Hematology

Question 1

What is the purpose of WBC

Answer 1

protect the body against inflammation

Question 2

Where and when are WBC produced

Answer 2

bone marrow, in response to infection or inflammation

Question 3

What is the life-span of WBC

Answer 3

90-120 days

Question 4

Monocytes (macrophages)

Answer 4

first defenders, broad action, ingest –> apoptosis, part of innate immunity

Question 5

Lymphocytes

Answer 5

Memory, respond in a specialized way, T/B cells, part of adaptive immunity

Question 6

Granulocytes (eosinophils, neutrophils, basophils)

Answer 6

Memory, respond in a specialized way, part of adaptive immunity

Question 7

Leukocytosis

Answer 7

rise in WBC (above 11,000) due to stress, infection, neoplasms, or bone marrow disorders

Question 8

Leukopenia

Answer 8

decrease in WBC (below 4,000) caused by agents that diminish bone marrow function or destruction of WBCs

Question 9

Neutropenia

Answer 9

most common type of leukopenia, WBC count under 1,500, immune defenses are significantly impaired, caused by deficient bone marrow function/WBC destruction

Question 10

Mature neutrophils

Answer 10

lifespan of 1-2 days, nucleus looks segmented

Question 11

Immature neutrophils

Answer 11

nucleus looks like a band

Question 12

What does the number of mature vs. immature neutrophils give us a picture of

Answer 12

how hard the bone marrow is working to produce WBCs

Question 13

Shift to the left meaning

Answer 13

high ratio of immature neutrophils to mature

Question 14

Pluripotent stem cells

Answer 14

cells that have the capacity to differentiate into any type of blood cells

Question 15

Hematopoiesis

Answer 15

differentiation and specialization of blood cells in the bone marrow (stimulated by hormones) –> creation of blood cells

Question 16

Myeloid stem cells turn into

Answer 16

erythroblasts, monoblasts, megakaryoblasts, and myeloblasts

Question 17

Lymphoid stem cells turn into

Answer 17

B/T lymphocytes

Question 18

What are blast cells

Answer 18

premature precursor cells

Question 19

Erythropoiesis

Answer 19

the creation of RBC stimulated by hypoxia noticed by the kidneys

Question 20

What is needed to adequately synthesize RBCs

Answer 20

protein, iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid

Question 21

What is the main nutritional element needed for hemoglobin synthesis

Answer 21

iron

Question 22

Where to RBCs stay until fully mature

Answer 22

bone marrow

Question 23

Reticulocytes

Answer 23

immature RBCs

Question 24

When do RBC expel their genetic material

Answer 24

when mature and enter the bloodstream

Question 25

Hemoglobin function

Answer 25

carries oxygen throughout the body

Question 26

Hemoglobin A

Answer 26

healthy hemoglobin

Question 27

Hemoglobinopathies

Answer 27

abnormal structure of Hgb from a genetic mutation that causes the destruction of RBC and the inability to carry oxygen

Question 28

Spleen purpose with blood

Answer 28

gathers and destroys abnormally shaped, old, and hemolyzed RBC

Question 29

When does spleenomegaly occur

Answer 29

when there is a large amount of RBC breakdown occurring

Question 30

Anemia

Answer 30

insufficient delivery of oxygen to the tissues

Question 31

What is anemia caused by

Answer 31

inadequate number of mature, healthy RBCs in the blood and deficient hemoglobin

Question 32

S/S of anemia relation

Answer 32

cellular hypoxia and a lack of cell energy due to insufficient oxygen to the tissues

Question 33

What levels is anemia diagnosed

Answer 33

<13 in men, <12 in women