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Gen Med > Cardiac Pathologies > Flashcards

Cardiac Pathologies Flashcards

1
Q

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM)

A

Characterized as an abnormally hypertrophied left ventricle (over 15 mm) that causes physical obstruction of blood flow and diastolic dysfunctions

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2
Q

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM) S&S

A
  • fatigue
  • exertional dyspnea
  • chest pain
  • syncope or near-syncope
  • increased left ventricle impulses
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3
Q

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM) Treatment

A
  • referral
  • 12-lead ECG & chest x-ray
  • echocardiogram
  • blood work for genetic markers
  • discontinue athletic participation for at least 1 month to confirm diagnosis
  • restrict participation from contact sports
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4
Q

Athlete Heart Syndrome

A
  • normal adaptation to training
  • long term aerobic and anaerobic exercise can lead to cardiac hypertrophy of the left ventricle
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5
Q

Athlete Heart Syndrome S&S

A
  • can have ECG similar to HCM
  • possible heart murmur due to increased volume and faster flow (louder with squatting / quieter with standing)
  • fatigue
  • exertional dyspnea
  • chest pain
  • syncope or near-syncope
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6
Q

Athlete Heart Syndrome Treatment

A

Decondition for 3 months and repeat ECG and echocardiogram to compare results

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7
Q

Sudden Cardiac Death

A

unexpected death due to cardiac issued

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8
Q

Commotio Cordis

A

Sudden blunt force trauma to the chest often causing sudden cardiac death in absence of cardiac damage (impact occurs during repolarization)

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9
Q

Commotio Cordis S&S

A

sudden collapse

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10
Q

Commotio Cordis Treatment

A

CPR and AED

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11
Q

Marfan Syndrome

A

A hereditable disorder that affects connective tissue (heart, lungs, eyes, arms)

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12
Q

Marfan Syndrome S&S

A

CV:
- ascending aortic dilation
- aortic dissection
- aortic regurgitation
- mitral regurgitation
- mitral valve prolapse
- abdominal aortic aneurysm

Ocular:
- superior lens discoloration
- flat cornea
- elongated globe
- retinal detachment
- myopia
- bulging eyes

Skeletal:
- anterior chest deformity (pectus excurvatum)
- scoliosis
- thoracic lordosis
- tall skinny stature
- hypermobile joints
- high-arched palate

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13
Q

Marfan Syndrome Screening Criteria

A
  • wingspan greater than height
  • moderate kyphoscoliosis
  • heart murmur of mild systolic click
  • fam hx of Marfan syndrome or sudden cardiac death before 40 y/o
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14
Q

Myocarditis

A

Inflammation of the myocardium (often due to enteroviral infections)

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15
Q

Myocarditis S&S

A
  • generalized viral illness
  • fever
  • constitutional symptoms
  • nausea
  • diarrhea
  • vomitting
  • dyspnea
  • palpitations
  • syncope
  • exercise intolerance
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16
Q

Myocarditis Treatment

A

immediate referral

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17
Q

Myocarditis Athletic Participation

A
  • 30% are able to return to activity if there are no diagnostic issues after 6 months of removal from sport
  • physical activity can trigger cardiac arrest
  • should never participate with fever
  • ill athletes should be discouraged from participation
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18
Q

Mitral Valve Prolapse

A

Mitral valve (between the left atrium and left ventricle) does not close properly resulting in regurgitation of blood back into the left atrium

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19
Q

Mitral Valve Prolapse S&S

A
  • chest pain
  • heart palpitations
  • dyspnea
  • syncope
  • click murmur (Barlow’s)
20
Q

Mitral Valve Prolapse Treatment

A
  • immediate referral
  • holt monitor
  • anti-arrhythmic treatments may be needed in symptomatic patients
21
Q

Mitral Valve Prolapse RTP

A

sport participation is allowed if asymptomatic and cleared by cardiologist

22
Q

Acute Myocardial Infarction

A

“Heart Attack”
- diminished blood supply to the heart causing irreversible cell damage or death

