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Year 4 Small Animal Studies > Exotics: Preventative Medicine > Flashcards

Exotics: Preventative Medicine Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different strategies for preventative medicine?

A
  • Husbandry/diet review and advice
  • Routine health checks
  • Vaccination
  • Parasite control
  • Disease testing and quarantine
  • Surgical neuter
  • Hormonal implants- chemical neuter
  • Routine procedures- beak, nails, and wing clips
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2
Q

What should be checked for a husbandry review?
Specifically for reptiles, birds, mammals, and fish

A
  • Current diet provided
  • Any dietary supplements
  • Any new animals in household
  • Reptiles- temperature, humidity, UV-B bulb replacement
  • Birds- cage, location, time spent outside cage, toys
  • Mammals- substrate, toys, excercise, social interactions
  • Fish- temperature, water parameters
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3
Q

What are the different methods of giving husbandry advice?

A
  • Verbal
  • Client handouts
  • Directing to websites, books, orgsanisations
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4
Q

What vaccinations can rabbits recieve?

A

Myxomatosis
Viral haemorrhagic disease 1 and 2

Myxo-RHD plus
Myxo-RHD- only VHD 1
Filavac- VHD 1 and 2

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5
Q

When are rabbits vacinated for myxo using Myxo-RHD plus?

What about other vaccines?

A

Myxo-RHD plus
* First dose from 5 weeks
* Immunity in 3 weeks
* Yearly booster

Other vaccines
* Myxo-RHD from 5 weeks
* Filavac from 10
* Yearly booster
* Vaccines 2-3 weeks apart

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6
Q

What can ferrets be vaccinated for?

A

Distemper
* Currently no vaccines licensed for ferrets in UK
* Nobivac
* First dose at 12 weeks, yearly booster

Rabies
* Ferrets travelling to/from countries
* Nobivac
* First dose at 12 weeks
* Booster every 18 months

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7
Q

What can happen to ferrets 5-25 mintutes after a vaccine?

A

Anaphylactic reactions
* Hyperaemia, vomiting, hypersalivation, occasionally diarrhoea
* More severe- dyspnoea and cyanosis
* Independent of previous vaccine history
* Any vaccine

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8
Q

How can ferret reactions to vaccines be prevented and treated?

A

Prevention:
* Careful selection of vaccine
* Reconstitute vaccine with sterile water/saline
* Diphenhydramine orally, SC 15-30 mins before vaccine
* 3-4 weeks between vaccine
* 20-30 mins post-vaccination

Treatment
* Adrenaline- IV, IM, IT
* Diphenhydramine- IM, IV, PO TID-BID
* Dexamethasone or prednis
* Supportive care- O2, IVFT

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9
Q
  1. How are canids (racoon-dog and foxes) vaccinated?
  2. How are procyonids (raccon and caoti) vaccinated?
A
  1. Distemper- 8 weeks, 12 weeks, yearly booster
  2. Distemper as above, Tricat (panleucopenia) 8, 12 weeks and yearly booster
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10
Q

What are meerkats vaccinated for and when?

A

Distemper
8 weeks, 12 weeks, yearly booster

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11
Q

How are pigeons, canaries and poultry, ducks, turkets and geese vaccinated?

A

Pigeons
* Avian pox and paramyxovirus (colombovac)
Canaries
* Avian pox- (poximune C)
Poultry, turkeys, ducks, geese
* Same as industry?

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12
Q

What are the 4 different strategies to parasite control in exotics?

A
  1. Adequate husbandry- immune system
  2. Regular cleaning/hygiene- reduced environment load
  3. Routine faecal testing- early detection
  4. Preventitive worming
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13
Q
  1. What is the common name for oxyurids?
  2. What species are they commonly found in faecal testing?
  3. What should be considered before dispensing medicine?
A
  1. Pinworms
  2. Reptiles, rabbits, occasionally rodents
  3. Faecal flotation test results, patient, environment (history)

Considered commensals, numbers increase in immuosuppressed patients

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13
Q
  1. What is the common name for oxyurids?
  2. What species are they commonly found in faecal testing?
  3. What should be considered before dispensing medicine?
A
  1. Pinworms
  2. Reptiles, rabbits, occasionally rodents
  3. Faecal flotation test results, patient, environment (history)

Considered commensals, numbers increase in immuosuppressed patients

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14
Q
A
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15
Q
  1. What species are commensally affected by ciliates?
  2. How are they detected?
A
  1. Tortoises, herbivore lizards
  2. Detected with wet mounts

Significant on any other species

15
Q
  1. What species are commensally affected by ciliates?
  2. How are they detected?
A
  1. Tortoises, herbivore lizards
  2. Detected with wet mounts

Significant on any other species

16
Q

What are common medicines used for wormers?

