Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOC3021 > Nucleotides > Flashcards

Nucleotides Flashcards

1
Q

What bases are the pyrimidines?

A

C,T,U

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What bases are the purines?

A

A,G

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the two nucleic acid sugars?

A

ribose, deoxyribose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

A nucleoside is ____ bonded to a _____

A

base, sugar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

A base bonded to a sugar is a _____

A

nucleoside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

A nucleotide is _____ bonded to _____

A

1-3 phosphate groups, nucleoside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Ribose is the sugar for what?

A

RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Deoxyribose is the sugar for what?

A

DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The nucleoside of A is ____

A

adenosine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The nucleoside of G is _____

A

guanosine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The nucleoside of C is _____

A

cytidine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The nucleoside of T is ______

A

thymidine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The nucleoside of U is _____

A

uridine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Purines have ___ rings

A

2 (6 C and 5 C)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Pyrimidines have ____ rings

A

1 (6 C)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The nitrogenous bases are ____ and _____

A

purine, pyrimidine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Pyrimidines have ____ N, ____ C, and ____ sides

A

2, 4, 6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Purines have ____ N and ____ C

A

4, 9

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

NH2 is what group?

A

amino

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

O is what group?

A

oxy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

CH3 is what group?

A

methyl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Cytosine has what groups?

A

oxy, amino

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Uracil has what groups?

A

2 oxy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Thymine has what groups?

A

2 oxy, methyl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Adenine has what groups?

A

amino

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Guanine has what groups?

A

oxy, amino

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

2-oxy-4-amino pyrimidine is what base?

A

C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

2-oxy-4-oxy pyrimidine is what base?

A

U

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

2-oxy-4-oxy-5-methyl pyrimidine is what base?

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

6-amino purine is what base?

A

A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

2-amino-6-oxy-purine is what base?

A

G

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

beta form of OH goes what direction?

A

up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

alpha form of OH goes what direction?

A

down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the full name of ribose?

A

B-D-ribofurnaose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is the full name of deoxyribose?

A

B-D-deoxyribofuranose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is D configuration?

A

dextro/ right handed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is L configuration?

A

Levo/ left handed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What does furan mean?

A

a simple organic molecule with 1 ring (4C, 1O)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What does the ending -ose refer to?

A

carbohydrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What does deoxy mean?

A

loss of an oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What number H loses the O in deoxyribose vs ribose?

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

The sugar uses what type of numbering in a nucleoside?

A

prime

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is a glyosidic bond?

A

carbohydrate bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Nucleotides are connected via what type of bond?

A

phosphoester

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

At what location are nucleotides connected?

A

5’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

How many phosphate bonds are needed to activate a molecule?

A

3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

The base contains the ____

A

genetic information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

The phosphoester bond stores the ____

A

energy (ATP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What are the two functions of ATP?

A

storing chemical energy, building block of RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What shape/structure are nucleic acids?

A

linear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Do nucleic acids ever have branches?

A

heck no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Nucleic acids are linked by what type of bond?

A

phosphodiester

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

The DNA double helix is connected by what type of bonds?

A

hydrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

RNA is (bigger/smaller) than DNA

A

smaller

55
Q

What type of RNA is copies of regular RNA?

A

mRNA

56
Q

What type of RNA is the composition of ribosomes where protein is synthesized?

A

rRNA

57
Q

What type of RNA is linked to an amino acid and brings them to the ribosome?

A

tRNA

58
Q

What type of RNA processes mRNA to make them mature enough to complete their job?

A

SnRNA (small nuclear)

59
Q

What type of RNA regulates protein synthesis to make sure that they are making the correct protein and the correct time?

A

microRNAs

60
Q

DNA’s function is _____ and ______

A

genetic information storage, protein coding

61
Q

RNA’s function is to assist in _____

A

the protein synthesis process

62
Q

RNA is composed of ___ strands

A

1

63
Q

DNA is composed of ____ strands

A

2

64
Q

What type of molecule is able to fold back onto itself to make double stranded regions?

A

RNA

65
Q

DNA and RNA have 2 regions, _____ and _______

A

region of bases, backbone

66
Q

The DNA and RNA backbone is composed of _____ and ______

A

the sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), phosphate group

67
Q

Why is there only 1 phosphate group in the DNA and RNA backbone when 3 are needed for activation?

A

the other 2 are cleaved off in the reaction

68
Q

How many P groups are cleaved off in the reaction making the DNA and RNA backbone?

A

2

69
Q

(+) charged _____ bind to the negatively charged O of the backbone

A

histones

70
Q

Histones bind onto the negative charged O in order for what to occur?

A

to neutralize the molecule and allow it to be packaged into cells

71
Q

What are the two regions of DNA and RNA strands?

A

bases and backbone

72
Q

What type of bond links nucleotides together?

A

phosphodiester

73
Q

Phosphodiester bonds link what together?

