Mechanisms of cell deviance Flashcards

1
Q

What are some environmental factors for cancer?

A

diet, infectious agents, radiation, tobacco

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2
Q

What are the mechanisms to prevent mutation?

A

Cell cycle control
* Proof reading mechanisms
* Genetic code

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3
Q

What causes cancer

A

need multiple mutation, e.g. loss of function and gain of function- uncontrolled proliferation

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4
Q

How do cancer cells evolve to move to different locations?

A

they are genetically unstable with high mutation rates and other chromosomal abnormalities, they lack adhesion molecules, when one cell proliferates (through paracrine signalling) the cells around it will also proliferate

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5
Q

Oncogene

A

gene with a dominant behaviour that leads to a gain-of-function mutation, this causes excessive cell survival and proliferation

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6
Q

Tumour-Suppressor gene

A

need to have a mutation on both genes as it’s a recessive mutation, if this occurs it no longer works (aka tumours no longer supressed)

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7
Q

p53

A

can repair or trigger apoptosis for mutated cells

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8
Q

What happens when cells lose their ability to proliferate?

A

they senesce

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9
Q

What is ROS?

A

Reactive oxidative species

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10
Q

What are the two ways ROS can be formed?

A

Mitochondrial stress and external insults

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11
Q

What is Oxidative stress?

A

an imbalance between pro-oxidative and anti-oxidative events

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12
Q

What do anti-oxidants do?

A

reduce the amount of ROS produced

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13
Q

What are some Enzymatic anti-oxidants?

A

Catalase, Glutahione group, Thioredoxin, Superoxide dismutase

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14
Q

What are some Non-enzymatic anti-oxidants?

A

Reduced Glutathione, Vitamins C and E

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15
Q

What is a RAS protein?

A

oncogene that signals for cell proliferation

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16
Q

What are adhesion molecules?

A

cell surface proteins involved in the binding of cells with other cells

17
Q

Neoplasia

A

new growth

18
Q

Neoplasm

A

any tumour with uncontrolled growth

19
Q

Tumour

20
Q

Oncology

A

Greek- describes swelling

21
Q

Benign

A

slow growing and do not metastasise

22
Q

Malignant

A

invasive, features of metastasis

23
Q

Anaplasia

A

loss of differentiation to become a more primitive cell type

24
Q

Cancer

A

malignant neoplasm

25
What can cause cell senescence
End of replication problem-telomeres shortening DNA damage Stress and external stimuli
26
How does cell senescence relate to age?
Increase in age increases the amount of cells that senesce
27
What can ROS Lead to?
mitochondrial damage which can lead to abnormal cell growth
28
What are the two major sources of ROS in your body?
Mitochondria and NADPH oxidases
29
What can AGE lead to?
Chronic conditions
30
How are AGE formed?
Schiff base interacts with a ROS to form an Amadori Product
31
Where does Protein folding occur?
In the ER
32
What mediates protein folding?
Chaperone proteins
33
What does UPR do?
Signalling cascades activated to repair protein homeostasis - Signalling extends beyond a ‘simple’ repair of misfolding events - Affects protein translation levels - Affects immune response - Affects cell survival, autophagy, redox balance,