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Nursing - 115 > Growth & Development - Unit 4 > Flashcards

Growth & Development - Unit 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Growth - a ___ change & ___ size.

A

Physical change/increased size.

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2
Q

What are some indicators of growth?

A

Height, weight, bone size, dentition (teeth.)

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3
Q

What are some growth rates and types in those?

A

Rapid - prenatal, neonatal, infancy, adolescent.
Slow - childhood.
Minimal - adulthood.

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4
Q

Development - what is it?

A

An increase in the complexity of function & skill progression. Also, the capacity & skill of a person to adapt to their environment.

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5
Q

Growth & Development - independent and interrelated. T/F?

A

True!

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6
Q

Growth takes place in the first ___ years and development takes place ___.

A

Growth - first 20 years.

Development - continues after that.

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7
Q

Principles of Growth & Development stages -

A

Same pattern for everyone, sequence is predictable.

Onset of stages, length of stage & the effects of each stage varies with each person.

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8
Q

Learning can be a good or bad influence on growth and development. T/F?

A

True!

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9
Q

Each stage of G&D is not unique. T/F?

A

False - is unique!

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10
Q

G&D - Pace is even or uneven?

A

Uneven!

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11
Q

G&D - goes from head to ____, proximal to ____, simple to _____, certain stages more ___.

A

Toe.
Distal.
Complex.
Critical.

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12
Q

What are some factors that influence G&D?

A

Genetics and Environment (family, religion, culture, peers/school, etc.)

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13
Q

What are the 5 components of Growth & Development?

A

Physiological, Psychological, Cognitive, Moral & Spiritual

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14
Q

Havighurst Development Theory what is it?

A

Tasks are basic behaviors that must be LEARNED. They are biological, social, psychological and arise at certain times in one’s life. It is a developmental milestone approach.

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15
Q

What are some limitation’s of Havighurst’s Theory?

A

Overemphasis on learning, doesn’t address genetics & past experiences, tasks and choices are outdated, and inflexible outcomes of learning, success, and/or failure without adaptation.

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16
Q

What are some implications of Growth & Development for nursing?

A

Knowledge of normal G&D allows nursing to support normal G&D, offers guidelines regarding psychosocial tasks individual might be dealing with because of age or stage, hospitalization creates identity crisis - uprooted form normal, etc, illness may disrupt normal development except regression, etc.

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17
Q

Psychosocial development - def

A

refers to the development of the personality.

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18
Q

Who are the 4 psychosocial theorists?

A

Freud, Peck, Gould, Erikson

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19
Q

Erik Erikson’s Theory - info (think development and personality)

A

Development is a lifelong process influenced by heredity, society, and culture. Personality is developed thru a series of decisive encounters that he referred to as developmental tasks.

20
Q

Erikson - each stage has __ components, that are….

A

Two components - a favorable & unfavorable aspect of a core conflict/challenge/crisis.

21
Q

Erikson - the resolution for the crisis depends on…

A

the individual’s characteristics and the support provided by the social environment.

22
Q

Erikson - Unresolved conflicts from earlier staged won’t effect later development. T/F?

A

FALSE - they can effect it!

23
Q

Erikson - no life situation is ever ____. Each new situation that a person encounters presents ___ in a new form.

A

Secure.

Conflict.

24
Q

Erikson - People can become ___ at one stage or regress to a previous one, however, no stage can be ___.

A

Fixated.

Bypassed.

25
Q

Erikson - Stage 1 - what is it? when? And info?

A

Trust vs Mistrust.
Birth to 18 months.
Basic sense of trust in themselves & environment. Comes from primary care giver. This leads to trust in the world.

26
Q

Erikson Stage 1 - Danger

A

most acute in 2nd half of first year, not certain that needs will be met. May lead to mistrust! We can master this trust by ease of feeding, depth of sleep, social ability, etc.

27
Q

Erikson - Stage 2 - what is it? when? Info?

A

Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt.
18 months to 3 years (toddler.)
Increased mobility and autonomy.
We need gentle guidance in learning new skills.
The danger is deprivation of opportunities to develop and learn, and to learn to expect defeat leading to shame and doubt.
Behaviors that indicate mastery include toilet training, feeding self, learning to talk, etc.

