Mechanisms of cell deviance

Question 1

What are some environmental factors for cancer?

Answer 1

diet, infectious agents, radiation, tobacco

Question 2

What are the mechanisms to prevent mutation?

Answer 2

Cell cycle control
* Proof reading mechanisms
* Genetic code

Question 3

What causes cancer

Answer 3

need multiple mutation, e.g. loss of function and gain of function- uncontrolled proliferation

Question 4

How do cancer cells evolve to move to different locations?

Answer 4

they are genetically unstable with high mutation rates and other chromosomal abnormalities, they lack adhesion molecules, when one cell proliferates (through paracrine signalling) the cells around it will also proliferate

Question 5

Oncogene

Answer 5

gene with a dominant behaviour that leads to a gain-of-function mutation, this causes excessive cell survival and proliferation

Question 6

Tumour-Suppressor gene

Answer 6

need to have a mutation on both genes as it’s a recessive mutation, if this occurs it no longer works (aka tumours no longer supressed)

Question 7

p53

Answer 7

can repair or trigger apoptosis for mutated cells

Question 8

What happens when cells lose their ability to proliferate?

Answer 8

they senesce

Question 9

What is ROS?

Answer 9

Reactive oxidative species

Question 10

What are the two ways ROS can be formed?

Answer 10

Mitochondrial stress and external insults

Question 11

What is Oxidative stress?

Answer 11

an imbalance between pro-oxidative and anti-oxidative events

Question 12

What do anti-oxidants do?

Answer 12

reduce the amount of ROS produced

Question 13

What are some Enzymatic anti-oxidants?

Answer 13

Catalase, Glutahione group, Thioredoxin, Superoxide dismutase

Question 14

What are some Non-enzymatic anti-oxidants?

Answer 14

Reduced Glutathione, Vitamins C and E

Question 15

What is a RAS protein?

Answer 15

oncogene that signals for cell proliferation

Question 16

What are adhesion molecules?

Answer 16

cell surface proteins involved in the binding of cells with other cells

Question 17

Neoplasia

Answer 17

new growth

Question 18

Neoplasm

Answer 18

any tumour with uncontrolled growth

Question 19

Tumour

Answer 19

swelling

Question 20

Oncology

Answer 20

Greek- describes swelling

Question 21

Benign

Answer 21

slow growing and do not metastasise

Question 22

Malignant

Answer 22

invasive, features of metastasis

Question 23

Anaplasia

Answer 23

loss of differentiation to become a more primitive cell type

Question 24

Cancer

Answer 24

malignant neoplasm

Question 25

What can cause cell senescence

Answer 25

End of replication problem-telomeres
shortening
DNA damage
Stress and external stimuli

Question 26

How does cell senescence relate to age?

Answer 26

Increase in age increases the amount of cells that senesce

Question 27

What can ROS Lead to?

Answer 27

mitochondrial damage which can lead to abnormal cell growth

Question 28

What are the two major sources of ROS in your body?

Answer 28

Mitochondria and NADPH oxidases

Question 29

What can AGE lead to?

Answer 29

Chronic conditions

Question 30

How are AGE formed?

Answer 30

Schiff base interacts with a ROS to form an Amadori Product

Question 31

Where does Protein folding occur?

Answer 31

In the ER

Question 32

What mediates protein folding?

Answer 32

Chaperone proteins

Question 33

What does UPR do?

Answer 33

Signalling cascades activated to repair protein homeostasis
- Signalling extends beyond a ‘simple’ repair of misfolding events
- Affects protein translation levels
- Affects immune response
- Affects cell survival, autophagy, redox balance,