Exotics: Reptile Medicine- Specific Flashcards
What causes mycoplasma/herpesvirus complex and what clinical signs are caused?
Chelonian herpesvirus
* Testudinid HPV 1-4
* Causes latent infections
* Necrotizing stomatitis
* Diphtheroid plates
* Secondary rhinitis and conjuntivitis
Mycoplasma agassizzi
* Rhinitis
* Conjunctivtis
* Subclinical and latent infections common
URT infection complex
- What are the risk factors for mycoplasma/herpes virus complex?
- How is it diagnosed?
- How is it treated?
- Young and debilitated individuals, immunosuppressed patients, frequent post-purchase
- Specific PCR- oral swab, some labs incluse HPV and mycoplasma, Rads, biochem and haematology
- Mycoplasma- systemic ABs (doxyclycline, clarithromycin, fluoroquinolones), eyedrops (oxytet, gentamycin, ciprofloxacin), nebulization (aminoglycosides)
Supportive care- POTZ, supplemental feeding and fluid
No effective treatment for HPV
Other then mycoplasma/herpes virus what can also cause respiratory signs in chelonians?
- Bacterial infections
- Viral infections- require individual testing (ranavirus, picornavirus, ferlavirus)
- Coelomic mass/effusions
What conditions are more common in terrapins and turtles?
- Ulcerative shell dermatitis
- Bacterial pneumonia
- Aural abscesses
- What species more frequently have rostral abrasions?
- What cause the abrasions, how do they progress
- Water dragons and basilisks
- Repeated trauma on vivarium glass, progressive ulceration, stomatitis and teeth loss- osteomyelitis
- What species of lizards are more prone to peridontal disease?
- What may be seen on clinical exam?
- Chameleons and agamid lizards
- Gingivitis, tartar and periodontal pockets, gingival recession ± hyperplasia, loss of teeth, bone exposure, pathological fractures, septicaemia
Incorrect diet- tartar, bacterial overgrowth- gingivitis- teeth loss
What is the treatment of periodontal disease of lizards?
- Correct diet
- GA scale and polish every 6-12 months
- Chlorohexidine topical
- ABs- ideally dependent on C and S
- What is fungal dermatitis frequently referred to as?
- What agents can cause it?
- What are the clinical signs?
- Yellow fungus disease
- Devriesia agamarum, chrysosporium guarroi, chrysosporium
- Yellow discoloration/crusts, any area of skin (frequent around lips), weight loss and non-specific signs
How is yellow fungus disease diagnosed and treated?
Diagnosis
* Skin scrapes
* Cytology
* Biopsies and histology
* PCR
Treatment
* Terbinafine, Itraconazole
* Topical iodin 1:10
* Surgical debridment
- What are the multifcatorial components of stomatitis?
- What does treatment depend on?
- Immunosupression, trauma, microbial agents
- Bloods, cytology and C&S
Husbandry corrections, ABs, chlorohexidine 0.05% topical
What different viral and bacterial agents can primarily cause stomatitis in snakes?
Viral
* Reptarenvirus/inclusion body disease
* Paramyxovirus
* Ranavirus
* Picornavirus
Bacterial
* Gram-: psudomonas, aeromona, proteus, E.coli
* Anaerobic- bacterioides, fusobacterium
* Mycobacterium
What possible tissues can prolapse in reptiles?
- Cloaca
- Intestine
- Bladder
- Oviduct
- Phallus/hemipenes
Emergency
What is the initial approach to prolapse in reptiles?
- Assess tissue necrosis/viability
- Identify tissue
- Flush and clean tissues with sterile saline ± dilute iodine 1:10
- Reduce oedema/inflammation (meloxicam, hypertonic glucose topically)
- Identify cause- radiographs, US scan, bloods, faecal testing
- Surgically reduce prolapse
- What is the most commonly diagnosed neoplasia in reptiles
- What is the first diagnostic approach?
- What is the best option?
- Integument neoplasia
- FNA/biopsies first diagnostic
- Surgical removal best- chemo is described