A
  • Praziquantel- tape worms (oral, injectable, spot-on)
  • Oxfendazole- Nematodes (oral administration)
  • Fenbendazole- CARE- toxicity describred, immunesupression (oral)
  • Ivermectin- nematodes and external parasites (injectable, oral and spot-on)
17
Q

What species is ivermectin toxic to?

A
  • Chelonians
  • Skinks
  • Some snake species
18
Q

What external parasite control mat be used?

Unlikely to be required

A
  • Fleas- occasinally in rabits and ferrets- imidaclopride
  • Fly strike- rabbits- cyromazine
  • Lice/mites- rodents- ivermectin
  • Feather live- permethrin powder/sprays
19
Q

When is heartworm prevention important in ferrets?
What is used?

A

In endemic heartworm areas (dirofilaria immitis)
Moxidectin applied monthly

20
Q

When is quarentine recomended?
What are the guidlines?

A

Medium to large zoological collections or breeders- mainly birds and reptiles

Guidlines
* Ideally 2 months
* Seperate facilities and objects
* 2x facal testing (start and end)
* Species specific disease testing

21
Q

What may psittacine and snake collections be tested for during quarentine?

A

Psittacine- PCR
* Bornavirus
* Circovirus/PBFD
* ± polyomavirus
* ± chlamydophila psittaci

Snake- PCR
* Cryptosporidium
* Arenavirus/IBD
* Ferlavirus/paramyovirus
* Reovirus
* Adenovirus

22
Q

What species regulalry have surgical neutering?
What species have an increased risk of complications with routine ops?

A

Neutering- rabbits, male guine pigs, male rate

Guinea pigs and rodents have increased risk for routine spay- anaesthesia, surgical anatomy, post op complications

23
Q

What are the benefits of rabbits spays?

A
  • Population control
  • Reduced unwanted behaviours
  • Prevents uterine neoplasia
24
Q

What are the key structures to rabbbits female repro anatomy?

A
  • Suspeonsory ligament (ovary-kidney)
  • Broad ligament with variable amount of fat
  • Uterine horns = 2 independent uterus
  • Well developed vaginal vestibulum
  • Uterine and vaginal blood vessels
24
Q

What are the key structures to rabbbits female repro anatomy?

A
  • Suspeonsory ligament (ovary-kidney)
  • Broad ligament with variable amount of fat
  • Uterine horns = 2 independent uterus
  • Well developed vaginal vestibulum
  • Uterine and vaginal blood vessels
25
Q

What are the benefit and surgical approaches to rabbit castration?

A

Benefits
* Population control
* Reduced unwanted behaviours

Surgical approaches
* Pre-scrotal
* Scotal incision- closed
* Scrotal incision- open

26
Q

What are the key structures for rabbit castration?

A
  • Inguinal canal remain open
  • Ligament between epididymis and tunica vaginalis
27
Q

What are the surgical approaches to guinea pigs and rats?

A

Abdominal
Pre-scrotal
Scrotal (open or closed)

28
Q

What can commonly cause aplastic anaemia in Jills?

A

Hyperestrogenism causing bone marrow suppression
Due to being induced ovulators- can stay in oestrus

29
Q

What reproductive managment is no longer advised in ferrets?

A

Surgical neutering
Increases the risk of adrenal gland

30
Q

Why does neutering cause adrenal disease in ferrets?

A
  • Produce androgens
  • Corticosteroids are produced diffusely in several other tissues
  • Affected by circadian rythms/photoperiod
  • Gonads provide negative feedback to hypothalamus-hypophysis- suppressing adrenal function
  • If gonads are removed this negative feedback disappears
31
Q

What is the purpose of a deslorelin implant?

A
  • GnRH agonist implant- instead of neutering
  • Apply every 18-24 months
  • Needs a very brief GA to apply
  • Close skin with cyanoacrylate tissue glue
32
Q

What are routine procedures for the following species?
Birds
Mammals
Reptiles

A

Birds- nail clipping/burring, beak burring/correcitons, wing clipping, ID chip
Mammals- nail clipping, ID chip
Reptiles- nail burring, ID chip, beak burr in chelonians

33
Q

How are birds nails and beaks burred?
How are they ID chiped?

A

Nails- use dremmel or high speed burr, avoid using nail clippers
Beak burring/correction- knowledge of normal size, shape, apply eye lube, some require GA/sedation
ID chip: birds >150g, L pectoral muscle, consider GA/sedation, apply tissue glue on skin

34
Q
  1. What species are routinely wing clipped?
  2. What feathers are clipped?
  3. Where are they clipped?
A
  1. Routinely done in psittacines
  2. Primary/secondary flight feathers
    * Small species- 2 aries and 1 aries
    * Medium- clip 5-6 outermost 1 aries

3- Clip as close as possible to skin

Year 4 Small Animal Studies (97 decks)

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