Operant learning theory Flashcards
Define satisfier
An action that promotes pleasant feeling, so responses are repeated.
Define annoyer
An action that creates unease to promote the avoidance of incorrect responses.
Define positive reinforcement
A pleasant stimulus is given to increase the likelihood of a correct response
Define negative reinforcement
Saying nothing when a correct action is shown, after a period of criticism about performance.
Define punishment
An unpleasant stimulus is given to prevent incorrect actions occuring.
Define Operant (behaviourist) theory
The use of reinforcement to ensure that correct responses are repeated
How does operant conditioning work
By strengthening the link between the stimulus and the response, as a set stimulus elicits a set response
Give an example of the S-R bond
If a shuttle is returned high in the air and mid court (stimulus), the best response would be to execute a smash shot as a return (response)
What is the S-R bond
Stimulus - response bond
What impact does Skinner suggest the S-R bond has
Reinforced actions are strengthened and incorrect actions are weakened
What are the 3 features of Operant Conditioning
- Shapes behaviour
- Based on Trial and Error
- Manipulates the environment
Why is trial and error an essential feature?
Allows the performer to use trial and error in their practice
Give an example of trial and error
Try various methods of serving in tennis
Why is manipulating the environment an essential feature?
- To ensure success/ desired response occurs
- Taking a set response and making it GROOVED/OVERLEARNT
Give an example of manipulating the environment
Placing cones in the service box as a target for the performer. Start with them close to the net to make the task easier, then gradually moving them back.
Why is shaping behaviour an essential feature?
By use of reinforcement/punishment ensures these behaviours are either strengthened or weakened, it allows them to nail one skill.
How do coaches link the stimulus to response in operant conditioning
By using positive and negative reinforcement, and punishment
What do these reinforcements do?
Help to shape behaviour
Give an example of positive reinforcement
Coach offers praise to a swimmer for the correct leg action, or offers a reward
What is positive reinforcement used for?
To strengthen the S-R bond
- Endorsing a performers actions when a correct response is produced, so they repeat the same behaviour.
What is negative reinforcement used for?
Used to strengthen the S-R bond
- Removing the criticism!!!! SILENCE
Give an example of negative reinforcement
Coach may highlight errors when a GS in netball misses a shot, however when they score the coach will not criticise and just say nothing. - Causes GS to repeat action
What is Punishment used for?
Used to weaken the S-R bond as the response is INCORRECT!!
- To reduce unwanted actions
Give 3 examples of punishment
- Booked
- Fines
- Substitution
