Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Year 4 Small Animal Studies > Internal Medicine: Urogenital: Urolithiasis > Flashcards

Internal Medicine: Urogenital: Urolithiasis Flashcards

1
Q

What different uroliths can form?

A
  • Struvite
  • Calcium oxalate
  • Urate
  • Cystine
  • Silicates
  • Calcium phosphate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is used for diagnosis of uroliths?

A
  • History and clinical signs
  • Physical examination
  • Imaging- US/double contrast Radio
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What crystals are normal and do not need investigating?

A
  • Cystine
  • Urates

Unless dalmation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What uroliths form in acidic and alkaline urine?

A

Acid
* Calcium oxalate
* Purines
* Cystine

Alkaline
* Struvite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What can be used for urinalysis for urolith diagnosis?

A
  • USG
  • pH
  • Culture
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What can be medically dissolved?

What are the indications for removal?

What are the pros and cons of dissolution?

A
  • Struvite, urate and cystine

Indications
* Obstruction
* Increase in size or number
* Persistent clinical signs
* Lack of response to therapy

Dissolution
Adv
* Less invasive

Dis
* Owner compliance with diet
* Repeated radiographs, urinalysis and culture
* Some stone do not dissolve
* May block urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q
  1. What is struvite?
  2. What pH or urine do they form in?
  3. What predisposes?
A
  1. Magnesium ammonium phosphate hexahydrate
  2. Form in alkaline- radiopaque
  3. Urinary tract infections
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What size stones can be removed from voiding urohydropropulsion?

A
  • 1-3mm in male dogs
  • Up to 10mm in female dogs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Why does UTI predispose to struvite formation?

A
  • Bacteria produce urease
  • Urease converts urea to ammmonia and bicarb
  • Ammonia irritiant and ingridient
  • Bicarb increases pH
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How are struvite uroliths dissolved and treated?

A
  • Treat UTI - clinicals signs
  • Feed a diet with reduced protein, phospohrus and magnesium that promotes formation of acidic urine
  • High moisture food is preferred
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How should dissolving of struvite be monitored?

A

Urinalysis and imaging 4-6 weeks
* Expect USG < 1.02 and 20% reduction
* Repeat every 4-6 weeks

Continue for 2-4 weeks after radiographic cure

Core of oxalate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How can struvite be prevented?

A
  • Prevent UTI from recurring
  • Treat bacterial infections as they arise
  • Dietary mod does not prevent infection-induced struvite uroliths
  • Many breeds predisposed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q
  1. What urine produced calcium oxolate?
  2. How do they appear on radiographs?
  3. What predisposes?
A
  1. Neutral to acid urine
  2. Radiodense
  3. Hypercalaemia, breeds, older dogs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How are calcium oxalate uroliths treated?

A

Must be removed physically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How is calcium oxolate prevented?

A

Rule out
* hypercalcaemia
* metabolic acidosis
* vitamin D excess

Increase urine volume
* Increase voiding frequency
* high-moisture foods
* aim for USG < 1.020

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q
  1. What is the most common urate?
  2. What urine pH?
  3. How do they appear radiographically?
A
  1. Ammonium acid urate
  2. Acid
  3. Radiolucent, smooth, round or oval
17
Q

What are two situations that cause urate sontes?

What tests should be run?

A
  • Inherited alteration of urate transporter
  • Portosystemic shunt

Serum bile acid concs,
Genetic hyperuricosuria testin

18
Q

How are urate uroliths disolved in dogs without liver disease?

A

Diet
* Low in protein
* Low in purines
* Produce alkaline urine

Alkalinise urine if necessary with potassium citrate or sodium bicarbonate

19
Q

How is urate uroliths recurrence prevented?

A

Continue feeding the low purine diet

Check
* Urine pH >7
* SG < 1.020
* BUN low
* Sediment- no crystals

Drugs
* Consider allopurinol- stops formation
* Potassium citrate is urine pH less than 6.6

20
Q
  1. What causes cystine uroliths?
  2. How do they appear radiographically?
  3. What does their sediment look like?
A
  1. Inherited disorder of renal tubular transport
  2. Radiolucent, smooth, small
  3. Crystals flat, colourless, hexagonal
21
Q
  1. What breed is predisposed to cystine uroliths?
  2. How are they treated?
A
  1. Male daschunds
  2. Encourage water intake
    Suitable dissolution diet
22
Q

What can be done in male dogs which may prevent cystine uroliths?

A

Neutering

Androgen-dependent cystinuria suggested to occur in multiple:
* Mastiff
* Staffordshire bull terrier
* Scottish deerhound
* Irish terrier

23
Q

Why can uroliths not always be straight forward?

A

Mixed composition stones

Year 4 Small Animal Studies (97 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions