Nucleotides (building blocks 1 and 2)

Question 1

What are the three components of a nucleotide?

Answer 1

Nitrogen base, Sugar, Phosphate

Question 2

What are pyrimidines?

Answer 2

1 ring, Cytosine, Thymine and Uracil

Question 3

What are Purines?

Answer 3

2 rings, Guanine and Adenine

Question 4

What bonds link Phosphates together?

Answer 4

Phosphoanhydride

Question 5

What are adenine nucleotides required for?

Answer 5

cellular respiration and energy metabolism

Question 6

in what stage is most of the ATP generated?

Answer 6

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Question 7

How much ATP is generated from each NADH

Answer 7

3

Question 8

How much ATP is generated from each FADH2

Answer 8

2

Question 9

Where does Glycolysis occur in the cell?

Answer 9

In the Cytosol

Question 10

What is the role of NADPH

Answer 10

Reductive Biosynthesis, Protection against oxidative stress, Drug Metabolism (in the liver)

Question 11

How does NADP+ assist in phagocytosis

Answer 11

becomes oxidised and gives up electrons that can fight bacteria

Question 12

Where is NADPH regenerated?

Answer 12

In the pentose phosphate pathway

Question 13

When is lactate production important?

Answer 13

Anaerobic respiration, Anoxia/Hypoxia,

Question 14

What 3 stages does respiration occur in?

Answer 14

acetyl coA production and oxidation, electron transfer and oxidative phosphorylation

Question 15

What is an example of a regulatory nucleotide

Answer 15

cAMP

Question 16

What are the two bases in NAD?

Answer 16

Adenine and Nucleotinamide

Question 17

What happens when FAD is Reduced

Answer 17

The Nitrogens gain electrons (and hydrogen) (happens twice)

Question 18

What enzyme catalyses the formation of cAMP from ATP

Answer 18

Adenylate Cyclase

Question 19

What are the 5 functions of a nucleotide?

Answer 19

Structural component, Energy, Synthesis and Protection, Centre point of metabolism and signal transduction

Question 20

What is the Cori Cycle?

Answer 20

when new glucose is produced by lactate in the liver

Question 21

When might you respire anaerobically?

Answer 21

When you have cancer, Anoxia/ Hypoxia or are doing high intensity exercise

Question 22

When is lactate production clinically useful?

Answer 22

If your stomach bloats/twists then you respire anaerobically and there will be a build-up of lactate

Question 23

What occurs to the CO2 produced during respiration?

Answer 23

Can bind with haemoglobin to form carbaminohaemoglobin but the vast majority is dissolved in the blood as bicarbonate ions

Question 24

What are the 3 stages of respiration? (in terms of acetyl-coA)

Answer 24

acetyl coA production, acetyl coA oxidation and oxidative phosphorylation

Question 25

How many ATP are made per glucose (theoretically)

Answer 25

36-38