Nursing Theories - Unit 4

Question 1

Theories - def

Answer 1

set of defined concepts that are abstract generalizations (focus on general ideas rather than concrete.) They can explain relationships among phenomena, aim to explain, predict, control phenomena, etc.

Question 2

Concepts - def/info

Answer 2

Basic building blocks or elements of theories/abstract description or name of phenomena.

Question 3

Constructs - def

Answer 3

more abstract in meaning than concepts.

Question 4

Variables - def

Answer 4

more specific in meaning = MEASURABLE.

Question 5

Emotional Responses =
Fear =
Respiratory Rate =

(Construct, Concept, or variable?)

Answer 5

Construct.
Concept
Variable.

Question 6

Model - def

Answer 6

A symbolic representation of concepts and interrelationships among variables.

Question 7

Theoretical Frameworks - asserts…

Answer 7

relationships among constructs. Provides a theoretical perspective for the study. Implies links among variables to be tested (measure nursing home residents’ consistency, empathy, and reliability, etc.)

Question 8

Conceptual frameworks - less developed than…

Answer 8

theoretical framework.

More abstract than theoretical frameworks. Explains phenomena of interest. Interrelated to a philosophical stance.

Question 9

Models of nursing - defined as…

Answer 9

an abstraction of reality, providing a way to visualize reality and to simplify thinking. Provides a systematic structure and rationale for scholarly activities.

Question 10

Callista Roy - Theory

Answer 10

Adaptation!!!!!!! 1970’s. Humans cope with adaptation. Environment leads to changes we have to adapt to.

Question 11

Dorothea Orem - Theory

Answer 11

1970’s. Self care. Nurse’s should focus on their self care. Patient is their “self care agency.”

Question 12

Jean Watson - Theory

Answer 12

Human caring. Late 70’s. Nurses have to care - caring and interpersonal relationships are key.

Question 13

Hildegard Peplau - theory.

Answer 13

50’s. Goal Oriented. Establish goals in nursing care.

Question 14

Martha Rogers - theory.

Answer 14

Model of Unitary Person. Energy Field. Focus on person as a synergistic phenomena. Achieve maximum potential.

Question 15

Rosemarie Parse - theory.

Answer 15

Man-Living-Health. Open system + meaningful choices. Nurses have to guide patients to new choices in their health.

Question 16

Betty Neuman - theory.

Answer 16

“Health Care Systems Model” - System of interrelated parts. Achieving Balance. Holistic look at the person.

Question 17

Neuman’s System Model - what year?

Answer 17

1972.

Question 18

Neuman - recognized the need for what?

Answer 18

The need for educators and practitioners to have a framework to view nursing within various contexts.

Question 19

The Client System = the 1st Neuman concept is…

Answer 19

The client systems consists of a basic or core structure that is protected by lines of resistance. Basic structure has resources to maintain survival. The rings graphically represent the client, etc.

Question 20

Neuman Model - describe the circles.

Answer 20

Core is the inside, then there are lines of resistance, then the normal line of defense, then the flexible line of defense.

Question 21

Flexible line of defense - def

Answer 21

forms the outer boundary of the client and protects the normal line of defense. 1st line of defense/buffer.

Question 22

Normal line of defense - def

Answer 22

the usual state of health. Internal (health behaviors, lifestyle, etc) and external (pollution, altitude).

Question 23

If a stressor breaks through the flexible line of defense, and comes in contact with the normal line of defense, a reaction will occur within the system. T/F?

Answer 23

True!

Question 24

reconstitution - revering the…

Answer 24

stress and getting back to normal. If not, it’ll attack the core, then death happens!

Question 25

Lines of resistance - def

Answer 25

functions as a protective mechanism for the basic structure. Protect’s the basic structure’s integrity.

Question 26

What are the 5 client variables?

Answer 26

Physiological - bodily structure and function.
Psychological - mental processes and relationships.
Sociocultural - social and cultural influences.
Developmental - life developmental processes.
Spiritual - belief influences.

Question 27

Neuman - 2nd concept. What is it?

Answer 27

“All internal and external factors or influences surrounding the identified client or client system.” The influence of the client on the environment and the environment on the client may be positive or negative.

Question 28

Stressors - def

Answer 28

stimuli that produce tensions and have the potential for causing system instability.

Question 29

Intrapersonal Stressors - def

Answer 29

forces that occur within the client system boundary (like diseases, etc.)

Question 30

Interpersonal Stressors - def

Answer 30

forces that occur between one or more individuals (things between people, etc.)

Question 31

Extrapersonal Stressors - def

Answer 31

forces that occur outside the system, but at a greater distance than interpersonal (social policy, financial circumstances, etc.)

Question 32

Neuman - 3rd Concept

Answer 32

Wellness and Illness are on opposite ends of the continuum. Wellness exists when more energy is built and stored (like a a bank!)

Question 33

Neuman - 4th Concept

Answer 33

Nursing’s major concern is to keep the client system stable. Accurately assessing the effects and possible effects of the environmental stressors.

Question 34

Primary Prevention - def

Answer 34

can begin once a stressor is suspected or identified, before a reaction has occurred. RETAIN. Like, education, teaching, nutrition, etc.

Question 35

Secondary Prevention - def

Answer 35

occurs after the system reacts to a stressor. The focus is on strengthening the internal lines of resistance and protecting the client through treatment of symptoms. This could be like, Chest pain? Take a nitro. Have the flu? Take a med!

Question 36

Tertiary Prevention - def

Answer 36

occurs after the system has been treated through secondary strategies. It may occur at any point after system stability has begun to be reestablished. Maintain wellness. This is like physical therapy/therapy in general.