Obstructive and Restrictive Lung disease

Question 1

Obstructive lung disease

Answer 1

increase in resistance to airflow, hard to get air out of the lungs

Question 2

What happens to the pressure, resistance, and volume in obstructive lung diseases

Answer 2

pressure increases, resistance increases, volume decreases

Question 3

What is the FEV1/FVC ratio in obstructive lung disease

Answer 3

Low

Question 4

COPD

Answer 4

a combination of chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and a hyperactive airway

Question 5

Treatment of COPD

Answer 5

stepwise approach starting with short-acting bronchodilators, then moving to long-acting bronchodilators and anticholinergic inhalers

Question 6

Do you give low or high doses of O2 to COPD patients

Answer 6

low doses so the respiratory drive is not depressed, and hypercapnia stays the main breathing stimulus, not hypoxia

Question 7

Asthma

Answer 7

persistent airway inflammation and bronchial hyperactivity through constricted/narrowed airways

Question 8

Extrinsic/allergenic asthma reaction

Answer 8

type 1 hypersensitivity reaction

Question 9

Intrinsic/non-atopic asthma reaction

Answer 9

no allergy component

Question 10

What does each asthma attach cause

Answer 10

bronchial remodeling

Question 11

Complications of asthma

Answer 11

status asthmaticus and persistent bronchoconstriction despite treatment

Question 12

Status asthmaticus

Answer 12

severe asthma attack, can be fatal

Question 13

Asthma treatment

Answer 13

maintenance or rescue

Question 14

Maintenance asthma treatment

Answer 14

long-acting bronchodilators, corticosteroids, leukotriene antagonists, phosphodiesterase inhibitor

Question 15

Rescue asthma treatment

Answer 15

short-acting bronchodilators, epinephrine, rapid-acting beta 2 agonist

Question 16

Emphysema

Answer 16

irreversible enlargement of the air spaces beyond the terminal bronchioles

Question 17

What does the inflammatory response during emphysema cause

Answer 17

proteinases to be released destroying the elastin in the lungs

Question 18

What obstructive disease is the pink puffer

Answer 18

emphysema, CO2 retention

Question 19

Chronic bronchitis

Answer 19

a persistent, productive cough that lasts for 3 months or greater for 2 or more consecutive years

Question 20

What happens to the lung tissue in chronic bronchitis

Answer 20

the tissue becomes irritated and mucous membranes become edematous –> clogging the air passages and increasing mucus –> frequent mucous cough

Question 21

What is the result of chronic bronchitis

Answer 21

destruction of cilia, bronchoconstriction, bronchial thickening

Question 22

What obstructive lung disease is the blue bloater

Answer 22

chronic bronchitis, hypoxia

Question 23

Restrictive lung disease

Answer 23

characterized by reduced expansion of the lung tissue with decreased total lung capacity or the lungs are stiff and non-compliant, difficulty getting air in/decreased compliance

Question 24

Restrictive lung disease examples

Answer 24

pleural effusion, pneumothorax, pneumonia, atelectasis

Question 25

Pneumothorax

Answer 25

collapsed lung with air in the pleural cavity

Question 26

Primary spontaneous pneumothorax

Answer 26

air is present but there is no evidence of trauma or lung disease

Question 27

Traumatic pneumothorax

Answer 27

penetrating wound of the thoracic cage and pleural membrane

Question 28

Tension pneumothorax

Answer 28

escalating build-up of air in the pleural cavity that compresses the lungs, bronchioles, heart structures, and vena cava

Question 29

Closed pneumothorax pressure

Answer 29

pleural cavity pressure is less than the atmospheric pressure

Question 30

Diagnosis of a pneumothorax

Answer 30

chest x-ray, ABGs, CT

Question 31

Treatment of a pneumothorax

Answer 31

chest tube, O2, needle decompression, needle aspiration

Question 32

Pleural effusion

Answer 32

excess fluid in the pleural space, disrupting the hydrostatic and oncotic pressures

Question 33

What can a pleural effusion cause

Answer 33

restrictive ventilatory defect, decreased total lung capacity, ventilation-perfusion mismatch

Question 34

Transudate

Answer 34

clear fluid not caused by an inflammatory process

Question 35

Exudate

Answer 35

yellow fluid, with a protein filled pus caused by an infection

Question 36

Diagnosis of a pleural effusion

Answer 36

thoracentesis, CT

Question 37

Causes of a pleural effusion

Answer 37

heart/liver/kidney failure, decreased absorption, increased fluid formation, infection, chest wall injury

Question 38

Treatment of a pleural effusion is dependent on what

Answer 38

the type of fluid

Question 39

Pleural effusion treatment

Answer 39

suction and drain, pleuralodesis

Question 40

Pleuralodesis

Answer 40

injection of medication used to minimize the amount of fluid in the pleural space, a long time permanent solution

Question 41

Pulmonary function testing measures what

Answer 41

ventilation, the volume and flow rate

Question 42

What does incentive spirometry measure

Answer 42

how much air (ventilation) and how fast the air (flow) moves in and out of the lungs

Question 43

FEV1

Answer 43

the forced expiration in 1 second

Question 44

FVC

Answer 44

forced vital capacity

Question 45

where should the FEV1/FVC ratio be at

Answer 45

75%