Cancer

Question 1

Cancer

Answer 1

cells that grow in an uncoordinated manner and proliferate independently at a greater rate than normal cells

Question 2

What do cancer cells compete with normal cells for

Answer 2

space, blood, oxygen, and nutrition

Question 3

Well-differentiated

Answer 3

cells are doing well, look like a normal cell

Question 4

Poorly-differentiated

Answer 4

cells are not doing well, does not look like a normal cell

Question 5

Cell cycle steps

Answer 5

G1 –> G0 or s phase –> G2 –> mitosis

Question 6

G1

Answer 6

the cell prepares for DNA replication and proto-oncogenes are activated to control cell replication

Question 7

G0

Answer 7

cells rest

Question 8

S phase

Answer 8

synthesis of cell structures

Question 9

G2

Answer 9

DNA synthesis, where errors are detected and repaired

Question 10

What is missing from the cell cycle in cancer cells

Answer 10

there are no checkpoints/rest points to detect, repair, or destroy errors

Question 11

In what kind of tumor are the cells well-differentiated

Answer 11

benign

Question 12

In what kind of tumor are the cells poorly-differentiated

Answer 12

malignant

Question 13

What kind of tumors are localized

Answer 13

benign

Question 14

What kind of tumor is invasive and disruptive to surrounding cells

Answer 14

malignant

Question 15

What kind of tumor has edges that are demarcated

Answer 15

benign

Question 16

What kind of tumor has cells that easily break free and spread to other body areas (metastasis)

Answer 16

malignant

Question 17

Where do tumors like to grow

Answer 17

near lymph nodes and bloodstream to be able to travel throughout the body

Question 18

Carcinoma

Answer 18

malignant epithelial cells

Question 19

Adenocarcinoma

Answer 19

cancer of the glandular or ductal tissue

Question 20

Sarcoma

Answer 20

cancer of the connective tissue and cartilage

Question 21

Osteosarcoma

Answer 21

cancer of the bone

Question 22

Leukemia

Answer 22

cancer of the leukocytes

Question 23

Lymphoma

Answer 23

cancerous changes of the lymph nodes and lymphoid tissue

Question 24

What is the normal function of tumor suppressor genes

Answer 24

restrain cell growth

Question 25

What gene controls cellular apoptosis

Answer 25

TP53

Question 26

What defect do half of cancers have

Answer 26

TP53

Question 27

What is the normal function of proto-oncogenes

Answer 27

regulate and stimulate the cell cycle

Question 28

Paraneoplastic syndromes

Answer 28

pathological disorder caused by the presence of cancer in the body

Question 29

What are symptoms caused by in paraneoplastic syndrome

Answer 29

substances secreted by the tumor or as a result of antibodies cross-reacting with other tissues

Question 30

Cancer cachexia

Answer 30

systemic inflammation, negative protein and energy balance, involuntary loss of lean body mass

Question 31

What is the hallmark sign of cancer cachexia

Answer 31

inflammation

Question 32

Tx

Answer 32

tumor cannot be assessed

Question 33

T0

Answer 33

no evidence of primary tumor

Question 34

Tis

Answer 34

carcinoma in situ (cells present, not growing)

Question 35

T1-4

Answer 35

progressive increase in size/involvement

Question 36

Nx

Answer 36

regional lymph cannot be assessed

Question 37

N0

Answer 37

no evidence of regional node metastasis

Question 38

N1-3

Answer 38

increasing involvement of regional lymph

Question 39

Mx

Answer 39

not assessed

Question 40

M0

Answer 40

no distant metastasis

Question 41

M1

Answer 41

distant metastasis present

Question 42

Gx

Answer 42

grade cannot be assessed

Question 43

G1

Answer 43

well-differentiated

Question 44

G2

Answer 44

moderately differentiated

Question 45

G3

Answer 45

poorly differentiated

Question 46

G4

Answer 46

undifferentiated

Question 47

What is important to palpate in a physical exam

Answer 47

the liver

Question 48

Surgery

Answer 48

useful for well-contained, solid tumors and debulking (take out some healthy tissue to make sure)

Question 49

Radiation

Answer 49

destroy cancer cells (S, M, cell stages)

Question 50

Chemotherapy

Answer 50

destroy cancer cells (S, M, G, cell stages)

Question 51

Immunotherapy

Answer 51

used to identify and locate cancer cells and deliver medication to cancer sites (monoclonal antibody)

Question 52

Hormone therapy

Answer 52

used to interrupt hormone positive cancer cells