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Gen Med > Dermatological Pathologies > Flashcards

Dermatological Pathologies Flashcards

1
Q

3 layers of the skin

A
  • epidermis (superficial)
  • dermis (middle)
  • endodermis (deep)
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2
Q

Function of the skin

A

interface between the body and external environment
- protection
- environmental sesnation
- thermoregulation
- proprioception and kinesthetic
- synthesis of vitamin D
- human communication

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3
Q

Lesion

A

abnormal tissue

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4
Q

Pruritic

A

itchy

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5
Q

erythema

A

redness

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6
Q

dysplastic nevi

A

atypical moles

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7
Q

exudate

A

seeping fluid

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8
Q

Primary skin lesions

A

caused by condition or disease
- maculae
- wheal
- tumor
- plaque
- papule
- vesicle
- bulla
- pustule

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9
Q

Macule

A

(Primary lesion)
- flat, discolored area
- non-palpable
(i.e. freckles)

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10
Q

Wheal

A

(Primary lesion)
- temporary inflamed solid bump
(i.e. mosquito bite)

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11
Q

Tumor

A

(Primary lesion)
- mass lesion (malignant of benign)
(i.e. inflammatory reaction)

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12
Q

lesionPlaque

A

(Primary lesion)
- flat, raised patch
(i.e. dental plaque)

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13
Q

Papule

A

(Primary lesion)
- small, solid bump (under 5 cm)
(i.e. mole or warts)

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14
Q

Vesicle

A

(Primary lesion)
- small, fluid-filled blister (under 5 cm)
(i.e. herpes simplex)

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15
Q

Bulla

A

(Primary lesion)
- Fluid-filled blister (above 5 cm)
(i.e. blister)

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16
Q

Pustule

A

(Primary lesion)
- elevated lesion (filled with WBC or bacteria)
(i.e. acne)

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17
Q

Secondary Skin Lesions

A

Caused by external forces
- excoriation
- fissure
- erosion
- ulcer
- crust
- scale
- scar
- keloid

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18
Q

Excoriation

A

(secondary lesion)
- abrasion
- (i.e. scratch)

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19
Q

Fissure

A

(secondary lesion)
- split through all layers of dermis
(i.e. athletes foot)

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20
Q

Erosion

A

(secondary lesion)
- Loss of epidermis
(i.e. ruptured chickenpox vesicle)

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21
Q

Ulcer

A

(secondary lesion)
- loss of skin through dermis
(i.e. stasis ulcer)

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22
Q

Crust

A

(secondary lesion)
- Dried exudate on skin
(i.e. impetigo)

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23
Q

Scale

A

(secondary lesion)
- plates or plates on skin
(i.e. psoriasis scale)

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24
Q

Scar

A

(secondary lesion)
- Fibrotic change in tissue
(i.e. acne scar)

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25
Q

Keloid

A

(secondary lesion)
- Obvious & prominent raised scar tissue
(i.e. post acne scar)

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26
Q

Dermatitis

A

An inflammatory of skin
- Contact: caused by direct contact with an allergen
- Actinic: caused by exposure to sunline or another irritating light source

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27
Q

Dermatitis S&S

A
  • Redness
  • inflammation
  • itching
  • lesion of rash
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28
Q

Dermatitis Treatment

A
  • Cleanse area
  • avoid triggers
  • ice
  • corticosteroid creams
  • oral corticosteroids
  • antihistamines
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29
Q

Eczema

A

Most common inflammatory disease
- chronic dermatitis that consists of erythema, scales, and vesicles

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30
Q

Eczema S&S

A
  • red, swollen, itchy skin
  • tiny red vesicles
  • thickened, cracked, crusty, or scaly skin
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31
Q

Eczema Treatment

A

Hormone Care:
- ice, corticosteroid cream, light therapy
Meds:
- oral corticosteroids, antihistamines, immunimodoulators

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32
Q

Psoriasis

A
  • A genetic, chronic, and recurring disorder that begins in childhood
  • scaling, papular infection
  • can lead to psoriatic arthritis that affects the interphalangeal joints of the fingers and toes
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33
Q

Psoriasis S&S

A

Salivary white plague surrounded by erythema (extensor surfaces, scalp, fingers, gluteal folds)

