Nucleotides Flashcards
What bases are the pyrimidines?
C,T,U
What bases are the purines?
A,G
What are the two nucleic acid sugars?
ribose, deoxyribose
A nucleoside is ____ bonded to a _____
base, sugar
A base bonded to a sugar is a _____
nucleoside
A nucleotide is _____ bonded to _____
1-3 phosphate groups, nucleoside
Ribose is the sugar for what?
RNA
Deoxyribose is the sugar for what?
DNA
The nucleoside of A is ____
adenosine
The nucleoside of G is _____
guanosine
The nucleoside of C is _____
cytidine
The nucleoside of T is ______
thymidine
The nucleoside of U is _____
uridine
Purines have ___ rings
2 (6 C and 5 C)
Pyrimidines have ____ rings
1 (6 C)
The nitrogenous bases are ____ and _____
purine, pyrimidine
Pyrimidines have ____ N, ____ C, and ____ sides
2, 4, 6
Purines have ____ N and ____ C
4, 9
NH2 is what group?
amino
O is what group?
oxy
CH3 is what group?
methyl
Cytosine has what groups?
oxy, amino
Uracil has what groups?
2 oxy
Thymine has what groups?
2 oxy, methyl
Adenine has what groups?
amino
Guanine has what groups?
oxy, amino
2-oxy-4-amino pyrimidine is what base?
C
2-oxy-4-oxy pyrimidine is what base?
U
2-oxy-4-oxy-5-methyl pyrimidine is what base?
T
6-amino purine is what base?
A
2-amino-6-oxy-purine is what base?
G
beta form of OH goes what direction?
up
alpha form of OH goes what direction?
down
What is the full name of ribose?
B-D-ribofurnaose
What is the full name of deoxyribose?
B-D-deoxyribofuranose
What is D configuration?
dextro/ right handed
What is L configuration?
Levo/ left handed
What does furan mean?
a simple organic molecule with 1 ring (4C, 1O)
What does the ending -ose refer to?
carbohydrate
What does deoxy mean?
loss of an oxygen
What number H loses the O in deoxyribose vs ribose?
2
The sugar uses what type of numbering in a nucleoside?
prime
What is a glyosidic bond?
carbohydrate bond
Nucleotides are connected via what type of bond?
phosphoester
At what location are nucleotides connected?
5’
How many phosphate bonds are needed to activate a molecule?
3
The base contains the ____
genetic information
The phosphoester bond stores the ____
energy (ATP)
What are the two functions of ATP?
storing chemical energy, building block of RNA
What shape/structure are nucleic acids?
linear
Do nucleic acids ever have branches?
heck no
Nucleic acids are linked by what type of bond?
phosphodiester
The DNA double helix is connected by what type of bonds?
hydrogen
RNA is (bigger/smaller) than DNA
smaller
What type of RNA is copies of regular RNA?
mRNA
What type of RNA is the composition of ribosomes where protein is synthesized?
rRNA
What type of RNA is linked to an amino acid and brings them to the ribosome?
tRNA
What type of RNA processes mRNA to make them mature enough to complete their job?
SnRNA (small nuclear)
What type of RNA regulates protein synthesis to make sure that they are making the correct protein and the correct time?
microRNAs
DNA’s function is _____ and ______
genetic information storage, protein coding
RNA’s function is to assist in _____
the protein synthesis process
RNA is composed of ___ strands
1
DNA is composed of ____ strands
2
What type of molecule is able to fold back onto itself to make double stranded regions?
RNA
DNA and RNA have 2 regions, _____ and _______
region of bases, backbone
The DNA and RNA backbone is composed of _____ and ______
the sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), phosphate group
Why is there only 1 phosphate group in the DNA and RNA backbone when 3 are needed for activation?
the other 2 are cleaved off in the reaction
How many P groups are cleaved off in the reaction making the DNA and RNA backbone?