23
Q

Acute Myocardial Infarction S&S

A
  • angina
  • dyspnea
  • syncope
  • pale/clammy skin
  • epigastric discomfort
24
Q

Acute Myocardial Infarction Treatment

A

Activate EMS

25
Q

Wolf-Parkinson-White Syndrome

A

Rare arrhythmic condition caused by ventricular pre-excitation from an accessory pathway

26
Q

Wolf-Parkinson-White Syndrome S&S

A
  • Chest Pain
  • difficulty breathing
  • tachycardia
  • atrial fibrillation
27
Q

Wolf-Parkinson-White Syndrome Treatment

A
  • slow accessory pathway with medicine (beta blockers of calcium channel blockers)
  • cardiac catheterization with ablation (surgical removal) of accessory pathway
28
Q

Hypertension

A

high blood pressure

29
Q

Hypertension S&S

A
  • typically asymptomatic
  • headaches
  • vision issues
  • exercise intolerance
30
Q

Hypertension Treatment

A
  • stop smoking
  • diet control
  • alcohol moderations
  • exercise prescription
  • ACE inhibitors for active patients
31
Q

Blood Pressure Categories

A

Normal = less than 120/less than 80

Elevated = 120-129/less than 80

Stage 1 Hypertension = 130-139/80-89

Stage 2 Hypertension = 140+/90+

Hypertensive crisis = 180+/120+

32
Q

Exertional Rhabdomyolysis

A

Catabolic destruction and degeneration of skeletal muscle accompanied by leakage of myoglobin and muscle enzymes into the vascular system
- due to acute or chronic muscle breakdown

33
Q

Exertional Rhabdomyolysis S&S

A
  • muscle weakness
  • muscle pain
  • hematuria
  • myoglobinuria
34
Q

Exertional Rhabdomyolysis Treatment

A

Immediate Referral

35
Q

Sickle Cell Trait

A

Genetic defect of hemoglobin resulting in sickle-shaped red blood cells

36
Q

Exertional Sickling

A

most common when exercise is high intensity and has short or small amounts of recovery between drills

37
Q

Sickle Cell Trait S&S

A
  • muscle weakness
  • intense muscle pain/cramping
  • rapid breathing, but normal pulmonary exam
  • athlete “slumps” to ground
38
Q

Sickle Cell Trait Treatment

A
  • Stop activity and activate EMS
  • check vitals
  • administer high flow oxygen (non-rebreather)
  • cool athlete
  • inform HCP at hospital of sickle cell status
39
Q

Deep Vein Thrombosis

A

occurs when a blood clot becomes lodged in a vein (leading to venous block)

40
Q

Deep Vein Thrombosis S&S

A
  • throbbing/cramping pain
  • limb swelling and edema
  • limb redness/discoloration
  • hard or “cauliflower veins”
  • veins TTP
  • (+) homan’s sign
41
Q

Deep Vein Thrombosis Treatment

A
  • Immediate Referral
  • avoid applying pressure
  • no activity or treatment
  • watch for S&S of pulmonary embolism
42
Q

Pulmonary Embolism

A

Blood clots block the pulmonary blood vessels

43
Q

Pulmonary Embolism S&S Red Flags

A
  • dyspnea
  • chest pain
  • history of symptoms
  • recent travel/prolonged sitting
  • fatigue
  • exercise intolerance
  • hemoptysis (coughing blood)
44
Q

Pulmonary Embolism Treatment

A
  • immediate referral
  • 3 months of anticoagulation meds
  • temporary removal from activity while being treated
45
Q

Anemia

A

Decreased RBC or hemoglobin

46
Q

Anemia S&S

A
  • fatigue
  • dizziness
  • headache
  • decreased performance
  • tachycardia
  • dyspnea
  • tachypnea
  • pallor
  • craving crunchy foods
  • bruise easily
47
Q

Anemia Treatment

A
  • refer
  • participate as tolerated
  • lifestyle adjustments

Gen Med (15 decks)

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