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34
Q

Psoriasis Treatment

A
  • moisturizes, corticosteroid cream, retinol cream, salicylic acid cream, light therapy
  • Meds: anthralin (normalizes DNA activity) & Retinoids (reduces skin cell production)
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35
Q

Rosacea

A

A chronic skin disorder which affects the central facial area (most often affects fair-skinned people who blush easily)

Triggers:
- sun, stress, hot weather, wind, alcohol, heavy exercise

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36
Q

Rosacea S&S

A

Early stages:
- redness of nose, cheeks, chin, or forehead
Later stages:
- visible blood vessels, swelling, or skin eruptions similar to acne
Advanced:
- nose may become enlarged and bulbous (rhinophyma)

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37
Q

Rosacea Treatment

A
  • Prescription gels or creams (ClinaMax)
  • antibiotics to treat swelling/redness (erythromycin)
  • laser treatment of visible blood vessels
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38
Q

Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA)

A
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39
Q

Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) S&S

A
  • begins as small, pimple-like lesion or abrasion then becomes inflamed and painful
  • red and sometimes purple
  • may contain pus
  • surrounding skin is warm to touch
  • fever
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40
Q

Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) Treatment

A

easily treatable in early stages but can lead to death if left untreated
- Aspiration
- tetracycline meds
- hospitalization

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41
Q

Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) Prevention

A

avoid touching infected skin or contaminated objects & proper hygiene

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42
Q

Cellulitis & Eryspipelas

A

Acute bacterial infections (typically at site of previous wound

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43
Q

Cellulitis & Eryspipelas S&S

A
  • redness, swelling, and warmth at site of infection
  • systemic (fever & malaise)
  • looks like the skin of an orange
  • Cellulitis (raised red plaque takes days to develop)
  • Erysipelas: superficial, raised, red plaque
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44
Q

Cellulitis & Eryspipelas Treatment

A
  • antibiotics
  • incision & drain
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45
Q

Folliculitis

A

Bacterial infection of hair on the face, chest, axilla, buttocks, groin, and legs
- most caused by shaving with a razor, friction from sports equipment, excessive perspiration, and hot tubs

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46
Q

Folliculitis S&S

A

cluster of small/tender/red papules or bumps in the hair follicles with a hair shaft within the papule

47
Q

Folliculitis Treatment

A

topical or oral antibiotics, warm saline compress and aspiration, wash area multiple times a day with antibacterial soap, change razors after each use

48
Q

Abscess

A

A collection of pus that can arise anywhere on the body

49
Q

Abscess S&S

A
  • painful swollen bump
  • redness
  • skin warmth
50
Q

Abscess Treatment

A
  • incision and drainage
  • antibiotics
51
Q

Furuncle

A

a furuncle, or boil, is a walled-off abscess containing pus that usually develops in a pre-existing site of folliculitis
- usually occur at sites of trauma or friction

52
Q

Furuncle S&S

A
  • painful pea-sized red bump
  • increases in size over a few days
  • may develop a white tip of pus
53
Q

Furuncle Treatment

A
  • warm compress followed by incision and drainage
  • antibiotics
54
Q

Carbuncle

A

collection of several coalescing furuncles, such as MRSA

55
Q

Acne Vulgaris

A
  • commonly occurs where sebaceous and sweat glands are located
  • equally common in both males and females during the adolescent years (caused by overproduction of oil and the buildup of bacteria)
56
Q

Acne Vulgaris S&S

A
  • small raised bumps
  • whiteheads or blackheads
  • skin tenderness
  • papules/pustules/deep cysts
57
Q

Acne Vulgaris Treatment

A
  • benzoyl peroxide
  • salicylic acid
  • topical prescriptions
  • light/laser therapy
  • microdermabrasion
  • antibiotics
  • oral contraceptives
58
Q

Necrotizing Fasciitis

A
  • rare, but serious bacteria that causes tissue death
  • aka “flesh-eating bacteria”
  • caused by streptococcus bacteria that grows and released toxins that directly kill cells, occludes blood flow to tissues, and spreads quickly
59
Q

Necrotizing Fasciitis S&S

A
  • starts as small, red, painful bump
  • becomes quick growing painful bronze or purple patch
  • center of tissue may turn black
  • may have fluid discharge
  • flu-like symptoms
  • shock
60
Q

