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Pathophysiology semester 2 > Cancer > Flashcards

Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

Cancer

A

cells that grow in an uncoordinated manner and proliferate independently at a greater rate than normal cells

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2
Q

What do cancer cells compete with normal cells for

A

space, blood, oxygen, and nutrition

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3
Q

Well-differentiated

A

cells are doing well, look like a normal cell

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4
Q

Poorly-differentiated

A

cells are not doing well, does not look like a normal cell

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5
Q

Cell cycle steps

A

G1 –> G0 or s phase –> G2 –> mitosis

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6
Q

G1

A

the cell prepares for DNA replication and proto-oncogenes are activated to control cell replication

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7
Q

G0

A

cells rest

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8
Q

S phase

A

synthesis of cell structures

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9
Q

G2

A

DNA synthesis, where errors are detected and repaired

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10
Q

What is missing from the cell cycle in cancer cells

A

there are no checkpoints/rest points to detect, repair, or destroy errors

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11
Q

In what kind of tumor are the cells well-differentiated

A

benign

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12
Q

In what kind of tumor are the cells poorly-differentiated

A

malignant

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13
Q

What kind of tumors are localized

A

benign

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14
Q

What kind of tumor is invasive and disruptive to surrounding cells

A

malignant

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15
Q

What kind of tumor has edges that are demarcated

A

benign

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16
Q

What kind of tumor has cells that easily break free and spread to other body areas (metastasis)

A

malignant

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17
Q

Where do tumors like to grow

A

near lymph nodes and bloodstream to be able to travel throughout the body

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18
Q

Carcinoma

A

malignant epithelial cells

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19
Q

Adenocarcinoma

A

cancer of the glandular or ductal tissue

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20
Q

Sarcoma

A

cancer of the connective tissue and cartilage

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21
Q

Osteosarcoma

A

cancer of the bone

22
Q

Leukemia

A

cancer of the leukocytes

23
Q

Lymphoma

A

cancerous changes of the lymph nodes and lymphoid tissue

24
Q

What is the normal function of tumor suppressor genes

A

restrain cell growth

25
Q

What gene controls cellular apoptosis

A

TP53

26
Q

What defect do half of cancers have

A

TP53

27
Q

What is the normal function of proto-oncogenes

A

regulate and stimulate the cell cycle

28
Q

Paraneoplastic syndromes

A

pathological disorder caused by the presence of cancer in the body

29
Q

What are symptoms caused by in paraneoplastic syndrome

A

substances secreted by the tumor or as a result of antibodies cross-reacting with other tissues

30
Q

Cancer cachexia

A

systemic inflammation, negative protein and energy balance, involuntary loss of lean body mass

31
Q

What is the hallmark sign of cancer cachexia

A

inflammation

32
Q

Tx

A

tumor cannot be assessed

33
Q

T0

A

no evidence of primary tumor

34
Q

Tis

A

carcinoma in situ (cells present, not growing)

35
Q

T1-4

A

progressive increase in size/involvement

36
Q

Nx

A

regional lymph cannot be assessed

37
Q

N0

A

no evidence of regional node metastasis

38
Q

N1-3

A

increasing involvement of regional lymph

39
Q

Mx

A

not assessed

40
Q

M0

A

no distant metastasis

41
Q

M1

A

distant metastasis present

42
Q

Gx

A

grade cannot be assessed

43
Q

G1

A

well-differentiated

44
Q

G2

A

moderately differentiated

45
Q

G3

A

poorly differentiated

46
Q

G4

A

undifferentiated

47
Q

What is important to palpate in a physical exam

A

the liver

48
Q

Surgery

A

useful for well-contained, solid tumors and debulking (take out some healthy tissue to make sure)

49
Q

Radiation

A

destroy cancer cells (S, M, cell stages)

50
Q

Chemotherapy

A

destroy cancer cells (S, M, G, cell stages)

51
Q

Immunotherapy

A

used to identify and locate cancer cells and deliver medication to cancer sites (monoclonal antibody)

52
Q

Hormone therapy

A

used to interrupt hormone positive cancer cells

Pathophysiology semester 2 (33 decks)

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