Blood Composition Effect

Question 1

What are metabolically active cells of the endothelial lining influenced by

Answer 1

constituents of the bloodstream (lipids, glucose, free radicals)

Question 1

What damages endothelial lining

Answer 1

high levels of constituents

Question 2

Lipids

Answer 2

fats that circulate in the bloodstream and make up cell membranes

Question 3

What is the main lipid found in the bloodstream

Answer 3

cholesterol

Question 4

Where is cholesterol synthesized

Answer 4

the liver

Question 5

Why is cholesterol important

Answer 5

helps to maintain cell stability and is a component of steroid hormones and bile acids

Question 6

Why are lipoproteins formed

Answer 6

lipids are insoluble in the blood, so they are carried by proteins

Question 7

Triglycerides

Answer 7

large lipid molecules stored as fat

Question 8

High density lipoproteins (HDL)

Answer 8

lipids that are excreted from the body (good fat)

Question 9

Low density lipoproteins (LDL)

Answer 9

lipids that are deposited on artery walls (bad fat)

Question 10

Hyperlipidemia

Answer 10

elevated lipids in the bloodstream (mainly cholesterol and triglycerides)

Question 11

What is the fundamental condition that causes atherosclerosis

Answer 11

hyperlipidemia due to the interruption/injury to the arterial wall

Question 12

What does high levels of LDL and low levels of HDL cause

Answer 12

CVD

Question 13

Glycosylation

Answer 13

glucose reacts with cell membranes of endothelial cells to form advanced glycosylation end products (AGEs)

Question 14

What do AGEs do

Answer 14

injure the smooth endothelial surface

Question 15

What do high levels of glucose lead to

Answer 15

inflammation and formation of atherosclerotic plaque

Question 16

What does glucose stimulate secretion of

Answer 16

endothelin

Question 17

Free radicals

Answer 17

molecules with a single unpaired electron in its shell

Question 18

What do free radicals do

Answer 18

cause damage to endothelial lining and create inflammation

Question 19

Nicotine effect on arteries

Answer 19

vasoconstriction, especially coronary arteries

Question 20

What does nicotine do to BP

Answer 20

immediately increase and stay increased for a while

Question 21

What does nicotine do to the nervous system

Answer 21

activates the SNS, releasing epinephrine and increases HR (the fight or flight response)

Question 22

What does vasoconstriction from nicotine do

Answer 22

increase the inflammatory response, decreasing perfusion

Question 23

Homocysteine

Answer 23

an amino acid involved in the metabolism of folic acid and b-vitamins

Question 24

What does a deficiency in folic acid and vitamin b do

Answer 24

inables homocysteine to be broken down

Question 25

What do increased homocysteine levels do

Answer 25

damage endothelial lining and promote thrombosis formation