Necrotizing Fasciitis Treatment

A

(fatal if not treated)
- IV antibiotics
- skin grafts
- limb amputation
- hyperbaric oxygen therapy

61
Q

Herpes Simplex

A

Extremely contagious with more than 80 types
- HSV-1: herpes labialis, herpes gladiatorum
- HSV-2: sexually transmitted genital herpes
Commonly affects the mouth, lips, fingers, and genitals
- Transmission: infected saliva and direct skin-to-skin contact

62
Q

Herpes Simplex S&S

A
  • blisters or ulcers with redness
  • enlarged lymph nodes
63
Q

Herpes Simplex Treatment

A
  • shower with antibacterial soap
  • wash towels and uniforms daily
  • antiviral medications with increased fluid intake
64
Q

Herpes Labialis

A
  • cold sore
  • fever blister
  • triggered by exposure to sun, emotional stress
  • reporting tingling or burning prior to apperance
65
Q

Herpes Gladiatorum

A
  • commonly affects wrestlers
  • open wounds necessary to occur
  • presents with clustered vesicular lesions on erythematous base
  • systemic symptoms: fever, chills, sore throat, headache, malaise, myalgia, regional lymphadenopathy
66
Q

Herpes Simplex RTP

A

Athletes cannot participate in contract sports until:
- they are asymptomatic
- no new lesions are found for 3 days
- they take antiviral meds for 5 days
- there is a firm, adhered crust on each lesion

67
Q

Molluscum Contagiosum

A

Spread through direct skin contact

68
Q

Molluscum Contagiosum S&S

A
  • white, pinkish, skin-colored dome-shaped papule
  • center dimple
  • individual or group lesions
69
Q

Molluscum Contagiosum Treatment

A
  • destruction of papules
  • topical agents
  • NCAA requires papules to be curetted or removed and covered with gas permeable dressing
70
Q

Warts

A

Caused by viral infection, specifically by one of the many types of HPV
- majority are harmless
- they spread through skin-to-skin contact and occur at sites of abrasive trauma

71
Q

Warts S&S

A
  • small, painless growth
  • can become rough, flat, callused lesions
  • sone have small black dots in the middle from coagulated blood
72
Q

Warts Treatment

A
  • OTC creams
  • liquid nitrogen
  • salicylic acid
  • HPV Gardasil vaccine
73
Q

Ringworm

A
  • Transmitted through direct skin-to-skin contact
  • fungus develops in dark, humid, damp conditions
74
Q

Tinea Corporis

A

RW of the body

75
Q

Tinea Capitis

A

RW of the scalp

76
Q

Tinea Unguium

A

RW of the nails

77
Q

Ringworm S&S

A
  • circular rash that is red and inflamed around the edges
  • itchy
  • slightly raised/scaly skin
78
Q

Ringworm Treatment

A
  • OTC antifungal creams
  • shower daily
  • clean towels/clothes
  • oral antifungals
79
Q

Ringworm RTP

A

athletes may return to contact activities after 3 days of treatment, but the rash must be completely covered by adhesive dressing

80
Q

Jock Itch

A

Tenia Cruris affects the skin of the inner thighs, buttocks, and genitals
- most common in men
- caused by friction from sweating of clothing and is spread through direct contact or sharing infected towels of clothes

81
Q

Jock Itch S&S

A
  • itching and redness in groin area
  • burning sensation
  • scaly rash
82
Q

Jock Itch Treatment

A
  • OTC antifungal cream/powder/spray
  • wear loos fitting clothes
  • dry off completely after showering
  • oral antifungals
83
Q

Athletes Foot

A

Tinea Pedis develops in moist areas around toes

84
Q

Athletes Foot S&S

A

dry, scaly, itchy, red lesions between and around toes

85
Q

Athletes Foot Treatment

A
  • OTC creams and powders
  • oral antifungal meds
86
Q

Yeast Infection

A
  • Tenia Versicolor is not contagious and found mostly on the trunk, groin, arms, neck, and mouth in high humidity climate
  • yeast is naturally occurring in the skin but can cause infection in warm.moist places
87
Q

Yeast Infection S&S

A
  • multiple small, round, scaly patches
  • white, brown, or pink
  • may or may not itch
88
Q

Yeast Infection Treatment

A
  • OTC antifungal shampoo, lotion, cream with selenium sulfide for 7 days
  • oral antifungals
89
Q

