
  2. Lawsonia intracellularis, enterotoxaemia (C. difficile), tyzzers (C. piliforme), diet, GI parasites (uncommon)
  3. Prolapse and intussuception
38
Q
  1. What supportive care can be given to hamsters with diarrhoea?
  2. What can be used for diagnosis?
A
  1. SC fluids, glucose, thermal support, ABs, supplemental feeding
  2. Faecal wet mount, gram staining, culture
39
Q
  1. What causes hepatic cysts?
  2. What species of hamster is predisposed?
  3. What are the progressive signs?
  4. What is the diagnosis?
  5. How is it treated?
A
  1. Developmental defects of bile ducts
  2. Syrian
  3. Abdominal enlargment, dyspnoea, alopecia, lethargy, weight loss
  4. US scan
  5. Surgical removal, aspiration, palliative care

Year 4 Small Animal Studies (97 decks)

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