DNA replication (Genetics 4) Flashcards

1
Q

What must a cell do to divide?

A

Grow, copy its genetic material and split into two daughter cells

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2
Q

What two major phases is the cell cycle divided into?

A

Interphase and mitotic phase

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3
Q

What occurs during interphase

A

the cell grows and makes a copy of its DNA

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4
Q

What occurs during the mitotic phase

A

the cell separates its DNA into two sets and divides its cytoplasm, forming two new cells

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5
Q

Semi-conservative replication

A

DNA acts as a template for its own replication

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6
Q

DNA Helicase

A

breaks the hydrogen bonds between nucleotides

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7
Q

DNA Polymerase

A

synthesises DNA in the 5 to 3 direction

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8
Q

DNA Topoisomerase

A

relieves tension in the DNA

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9
Q

DNA Primase

A

syntheises RNA primers

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10
Q

Ribonucleases

A

degrades RNA Primers

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11
Q

DNA Ligase

A

joins DNA fragments

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12
Q

Telomerase

A

replicates the ends of the chromosome

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13
Q

Single-Strand Binding Protein

A

Binds and keeps both strands apart from each other

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14
Q

Leading Strand

A

Continuous DNA production

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15
Q

Lagging Strand

A

Discontinuous DNA production

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16
Q

Okazaki fragments

A

short DNA sequences produced on the lagging strand

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17
Q

Sliding clamp

A

Ring shaped protein, binds DNA polymerase to the DNA template

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18
Q

DNA primase

A

Found on the lagging strand, attaches RNA to the template

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19
Q

DNA polymerase III

A

adds nucleotides until it reaches the previous primer

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20
Q

RNase H

A

digests the RNA primer, leaving a gap

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21
Q

DNA polymerase

A

fills in the gaps between two okazaki fragments

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22
Q

DNA ligase

A

Joins two fragments together on the lagging strand

23
Q

Telomeres

A

Repetitive units at the end of chromosomes

24
Q

Function of Telomeres

A

Protect the internal regions of the chromosomes/ worn down during DNA replication

25
Q

DNA polymerase A

A

doesn’t require a primer, has its own primase enzyme- therefore preventing the shortening of the DNA strand

26
Q

How can DNA become damaged?

A

UV light, ionising radiation, toxic chemical agents, reactive oxygen

27
Q

Double stranded breaks

A

Chromosomes split into two caused by environmental factors such as high energy radiation

28
Q

Gain of function

A

Change in DNA that leads to increased/ alternative activity

29
Q

Loss of Function

A

Change in DNA that leads to decreased activity

30
Q

Splice-site mutation

A

A splice site mutation is a genetic mutation that inserts, deletes or changes a number of nucleotides in the specific site at which splicing takes place

31
Q

Excision

A

the first stage of mechanism of DNA repair; recognition and removal of damage (exonuclease)

32
Q

Repair

A

The second stage of DNA repair-synthesis of missing DNA (DNA polymerase)

33
Q

Joining

A

The final stage of DNA repair, sealing the fragments (DNA Ligase)

34
Q

Thymine Dimers

A

Two Thymine Bases become covalently bonded to each other

35
Q

What is the difference between DNA polymerase III and DNA polymerase I

A

DNA polymerase III: Synthesises the nucleotides on the lagging strand
DNA polymerase I: fills in the gaps

36
Q

What is Depurination?

A

DNA mutation, removal of an Adenine or Guanine base

37
Q

What is Deamination?

A

DNA mutation, removal of ammonia changing cytosine to Uracil

38
Q

What do Thymine Dimers arise from?

A

UV radiation

39
Q

What is nonsense mediated decay?

A

a process during translation that detects transcripts with
premature stop codons and degrades them.

40
Q

What direction is DNA usually synthesised in?

A

5’ to 3’ direction

41
Q

What is a primer?

A

A short section of RNA

42
Q

How often does DNA polymerase make a mistake?

A

once every 10 to the 7 nucleotide pairs

43
Q

What are the 3 different point mutations?

A

Silent, Missense and Nonsense

44
Q

What is Nonsense Mediated Decay?

A

a process during translation that detects transcripts with
premature stop codons and degrades them.

45
Q

What factors effect whether an indel mutation will be tolerated?

A

Whether it’s a frameshift, its size and its location

46
Q

What is a splice site mutation?

A

A genetic mutation that changes the number of nucleotides at the area where splicing occurs

47
Q

What is non-homologous end joining?

A

The ends are ‘polished’ to produce ‘blunt ends’
» The ends are then joined (DNA ligase)

48
Q

What is the problem with non-homologous end joining?

A

there will be a resultant loss in nucleotides, the consequence depends on its position within the genome

49
Q

When is non-homologous end joining usually used?

A

for rapidly dividing cells

50
Q

Homologous end joining

A

recombination between two corresponding regions of the two alleles, it is a complete repair which means that no sequences are lost

51
Q

What is the problem with homologous end joining?

A

It is much more slower and therefore less useful for rapidly dividing cells but it is much more accurate

52
Q

What is a conservative substitution?

A

similar amino acid R group and size

53
Q

What is a radical substitution?

A

New amino acid R group that is different in charge and size