Head Lice

A
  • pediculosis (capitis)
  • tiny insects that live on the scalp and feed on human blood
  • multiply quickly by laying eggs at the base of the hair shafts
  • spread by: close contact with infected person & sharing combs, towels, hats, and clothes
90
Q

Head Lice S&S

A
  • intense itching
  • small red bumps on scalp
  • tiny white specks at base of hair follicle
91
Q

Head Lice Treatment

A
  • OTC 1% permethrin shampoos and lotions
  • remove eggs with metal fine-toothed comb
  • wash all clothes and bed linens
  • vacuum floor and furniture
  • recheck for live every 2-3 days for 2 weeks after treatment
92
Q

Scabies

A
  • infestation of small mites that burrow into the skin and deposit eggs (eggs mature in 21 days)
  • spread by skin-to-skin contact and sharing infested clothes/bed linens
  • commonly seen on the hands, wrists, fingers, genitals, and abdomen
93
Q

Scabies S&S

A

-small red bumps
- itching
- thin/pencil-mark lines

94
Q

Scabies Treatment

A
  • 5% permethrin cream
  • wash clothes, towels, and linens
  • vacuum floor and furniture
95
Q

Bed Bugs

A
  • small, oval, brownish insects that love on the blood of animals or humans
  • they are active mainly at night and feed by piercing the skin and withdrawing blood through an elongated beak
96
Q

Bed Bugs S&S

A

initially painless red sports on any area of the body, become itchy welts over time

97
Q

Bed Bugs Treatment

A
  • treat symptoms
  • remove/clean all linens
  • clean mattress/pillow/carpet
  • exterminator
98
Q

Insect stings/bites S&S

A
  • often result in pain, redness, and swelling, blistering

Spider bites:
- brown recluse: blistering, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, chest pain
- black widow: more systemic; abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, chest pain

99
Q

Insect stings/bites Treatment

A

depends on bug species

100
Q

Cholinergic Urticaria

A

occurs during or shortly after exposure to heat or overheating

101
Q

Cholinergic Urticaria S&S

A
  • itching/burning/tingling/warmth/irritation of the skin
  • wheezing
  • high core temp
102
Q

Cholinergic Urticaria Treatment

A
  • limit strenuous exercise/stressful environments
  • antihistamines
103
Q

Cold/Solar Urticaria

A

Cold - exposure to cold

Solar - exposure to UV light

104
Q

Cold/Solar Urticaria S&S

A

hives lasting for 1-3 hrs after removal of stimulus

105
Q

Cold/Solar Urticaria Treatment

A
  • antihistamines
  • avoid triggers
  • proper clothing
106
Q

Poison ivy/oak/sumac

A

allergic reaction to an oily resin that is on the leaves, stems, or roots of poison ivy, oak, or sumac

107
Q

Poison ivy/oak/sumac S&S

A
  • redness
  • itching
  • blisters
  • swelling
108
Q

Poison ivy/oak/sumac Treatment

A
  • natural resolution in 2-3 weeks
  • oral corticosteroids
  • calamine lotion
  • cool-water bath or shower
109
Q

Non-melanoma Skin cancer

A

Basal cell carcinoma:
- look like open sores, red patches, pink growths, shiny bumps, or scars

Squamous cell carcinoma:
- scaly red patches, open sores, elevated growths with central depression, or wards
- may crust or bleed

110
Q

Non-melanoma Skin cancer Treatment

A
  • surgical removal
  • electrodesiccation
  • cryotherapy
  • topical chemotherapy
  • Mohs micrographic surgery: traditional cancer treatment if metastasized
111
Q

Melanoma Skin Cancer

A
  • melanoma arises from melanocytes
  • found in stratum basal, eye, inner ear, meninges, heart, and bone
112
Q

Melanoma Skin Cancer Types

A

Superficial Spreading:
- 70% of melanomas, asymptomatic brown or black macule with irregular borders, does not have tobe sun-damage and my grow from an existing mole

Nodular:
- most common melanoma in fair-skinned individuals, bluish-black/reddish-pink nodule on sun-exposed skin, grows deeper into skin

113
Q

Melanoma Skin Cancer Treatment

A
  • excision
  • lymph node treatment
  • chemotherapy
  • chemo/radiation/immunotherapy/biochemotherapy/molecular target therapy

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