28
Q

Erikson - Stage 3 - what is it? when? info?

A

Age 3-5 (preschool) (initiative vs. Shame & Guilt)
Imagination is very expanded. Increased ability to move about and communicate. right/wrong. Massive curiosity. Very curious about sex.

29
Q

Erikson - Stage 3 - What indicates mastery?

A

Adjusts to preschool, plays cooperatively with peers, dresses self. Etc.

30
Q

Erikson - Stage 4 - What is it? info? What indicates danger/mastery?

A

Industry vs Inferiority -
6-12 years.
Learns how to do & make things with others, accepts instruction and wins recognition by producing things.
Learning to read, calculate, control emotions and develop modesty.
Danger is development of sense of inadequacy if do not receive recognition.
Mastery = Demonstrates school performance appropriate for age. Participates in peer activity. Complete tasks. etc.

31
Q

Erikson - Stage 5 - what is it? Info? Mastery? What 3 things must be present?

A

Identity vs. Role Confusion.
Age 12-18 or 20.
Very concerned about physical appearance and peers very important. Sexuality/lifestyle/vocation. Develop sense of oneself.
3 things that must be congruent = Hw I see me, How you see me, How I really am.
Mastery = develops peer relationships with both sexes, defines goals for life, selects and prepares for vocation, gains independence from family, etc.

32
Q

Erikson - Stage 6 - What is it? Info? When? etc.

A

Intimacy vs. Isolation.
20-35 or 20-40.
Beginning to feel more secure in own identity. Usually very healthy (unless there’s something else going on.)

33
Q

Erikson - Stage 7 - What is it? When? Mastery?

A

Generativity vs. Self Absorption.
Age 35 or 40 to 65 (Middle Adult.)
Concerned with guiding next generation. Betterment of society is a concern. If generativity not achieved, stagnation results or becomes self-absorbed or preoccupied with personal well being. Mastery = reaches peak of career or stablization, demonstrates concern for family, etc.

34
Q

Erikson - Stage 8 - info.

A

65 and onward. Integrity means feeling satisfied with one’s life and accepting the inevitability of the life cycle - death. Period of loss, etc. Danger = unsuccessful resolution of previous tasks= despair, failure and fear of death.
Mastery = adjusting to different living environment, adjusting to retirement and income, etc.

35
Q

Piaget - Cognitive Development - refers to..and involve’s…

A

the manner in which people learn to think, reason, and use language. It involves a person’s intelligence, perceptual ability, and ability to process information.

36
Q

Piaget - represents a progression of mental abilities - like…

A

Illogical to logical thinking, simple to complex problem solving, understanding concrete ideas to understanding abstract concepts, etc.

37
Q

What are Piaget’s Cognitive Developmental Process (5 Phases) - (ages, too.)

A 
Sensorimotor (0-2 years.)
Preconceptual (2-4 years.)
Intuitive (4-7 years.)
Concrete Operations (7-11 years.)
Formal Operations (11-15 years.)
38
Q

Piaget - what are the three primary abilities in each of the 5 phases?

A

Adaptation, assimilation, accommodation.

39
Q

Kohlberg - Moral Development - info.

A

Involves learning what ought to be and what not to be done. Kohlberg specifically focuses on the reasons an individual (child or adult) makes a decision, not what decision is made.

40
Q

What are some keywords for Kohlberg’s Theory?

A

Moral, morality, moral behavior, moral development.

41
Q

There are __ levels for Kohlberg’s Model, and each have __ stages.

A

3 levels.

2 stages each.

42
Q

Kohlberg - Preconventional - info

A

Stage 1- Punishment & obedience.

Stage 2 - Instrumental/relativist orientation.

43
Q

Kohlberg - Conventional - info

A

Stage 3 - Interpersonal Concordance (good girl, nice boy)

Stage 4 - Law and order/orientation.

44
Q

Kohlberg - Postconventional - info

A

Stage 5 - Social contract/legalistic orientation.

Stage 6- Universal-ethical principles.

45
Q

What are some limitations of Kohlberg’s Moral Theory?

A

Person may be in several stages at once. Highest level not necessarily more satisfactory for individual & society than lower phases of development. Focus only on morality - does not address other psychological issues.

Nursing - 115 (35 decks)

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