Nucleotides (building blocks 1 and 2) Flashcards
What are the three components of a nucleotide?
Nitrogen base, Sugar, Phosphate
What are pyrimidines?
1 ring, Cytosine, Thymine and Uracil
What are Purines?
2 rings, Guanine and Adenine
What bonds link Phosphates together?
Phosphoanhydride
What are adenine nucleotides required for?
cellular respiration and energy metabolism
in what stage is most of the ATP generated?
Oxidative Phosphorylation
How much ATP is generated from each NADH
3
How much ATP is generated from each FADH2
2
Where does Glycolysis occur in the cell?
In the Cytosol
What is the role of NADPH
Reductive Biosynthesis, Protection against oxidative stress, Drug Metabolism (in the liver)
How does NADP+ assist in phagocytosis
becomes oxidised and gives up electrons that can fight bacteria
Where is NADPH regenerated?
In the pentose phosphate pathway
When is lactate production important?
Anaerobic respiration, Anoxia/Hypoxia,
What 3 stages does respiration occur in?
acetyl coA production and oxidation, electron transfer and oxidative phosphorylation
What is an example of a regulatory nucleotide
cAMP
What are the two bases in NAD?
Adenine and Nucleotinamide
What happens when FAD is Reduced
The Nitrogens gain electrons (and hydrogen) (happens twice)
What enzyme catalyses the formation of cAMP from ATP
Adenylate Cyclase
What are the 5 functions of a nucleotide?
Structural component, Energy, Synthesis and Protection, Centre point of metabolism and signal transduction
What is the Cori Cycle?
when new glucose is produced by lactate in the liver
When might you respire anaerobically?
When you have cancer, Anoxia/ Hypoxia or are doing high intensity exercise
When is lactate production clinically useful?
If your stomach bloats/twists then you respire anaerobically and there will be a build-up of lactate
What occurs to the CO2 produced during respiration?
Can bind with haemoglobin to form carbaminohaemoglobin but the vast majority is dissolved in the blood as bicarbonate ions
What are the 3 stages of respiration? (in terms of acetyl-coA)
acetyl coA production, acetyl coA oxidation and oxidative phosphorylation
How many ATP are made per glucose (theoretically)
36-38
