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Year 4 Small Animal Studies > Exotics: Emergencies and Critical Care > Flashcards

Exotics: Emergencies and Critical Care Flashcards

1
Q

What are poor prognosis indicators for birds?

A
  • Species sensitivity
  • Small patient size
  • Duation of disease/problem
  • Dyspnoea
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2
Q

What is the general approach to the sick bird?

A

Visual exam while inside carrier/cage
* mental status
* Obvious lesions or truama
* Breathing- open mouth
* Droppings

Main groups of ECC presentations- collapsed, dyspnoeic, unwell but stable

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3
Q

Describe the approach to the collapsed bird?

A

Supplement O2- facemask, ETT, air sac intubation
Supplement heat- heat mat, incubator, warm fluids
Fluids- IV, IO
Emergency drugs

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4
Q

Describe the process with breathing and airways in ECC of birds?

A
  1. Deliver O2 via facemask
  2. Check for any obstruction on mouth/glottus
  3. Place appropriate uncuffed ETT in trachea
  4. Start thoracic compressions (40-50bpm)
  5. If suspect UAO consider abdominal air sac canula
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5
Q

Describe resuscitation fluid therapy of birds

A
  • IV access- ulnar or medial metatarsal vein
  • IO access: distal ulna or proximal tibiotarsus
  • Warm fluids
  • Hypertonic saline
  • Crystalloids- hartmanns or ringers lactate
  • Colloids- mixed with crystalloids
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6
Q

What emergency drugs can be used in birds?
What cannot be used??

A

Atropine
Adrenaline
Dextrose

DO NOT USE STEROIDS IN BIRDS

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7
Q

How should critical avian patients be monitored?

A

Reduce handling to minimum
Assess
* Mentation/behaviour
* HR
* RR
* BP > 90mmHg
* Temperature

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8
Q

Describe the approach to the dyspneic bird?

A
  • Limit handling
  • Supptlemental O2 in incubator
  • Sedation- midazolam and butorphanol- intransal, IM
  • Meloxicam
  • Terbutaline
  • Nebulization- hypertonic saline, ABs, antifungals
  • ABs?
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9
Q

Approach the the ‘unwell bird’

A

Incubator with suppl heat ± o2
Fluid therapy- maintenance + losses, hartmanns
Supplemental feeding by crop tube- appropriate formula
ABs?

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10
Q

What is used for analgesia in birds?

A

NSAIDS- meloxicam
Gabapentine
Opioids- butorphanol
Local anaesthetic- bupivicaine and lidocaine

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11
Q

Descibe step by step approach to critical birds?

A
  1. Initial assesment- collapse, dyspnea, unwell, specific
  2. In this patient likely to crash need CPR
  3. Stabilization- suppl heat, O2 fluids, analgesia, feeding
  4. Reassess- when more stable
  5. Further investigations- depending on presentation, start from least to more risky tests
  6. Adjust treatment accordingly
  7. Euthanise if deterioration
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12
Q

What are emergencies can happen in reptiles?

A

Proper emergencies are rare
* Trauma
* Prolapses
* Reproductive
* Neurologic

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13
Q

Describe the approach to the collapsed reptile?

A
  • ETT placement
  • IPPV with with ambubag- room air, 4-6bpm
  • IV access- jugular (chelonia), difficult in other species
  • IO access on proximal tibia
  • Warm fluids- IV, IO bolus, care with osmolarity, hartmanns
  • Emergency drugs- adrenaline, atropine
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14
Q

Describe the approach to an unwell reptile

A

Warm them
* Gradual 4-6h
* If POTZ unknown 25-30
* Create temp gradient
* Before any medications
Fluid therapy- hartmanns, glucose saline
Assisted feeding with OT
* day 1 0.5% weight glusoce saline
* day 2 0.5% weight formula
* day 3 1% weight formula
* day 4 2% weight formula

ABs depending on case

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15
Q

What analgesia can be used for reptiles?

A

Meloxicam
Local- lido, bupivi
Opioids- tramadol (lizards and chelonia), morphine (bearded dragons), methadone

Butorphanol/buprenorphine- no effect

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16
Q

What are common emergencies in reptiles?

A
  • Trauma
  • Non-specific illness
  • Prolapses
  • Repro- retained eggs, follicular stasis
  • Neurological- seizures, muscle fasiculations
  • Respiratory- not as frequent, most presentations are chronic/progressive
17
Q

Describe the step by step approach to reptile emergencies?

A
  1. Initial assessment- collapsed, unwell, conditions
  2. Warm- 4-6 hours
  3. Start supportive care- fluids, analgesia, ABs
  4. Start further investigations- radiography, US scan, bloods
  5. Review case and adjust therapy accordingly
18
Q

What are the key points for resuscutation of exotic mammals?

A

Same principles as small animal
* IV access- rabbit (maginal ear, cephalic), ferret (cephalic, jugular)
* IO access: proximal femur
* ETT placement dificult except ferret (face mask)
* Atropine not effective in rabbit patients (glycopyrrolate)
* Do not use steroids in rabbits/rodents

19
Q

Describe how to manage dyspneic mammals?

A

Supplement O2
Sedation: midazolam, butorphanol
Meloxicam
Nebulization: hypertonic saline, acetylcysteine, aminophylline
Furosemide- cardiac cases
ABs

20
Q

How should exotic mammals be generally cared for?

A
  • Provide stress-free environment
  • Monitor temp closely- hypo/hyperthermia
  • Blood glucose in rabbits indicated stress/pain
  • Maintenance fluid therapy- IV, SC hartmanns ± glucose
  • Assisted feeding- syringe, nasogastric intubation
21
Q

What can be used for analgesia of exotic mammals?

A

NSAIDs- meloxicam
Others- Gabapentine, maropitant, ketamine, local anaesthetic (lidocaine/bupivicaine)

Opioids
Buprenorphine
Methadone

22
Q

How is gut stasis managed in rabbits/rodents?

A

Rabbits and hystricomorph rodents
Gut stasis not a disease- secondary
Treat but find cause
* Fluids- IV
* Analgesia
* Prokinetics- metoclopramide, cisapride, domperidone, ranitidine
* Supplemental feeding- oxbow, emeraid
* Supportive care- stress free, supplement heatq

23
Q

What are common emergencies in rabbits?

A
  • Gut stasis
  • Trauama- fractures, bite wounds
  • Respiratory- URT, pneumonia, heart disease
  • Neuro- seizures, paresis/paralysis
  • Urogenital- hematuria
  • Opthalm
  • Flystrike
24
Q

What are common emergencies in ferrets?

A
  • Trauma
  • Vomiting if frequent >24h
  • Non-specific with anorexia >24h
  • Neuro- seizures, ataxia, collapse, paralysis
  • Dyspnea
25
Q

What are common emergencies in hystricomorph rodents?

A
  • Gut stasis
  • Dyspnea- guinea pigs
  • Trauma
  • Neuro
  • Non-specific illness
  • urogenital: bleeding + straining/vocalising, dystocia
26
Q

What are common emergencies in other rodents?

A
  • Non-specific illness
  • Trauma
  • Dyspnea
  • Neuro- seizures, paralysis, head tilt
  • Abnormal perineal discharge- wet tail
26
Q

What are common emergencies in other rodents?

A
  • Non-specific illness
  • Trauma
  • Dyspnea
  • Neuro- seizures, paralysis, head tilt
  • Abnormal perineal discharge- wet tail

Year 4 Small Animal Studies (97 decks)

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