A

nucleotides

74
Q

DNA and RNA strands are ____ meaning that they have a 5’ and 3’ end

A

directional

75
Q

The backbone of DNA and RNA is _____ charged due to ____

A

negatively, O atoms of the phosphate groups

76
Q

DNA structure is determined by ______ and _____

A

base pairing, stacking interactions

77
Q

base pairing includes what type of bond?

A

hydrogen

78
Q

Stacking includes what type of bond?

A

Van Der Waal interactions

79
Q

Why does stacking occur in DNA and RNA molecules?

A

because there are so many base pairings and they are so close to each other

80
Q

____ pairings are broken at a lower temperature

A

AT

81
Q

____ pairings are broken at a higher temperature

A

GC

82
Q

_____ pairings are held more strongly together

A

GC

83
Q

____ % of DNA in humans codes for proteins

A

2

84
Q

what type of RNA contains protein coding info?

A

mRNA

85
Q

what type of RNA is made and broken at a high rate and therefore only makes up 2% of total cell RNA?

A

mRNA

86
Q

What value is the rate at while molecules sediment, with larger molecules having a higher value?

A

sedimentation coefficient

87
Q

The different ______ values of rRNA determine the different names

A

Svedberg

88
Q

What are the 3 names of rRNA molecules?

A

5S, 16S, 23S

89
Q

Ribosomes are very ______ and can be used ____ time

A

stable, multiple

90
Q

What value is the number of nucleotides present?

A

number of nucleotide residues

91
Q

What is the process of DNA to RNA called?

A

transcription

92
Q

Transcription is the process of what?

A

DNA making RNA

93
Q

What is the process of RNA to protein called?

A

translation

94
Q

Translation is the process of what?

A

RNA making protein

95
Q

RNA to DNA is what process?

A

reverse transcription

96
Q

Reverse transcription is the process of what?

A

RNA to DNA

97
Q

_____ % of prokaryotic DNA codes for protein

A

98

98
Q

In prokaryotes, ____ mRNA molecule (s) can encode _____ polypeptides

A

a single, several

99
Q

In prokaryotes, mRNA can be translated ____ transcription is complete

A

before

100
Q

In eukaryotes, ____ mRNA molecules (s) encode ____ polypeptides

A

a single, a single

101
Q

What are the non coding sequences that must be removed in eukaryotes?

A

introns

102
Q

In eukaryotes, where does transcription occur?

A

nucleus

103
Q

In eukaryotes, where does translation occur?

A

cytoplasm

104
Q

In eukaryotes, matures mRNAs must be ______ before translation

A

transported to the cytoplasm

105
Q

In prokaryotes, the DNA is not found in the _____

A

nucleus

106
Q

mRNA is always synthesized in what direction?

A

5’ to 3’

107
Q

What enzyme binds to DNA to make RNA in prokaryotes?

A

RNA polymerase

108
Q

RNA polymerase always binds in what direction?

A

3’ to 5’

109
Q

Ribosomes bind to what end of the mRNA molecule in prokaryotes?

A

5’ end

110
Q

What is the term for getting rid of introns in RNA?

A

splicing

111
Q

Introns are removed from ____ but remain in _____

A

RNA, DNA

112
Q

The protein coding part of the RNA is called what?

A

exon

113
Q

hnRNA stands for what?

A

heterogenous nuclear RNA

114
Q

What is the first RNA synthesized from DNA called?

A

hnRNA (heterogenous nuclear RNA)

115
Q

How many amino acids are there?

A

20

116
Q

Because there are 20 amino acids, there must be at least 20 what?

A

tRNAs

117
Q

tRNA form what kind of bond with the amino acid?

A

temporary covalent

118
Q

Where does the tRNA add the amino acid?

A

to the growing polypeptide chain

119
Q

The acceptor stem of tRNA is what end?

A

3’ (that is next to a 5’ end)

120
Q

What is the 3’ end of the tRNA called?

A

acceptor stem

121
Q

The anti codon sequence of tRNA is complementary to what?

A

amino acid

122
Q

What binds to the anticodon codeword?

A

tRNA

123
Q

____ is able to retain its shape in the ribosome without protein binding

A

rRNA

124
Q

rRNA has many short regions of what type of bonding?

A

intrachain H-bonding

125
Q

Base pairing is the ____ structure

A

secondary

126
Q

the 3D structure is the _____ structure

A

tertiary

127
Q

What bases are the pyrimidines?

A

C,T,U

128
Q

What bases are the pyrimidines found in RNA?

A

C,U

129
Q

The nucleotide substrates for DNA synthesis start with ___

A

deoxy

130
Q

There is no ______ substrate for RNA synthesis

A

thymidine 5’ triphosphate

131
Q

The nucleotide substrates for DNA and RNA synthesis are what prime?

A

5

132
Q

There is no ____ substrate for DNA synthesis

A

deoxyuridine 5’ triphosphate

133
Q

The RNA that is found in sedimentation coefficients of 16 S, 23 S, and 5 S is _____

A

rRNA

BIOC3021 (25 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions