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Gen Med > Neurological Pathologies > Flashcards

Neurological Pathologies Flashcards

1
Q

Headaches

A

Common triggers:
- cigarette smoking
- stress
- sleep deprivation
- changes in BP
- meds
- certain foods

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2
Q

Headaches S&S

A
  • rapid onset
  • throbbing pain in frontal & temporal lobes
  • migraine (aura = blurry vision, flashes of light, impaired speech)
  • nausea and vomiting
  • dizziness
  • photosensitivity
  • memory loss
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3
Q

Headaches S&S for referral

A
  • new/unusual headache
  • sudden onset of sever headache
  • change in pattern or area of pain
  • chronic headaches w/ localized pain
  • headaches that interrupt sleep
  • visual disturbances
  • numbness, weakness, paralysis of face
  • headache with stiff neck
  • headache with fever or weight loss
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4
Q

Headache Treatment

A
  • Avoid triggers
  • NSAIDs
  • prescription meds for pain control
  • rest in quiet dark room
  • small amounts of caffeine
  • cold or hot compression
  • temporal massage
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5
Q

Encephalitis

A

inflammation of brain
- primary: virus directly invades the brain and spinal cord
- secondary: viral infection of another part of the body that then enters the brain

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6
Q

Encephalitis S&S

A
  • rapid onset
  • headache
  • fever
  • vomiting
  • photophobia
  • stiff neck and back
  • confusion
  • disorientation
  • fatigue
  • irritability
  • possible seizures
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7
Q

Encephalitis Treatment

A
  • incubation period for 5-15 days
  • immediate referral
  • maintenance of body symptoms
  • control brain inflammation
  • ventilation for breathing difficulties
  • IV hydration & nutrition
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8
Q

Aseptic Meningitis

A

viral inflammation of the meninges & the cerebrospinal fluid

Caused by:
- mumps
- varicella-zoster viruses
- herpes
- associated with undiagnosed skull fracture

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9
Q

Aseptic Meningitis S&S

A
  • nausea
  • photophobia
  • confusion
  • possible seizures

Red Flags:
- severe headache
- high fever
- painful/stiff neck

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10
Q

Aseptic Meningitis Treatment

A
  • immediate referral
  • biopsy of CPF from lumbar region to rule out bacterial meningitis and encephalitis
  • treat symptoms (NSAIDs, rest, hydrate
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11
Q

Bacterial Meningitis

A
  • acute life-threatening infection of meninges and cerebrospinal fluid
  • can result in permanent brain damage, hearing loss, kidney failure, learning disability, or limb amputation
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12
Q

Bacterial Meningitis S&S

A
  • Nausea
  • photophobia
  • possible seizure
  • skin rash
  • no appetite or thirst

Red Flags:
- severe, unrelenting headache
- sudden high fever
- painful/stiff neck
- confusion
- vomiting

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13
Q

Bacterial Meningitis Treatment

A
  • IV antibiotics
  • symptom management
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14
Q

Bacterial Meningitis Special Tests

A
  • nuchal rigidity
  • Brudzinski sign
  • kernig sign
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15
Q

Guillain-Barre Syndrome

A

Occurs when immune system attacks nerves causing demyelination of spinal roots & PNS

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16
Q

Guillain-Barre Syndrome S&S

A
  • weakness & tingling in extremities
  • prickling in fingers and toes
  • shortness of breath
  • unsteady gait
  • difficulty w/ eye movement, facial movement, speaking, chewing or swallowing
  • areflexia (no reflex)
17
Q

Guillain-Barre Syndrome Treatment

A
  • immediate referral
  • no cure, complete recovery is rare
  • may take a year or more for symptoms to lessen
  • plasmapheresis (removing damaging antibodies from blood)
  • immunoglobin therapy (immunoglobins added to blood to block inflammatory antibodies)
18
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

A
  • chronic neurodegeneration disease affecting the CNS
  • myelin sheaths are destroyed and replaced w/ hard sclerotic tissue
  • nerve damage caused by inflammation from the immune system attacking nervous system
19
Q

Multiple Sclerosis S&S

A
  • motor control issues
  • fatigue
  • neurological symptoms
  • bladder and bowel dysfunction
  • neuro-psychological symptoms
20
Q

Multiple Sclerosis Treatment

A
  • disease-modifying therapy
  • relapse management therapies
  • symptomatic treatment
  • complementary therapies
21
Q

Epilepsy

A

Disorder of the brain causing electrical surge signals resulting in seizures

Causes:
- previous brain injury
- stroke
- brain tumor
- infection
- alcohol or drug withdrawal
- heat stroke
- inherited disorders

22
Q

Epilepsy S&S

A
  • aura prior to seizure (tingling sensation, emotional change, phantom smell)
  • convulsions
  • profuse sweating
  • confusion
  • loss of consciousness
23
Q

Epilepsy Treatment

A
  • DO NOT restrain patient
  • clear area around patient
  • place pad under their head
  • check ABCs
  • call EMS if abnormal
24
Q

Epilepsy RTP

A

Depends on sport and severity

Lower risk if:
- seizure-free for 1 year with meds
- seizure-free for 2 years w/out meds

Sports to avoid:
- gymnastics
- motor sports
- swimming
- weight lifting

25
Q

Stroke

A

occurs due to lack of blood supply to brain (brain cells can die w/in minutes due to the lack of oxygen supply from blood)

26
Q

Stroke S&S

A

BE FAST
- balance difficulties
- eyesight changes
- face weakness
- arm weakness
- speech difficulty
- time to call 911

27
Q

Stroke Treatment

A
  • Call EMS
  • IV warfarin (blood thinner)
  • IV tissue plasminogen activator (clot dissolver)
  • speech, occupational, or physical therapy
28
Q

Stroke Athletic Participation

A
  • depends on severity of stroke and its cause
  • physical activity is recommended
  • contact sport is discurraged
  • to participate athlete must: be able to perform functional sport movement & have proper biomechanics

Gen Med (15 decks)

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