Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) Flashcards
What is acute kidney injury related to
a rapid decrease in renal function
What does acute kidney injury cause
rapid decrease in renal function, accumulation of waste, fluid and electrolyte imbalances
How long does AKI take to heal
2 weeks to 3 months with proper interventions
Etiology of AKI
reduced renal blood flow –> decreased GFR, accumulation of nitrogenous wastes, impairment of fluid and electrolyte balance
Why is AKI common in critical cases
sepsis, multifactoral etiologies
Classifications of AKI
pre, intra, post
4 pathophysiologic stages of AKI
initial, oliguria, diuresis, recovery
Initial stage of AKI
time of precipitating insult to the time of clinical manifestations, lasting hours to days
Oliguria stage of AKI
significant decrease in GFR and urine output
What does oliguria cause
retention of urea, fluid, potassium, sulfate, creatinine
When and where does inflammation begin
Oliguria stage of AKI, nephrons
Diuresis stage of AKI
kidneys are beginning to recover from the initial insult
What increases during diuresis
urine output, mostly dumb urine
What is dumb urine
urine without adequate filtration
Recovery stage of AKI
the time needed for final repair of renal damage
What starts the recovery stage of AKI
onset of increased urine output
What signifies normal kidney function
appropriately concentrated urine
What is clinical presentation influenced by
the cause of the injury
What symptoms always occur in AKI
oliguria and fluid overload
What causes signs and symptoms of uremia
nitrogenous waste builds up
Encephalopathy clinical manifestations
confusion, disorientation, stupor, coma
Thrombocytopenia clinical manifestations
bruising and spontaneous bleeding due to low hemoglobin
Anemia clinical manifestations
fatigue, weakness, dyspnea, pale color
Hyperkalemia clinical manifestations
cardiac dysrhythmias and extreme muscle weakness
Metabolic acidosis clinical manifestations
tachypnea, headache, confusion, weakness, nausea, vomiting
Hypocalcemia clinical manifestations
bone breakdown, neuromuscular tetany, seizures
How is AKI diagnosed
urinalysis, imaging, ABGs, CBC