2
(+) charged _____ bind to the negatively charged O of the backbone
histones
Histones bind onto the negative charged O in order for what to occur?
to neutralize the molecule and allow it to be packaged into cells
What are the two regions of DNA and RNA strands?
bases and backbone
What type of bond links nucleotides together?
phosphodiester
Phosphodiester bonds link what together?
nucleotides
DNA and RNA strands are ____ meaning that they have a 5’ and 3’ end
directional
The backbone of DNA and RNA is _____ charged due to ____
negatively, O atoms of the phosphate groups
DNA structure is determined by ______ and _____
base pairing, stacking interactions
base pairing includes what type of bond?
hydrogen
Stacking includes what type of bond?
Van Der Waal interactions
Why does stacking occur in DNA and RNA molecules?
because there are so many base pairings and they are so close to each other
____ pairings are broken at a lower temperature
AT
____ pairings are broken at a higher temperature
GC
_____ pairings are held more strongly together
GC
____ % of DNA in humans codes for proteins
2
what type of RNA contains protein coding info?
mRNA
what type of RNA is made and broken at a high rate and therefore only makes up 2% of total cell RNA?
mRNA
What value is the rate at while molecules sediment, with larger molecules having a higher value?
sedimentation coefficient
The different ______ values of rRNA determine the different names
Svedberg
What are the 3 names of rRNA molecules?
5S, 16S, 23S
Ribosomes are very ______ and can be used ____ time
stable, multiple
What value is the number of nucleotides present?
number of nucleotide residues
What is the process of DNA to RNA called?
transcription
Transcription is the process of what?
DNA making RNA
What is the process of RNA to protein called?
translation
Translation is the process of what?
RNA making protein
RNA to DNA is what process?
reverse transcription
Reverse transcription is the process of what?
RNA to DNA
_____ % of prokaryotic DNA codes for protein
98
In prokaryotes, ____ mRNA molecule (s) can encode _____ polypeptides
a single, several
In prokaryotes, mRNA can be translated ____ transcription is complete
before
In eukaryotes, ____ mRNA molecules (s) encode ____ polypeptides
a single, a single
What are the non coding sequences that must be removed in eukaryotes?
introns
In eukaryotes, where does transcription occur?
nucleus
In eukaryotes, where does translation occur?
cytoplasm
In eukaryotes, matures mRNAs must be ______ before translation
transported to the cytoplasm
In prokaryotes, the DNA is not found in the _____
nucleus
mRNA is always synthesized in what direction?
5’ to 3’
What enzyme binds to DNA to make RNA in prokaryotes?
RNA polymerase
RNA polymerase always binds in what direction?
3’ to 5’
Ribosomes bind to what end of the mRNA molecule in prokaryotes?
5’ end
What is the term for getting rid of introns in RNA?
splicing
Introns are removed from ____ but remain in _____
RNA, DNA
The protein coding part of the RNA is called what?
exon
hnRNA stands for what?
heterogenous nuclear RNA
What is the first RNA synthesized from DNA called?
hnRNA (heterogenous nuclear RNA)
How many amino acids are there?
20
Because there are 20 amino acids, there must be at least 20 what?
tRNAs
tRNA form what kind of bond with the amino acid?
temporary covalent
Where does the tRNA add the amino acid?
to the growing polypeptide chain
The acceptor stem of tRNA is what end?
3’ (that is next to a 5’ end)
What is the 3’ end of the tRNA called?
acceptor stem
The anti codon sequence of tRNA is complementary to what?
amino acid
What binds to the anticodon codeword?
tRNA
____ is able to retain its shape in the ribosome without protein binding
rRNA
rRNA has many short regions of what type of bonding?
intrachain H-bonding
Base pairing is the ____ structure
secondary
the 3D structure is the _____ structure
tertiary
What bases are the pyrimidines?
C,T,U
What bases are the pyrimidines found in RNA?
C,U
The nucleotide substrates for DNA synthesis start with ___
deoxy
There is no ______ substrate for RNA synthesis
thymidine 5’ triphosphate
The nucleotide substrates for DNA and RNA synthesis are what prime?
5
There is no ____ substrate for DNA synthesis
deoxyuridine 5’ triphosphate
The RNA that is found in sedimentation coefficients of 16 S, 23 S, and 5 S is _____
rRNA
