Ocular Pathologies Flashcards
Myopia
nearsighted (longer than normal eye)
Hyperopia
far-sighted (shorter than normal eye)
Astigmatism
nonspherical cornea (multiple curvatures)
Conjunctivitis
Inflammation of the conjunctiva
- bacterial and viral are very contagious
- allergies or injuries are not contagious
Conjunctivitis S&S
- redness
- burning
- itching
- irritation
- discharge
Conjunctivitis Treatment
refer
Conjunctivitis RTP
Allergic = as tolerated
Viral = out until resolved
Bacterial = 2-3 days after antibiotics
Sty
an inflamed oil gland on the eyelid around lash follicles (AKA hordeolum)
Sty S&S
- red swollen bump
- localized pain
- “something in eye”
- pimple appearance
- TTP
Sty Treatment
- warm compress
- avoid eye makeup
- do not squeeze
- OTC antibiotic cream
Hyphema
Blood in anterior chamber of the eye caused by direct trauma (often associated with corneal abrasions/lacerations, preorbital contusions, and orbital fractures)
Hyphema S&S
- Blood in the iris of the eye
- pain
- photosensitivity
Hyphema Treatment
- immediate referral
- keep athlete sitting up 30 degrees
- bed rest w/ head elevated 30 degrees
- eye drops to decrease inflammation and lower intraocular pressure
- surgical drainage may be needed
Hyphema RTP
- return when symptoms have resolved (typically 2-3 weeks)
- protective eyewear
Subconjunctival Hemorrhage
Small blood vessels break between the surface of the clear conjunctiva and white sclera
Subconjunctival Hemorrhage S&S
- bright red path on sclera
- no pain
- no discharge
- no visual disturbances
Subconjunctival Hemorrhage Treatment
will resolve on its own in 10-14 days
Subconjunctival Hemorrhage RTP
- no restrictions unless noted by physician or complications occur
Corneal Abrasion
Scratch on the surface of the cornea (most commonly caused by direct contact w/ foreign objects)
Corneal Abrasion S&S
- sensation of something in the eye
- grittiness
- tearing
- photosensitivity
- blurry vision
- conjunctivitis
Corneal Abrasion Treatment
- refer
- artificial tear eye drops
- topical antibiotics
- pupil dilation
- eye patch to prevent rubbing eye
- refrain from wearing contacts
- sun glasses and avoid bright light
Corneal Abrasion RTP
- usually resolves in 24-72 hours
- may be prescribed patch, antibiotics, or NSAIDs
Corneal Laceration
- caused by direct blunt or sharp trauma from foreign body projections
- laceration allows the interocular fluid and tissues to leak causing a high risk of infection
Corneal Laceration S&S
- pain
- decreased vision
- hyphema
- subconjunctival hemorrhage
- prolapsed iris
- visual deformity
Corneal Laceration Treatment
- immediate referral
- do not touch eye
- keep eye closed
- surgical repair
- IV antibiotics
Foreign Bodies
Object imbedded or adhering to the cornea or conjunctiva
Foreign Bodies S&S
- foreign body sensation
- scratching
- tearing
- reactive conjunctivitis
Foreign Bodies Treatment
- gently pull eyelid down/up
- have patient look up/down
- use wet cotton tip applicator to lift object out
- rinse eye with saline
Periorbital Contusion
“black eye”
Caused by direct trauma to preorbital structures
Periorbital Contusion S&S
- dark purple, blue, or black skin around the eye
- swelling
- apperance may worsen over first 48 hrs
Periorbital Contusion Treatment
- refer if visual impairments or increased pressure
- ice
- NSAIDs
Orbital Fracture
Fracture to one of the 7 orbital bones (most common in inferior or medial borders)
Orbital Fracture S&S
- pain w/ eye movement
- restricted eye movement
- eye drooping
- diplopia
- numbness and tingling
- ecchymosis
Orbital Fracture Treatment
- refer
- surgical repair if needed
Orbital Fracture RTP
- may return after 3-4 weeks
- must wear eye protection for 4-6 months
Retinal Tears & Detachments
caused by blunt force trauma, illness, genetics
Retinal Tears & Detachments S&S
- photopsia (brief flashes of light)
- falling curtain or shadow in the field of vision
- blind spots
- floaters
Retinal Tears & Detachments Treatment
- refer
- mydriatic (dilation) drops
- topical steroid drops for inflammation
Racoon Eyes
- indicated skull fracture
- black eyes
- typically won’t show up for hours after the injury
