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VMS 1003 > Lipids (building blocks 5 and 6) > Flashcards

Lipids (building blocks 5 and 6) Flashcards

1
Q

What is a biological lipid?

A

biological compounds that are generally insoluble in water…
…but soluble in organic solvents, i.e. they’re hydrophobic

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2
Q

What are some biological functions of lipids?

A

Storage of energy, insulation from environment, protection, water repellent, buoyancy control

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3
Q

What are fatty acids made up from?

A

Carboxyl group and a hydrocarbon chain

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4
Q

What are fatty acids?

A

A component of other lipids, when not- it’s referred to as a free fatty acid (FFA)

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5
Q

Saturated fatty acids

A

No double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain

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6
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids

A

Contain a double bond in the chain, results in a kink- the more double bonds, the more fluid the fatty acid and lower the melting point

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7
Q

What are 3 arachidonic acid derivatives?

A

Prostaglandins, Thromboxanes, Leukotrienes

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8
Q

Function of Prostaglandins

A

Mucosal protection, renal blood flow, inflammation and fever

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9
Q

Function of Thromboxanes

A

Formation of blood clot s

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10
Q

Function of Leukotrienes

A

Smooth muscle contraction in lungs and inflammation

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11
Q

Triglycerides

A

Made up of three fatty acids, and glycerol- each of the three OH groups forms an ester bond with the carboxyl group of a fatty acid

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12
Q

What hydrolyses ester bonds?

A

Can be hydrolysed by either lipases or esterase’s

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13
Q

Why do fats need to be digested?

A

Triglycerides cannot cross cell membranes, FA and Glycerol can with the help of transporters

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14
Q

What happens once Fatty Acids are in the cell?

A

They are reconverted into TGA’s within the cell and exported into the blood as part of the Lipoprotein pathway (and or chylomicrons)

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15
Q

Chylomicrons

A

TAG’s are digested into FA and monocylglycerol components in the small intestine,

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16
Q

lipoproteins

A

particles consisted of apoliproteins and phospholipids

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17
Q

Enterocytes

A

Epithelial cells within the small intestine

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18
Q

Where are Chylomicrons produced

A

In Enterocytes

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19
Q

Which animal does not have brown adipose tissue

A

Pigs

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20
Q

Chylomicrons

A

TAGs are digested into FA and
monoacylglycerol components in the small
intestine.
* Re-constituted into TAGs within enterocytes.
* Packaged in the ER of enterocytes into
chylomicrons.
* Particles composed of phospholipids and
apolipoproteins – lipoproteins.
* Enter the lymphatic system via the lacteal
where they join lymph fluid to become chyle
fluid.
* Chyle returns to vascular system through
venous return and then supplies tissues with
TAGs.

21
Q

Lipogenesis

A

Synthesis of fatty acids and triglycerides, excess glucose is converted to fatty acids and triglycerides for long term storage in the adipocytes

22
Q

What is the process of Lipogenesis

A

Acetyl CoA (from glycolysis and Pyruvate).
* NADPH is required for each additional Acetyl CoA.
* Plus Glycerol (from glucose) to form TAGs.
* Happens mainly in the liver.
* Main pathway for getting rid of excess glucose.
* TAGs are exported from the liver cell as VLDL to other tissues.

23
Q

Lipolysis

A

Breakdown of stored TAG’S to FA’S and glycerol, induced by several hormones, the free fatty acids are then transported via the blood to other organs (skeletal/ cardiac muscle and liver)

24
Q

Carnitine shuffle

A

How fatty acids are transported into the membrane

25
Q

Beta oxidation

A

occurs in the mitochondria, how fatty acids are metabolised

26
Q

Ketogenesis

A

Where excess acetyl CoA is converted into ketones

27
Q

Acetone

A

has no metabolic function and is excreted in the breath

28
Q

Sphingomyelin

A

Has a phosphocholine head group, found in the myelin sheath and insulates nerve cell axons

29
Q

What are some examples of steroid hormones?

A

Testosterone, Cortisol, Aldosterone

30
Q

What is the function of bile acids?

A

To breakdown or regulate the concentration of cholesterol

31
Q

Why do we package cholesterol into detergent?

A

makes lipid more water-soluble, breaks fats into smaller micelles in order to aid digestion

32
Q

What are the fat-soluble vitamins?

A

A, D, E , K

33
Q

What are the water soluble vitamins?

A

B, C

34
Q

Vitamin D

A

Multi-Step synthesis that involves the skin, kidney and liver, necessary for calcium absorption

35
Q

Vitamin A

A

Known as Retinol, needed for vision

36
Q

Vitamin E

A

has antioxidant properties, protects fatty acids

37
Q

Vitamin K

A

Cofactor in blood coagulation pathway, e.g. warfarin- adds a carboxyl group to other blood clotting factors

38
Q

Why is Vitamin A toxic at high concentrations but Vitamin C isnt?

A

Vitamin A is not water soluble so cannot be excreted by the kidneys

39
Q

How does Toxaemia in sheep occur?

A

The adipose stores are metabolised via beta oxidation, results in ketoacidosis

40
Q

What are glycerophospholipids?

A

Made up of 4 components, 2 fatty acids, 1 glycerol and 1 phosphate bound to the third carbon

41
Q

What are some examples of glycerophospholipids?

A

Cardiolipin, Phosphatidylcholine

42
Q

What are Sphingolipids?

A

Only one fatty acid
* Fatty acid linked to sphingosine (not glycerol)

43
Q

What is sphingomyelin?

A

consists of:
* Phosphocholine head group
* Sphingosine
* A fatty acid

44
Q

What is the function of sphingomyelin?

A

Found in myelin sheath that
surrounds and insulates many
nerve cell axons
* Plays a role action potential
transduction
* Involved in apoptosis

45
Q

What are omega 3 fatty acids?

A

anti-inflammatory

46
Q

What are omega 6 fatty acids?

A

pro-inflammatory

47
Q

What is an example of an omega 6?

A

Arachidonic acid

48
Q

What do corticosteroids do?

A

they are anti-inflammatory, so they can block the production of arachidonic acid

49
Q

What are the two pathways that arachidonic acid can go down?

A

Cox 1 and Cox 2 pathway

VMS 1003 (26 decks)

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