Fluids & Electrolytes - Part 1 - Unit 5 Flashcards
Body fluids & electrolytes are essential for ___ ____.
Body functioning.
The body is constantly striving to maintain the proper balance of __ & ___.
Fluids and electrolytes.
There is a broad or narrow spectrum for the electrolytes? As in, a lot (or a little?) can change before a problem occurs?
A little! There is a very small range.
Functions of Body Fluid - what are some of them?
Medium for transport & exchange of nutrients/other substances, medium for metabolic reactions, solvent, provides structure, provides insulation, etc.
Major constituent of body fluid is ____.
Water.
% of body fluid varies with age, body fat, sex. Examples?
Proportion of fluid decreases with age, body fat means less fluid, etc.
Who will have more body fluid - a fat man or a skinny man?
The thin man will have more body fluid!
Newborns - __ to __ % of their body is fluid.
70%-80%
__% of fluid is inside the cell.
%75
Intracellular fluid - def
In the vessels!
Interstitial Fluid - def
Between the cells.
Extracellular Fluid - def
fluid that is around the heart, lungs, stomach, etc.
What is first spacing?
Normal body fluids. Everything is fine - 75%in, 25% out.
What is second spacing?
Higher amount of fluid - like edema!
What is third spacing?
Fluid in a place where it shouldn’t be. Think ascites, pulmonary edema, Heart Failure, etc.
Edema - what is the scale?
1+ - 2mm
2+ - 4mm
3+ - 6mm
4+ - 8mm
What is an example of non-pitting edema?
Lymphedema
What are some causes of edema?
Increased capillary permeability, increased capillary osmotic pressure, increased hydrostatic pressure, lymphatic obstruction.
Capillary Permeability - info?
Think of this as when the capillaries become damaged - they can leak!
Hydrostatic Pressure - pressure of what?
Pressure of fluid!
Lymphatic Obstruction - what could this be common in?
Mastectomy!
Fluid Amounts - Adult Male (say 154 pounds) -
__% water.
Total body fluid = __ liters.
Intracellular = __ liters, or __% of TBW.
Extracellular = ___ liters, or __% of TBW.
60% water.
Total Body Fluid = 40 liters.
Intracellular = 25 liters (40% of Total Body Water)
Extracellular = 15 liters, (2-% of TBW.)
Intake & Output - Normally intake = ??
Output!
We measure what would become liquid - like a Popsicle, ice cream, etc. T/F?
True!
Fluids are measured in __ and recorded daily (a 24hr/day scenario) in the medical record.
ML.
A nurse cannot write an order for I&O. T/F?
False - a nurse can!
What are some types of measured intake?
Oral fluids, floods that become fluid at room temp (jello, ice cream, etc.), tube feedings, IV fluids, irrigations (wound & NG), etc.
What are some types of measured output?
Urine, Vomitus, liquid feces, drainage (gastric, wound drainage), suctioning.
Why should we maintain an I&O record?
TO assess fluid balance, to ensure adequate fluid intake, to ensure a restricted fluid intake, to determine voiding patterns & urinary frequency, to assess effectiveness of medications/therapies.
When is an I&O Commonly ordered?
Post-op, NPO/Receiving Fluids, urinary catheter, special drainage or suctioning, receiving diuretics, have excessive fluid losses & need for increased fluid, have fluid retention & require restrictions.
Body Fluids contain substances such as:
Salts, oxygen from the lungs, dissolved nutrients from the GI tract (glucose, fatty acids & amino acids), Waste products for metabolism (Carbon Dioxide is most abundant), Electrolytes.
What are some manifestations of F/E Imbalance?
Imbalance of intake and output and body weight, changes in mental status, changes in Vital Signs, Abnormal tissue hydration, abnormal muscle tone or sensation.
If a patient doesn’t have at least ___ mL every hour of output, we should become worried.
30 mL.
Edema Causes - Hypertensive Woman = Patient with extensive Burns = Malnourished Elderly Man = Woman post-operative mastectomy =
Hydrostatic.
Capillary.
Osmotic/Oncotic.
Lymphatic.
What are Electrolytes?
Chemical substances within body fluids that are vital to life. They break into one or more electrically charged particles when in solution. The concentration differs.
Anions and Cations - describe charge of each.
Anions = Negative. Cations = Positive.
Sodium = describe it. Normal Values?
Water balance and neuromuscular membrane. CATION.
135-145 meq/L
Potassium = describe it (critical for..) Normal Values?
Critical for electrical conduction of nerve impulses, particularly cardiac electrical conduction. CATION. 3.5-5 meq/L.
Calcium - Required for…Normal values?
normal skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle contraction. Also needed for blood clotting. 9-10.5 mg/dL/4.5-5.5 meq/L. CATION.
Phosphorus - needed for?? Normal values?
Needed for cellular energy formation and regulation. 2.4-4.7 mg/dL. ANION.
Magnesium - Needed for…normal values?
Needed to prevent overexcitability of muscles. 1.3-2.1 meq/L.
Chloride - maintains ?? Normal values?
Maintains electroneurality with sodium. 98-110
Bicarb - normal values?
22-28 meq/L
Electrolytes - typically measured in…
mEq/L
Very few disease processes reflect a single, abnormal value in a blood chemistry test. T/F?
False - that is why “panels/profiles” are run.
What are the 3 major extracellular electrolytes?
Sodium, Chloride, Calcium.
What are the three major intracellular electrolytes?
Potassium, Phosphate, Magnesium.
What are the 5 processes by which fluids and electrolytes move?
Diffusion, Osmosis and osmotic pressure, Active Transport, Hydrostatic Pressure, Oncotic Pressure
Active Transport - only mode of transport that requires energy. T/F?
True!
Diffusion - def
molecules move across semi-permeable membrane from more concentrated to more dilute.
