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BIOC3021 > Enzyme Kinetics > Flashcards

Enzyme Kinetics Flashcards

1
Q

____ are protein that increase the rate of biochemical reactions

A

enzymes

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2
Q

Reactions could not occur without ____

A

enzymes

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3
Q

Enzymes make up ____ _____ such as ones that synthesize new molecules and generate cellular energy

A

metabolic pathways

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4
Q

what are the 3 main distinctive features of enzymes?

A

catalytic power, specificity, regulation

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5
Q

increasing the rate of biochemical reactions is what power of enzymes?

A

catalytic power

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6
Q

Selectively acting upon a substrate to carry out a particular reaction is what power of enzymes?

A

specificity

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7
Q

there are ______ of enzymes encoded in the human genome

A

1,000s

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8
Q

the ____ is the initial molecule in a reaction

A

substrate

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9
Q

Enzyme activity being regulated by a variety of mechanisms is what power of enzymes?

A

regulation

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10
Q

Enzymes ______ the free energy of activation of biochemical reactions

A

decrease

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11
Q

Enzymes ____ the rate of reactions

A

increase

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12
Q

Less ______ ___ _____ is needed for a reaction to occur when the temperature is high

A

gibbs free energy (activation energy)

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13
Q

The transition state is ______ for different temperatures

A

the same

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14
Q

At higher temps, ______ reactant molecules can be converted to products

A

more

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15
Q

more species cannot use temp to allow for reactions to occur because cells are _____ ______

A

temperature sensitive

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16
Q

How many categories of enzymes are there?

A

6

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17
Q

enzymes are _____ protein chains

A

globular

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18
Q

enzymes are classified based on their _______

A

activity

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19
Q

____ are enzymes that transfer electrons from one molecule to another

A

oxidoreductases

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20
Q

______ are enzymes that transfer chemical groups

A

transferases

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21
Q

Kinsases are a subgroup of what enzyme classification?

A

transferase

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22
Q

_____ add a phosphate group to proteins, carbs, lipids, and nucleic acids

A

kinases

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23
Q

_____ are enzymes that break covalent bonds by hydrolysis

A

hydrolases

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24
Q

proteases are a subgroup of what enzyme classification?

A

hydrolases

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25
Q

______ break down dietary protein by breaking peptide bonds

A

proteases

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26
Q

______ are enzymes that cleave various bonds or add groups to double bonds

A

lyases

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27
Q

_____ are enzymes that produce isomers

A

isomerases

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28
Q

_____ enzymes use up a water molecule each time they break a bond and add the H+ and OH- groups to the broken bond end

A

hydrolases

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29
Q

_____ are enzymes that join large molecules by forming covalent bonds

A

ligases

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30
Q

____ are enzymes used in DNA cloning to covalently link backbone strands of different DNA molecules to form intact strands

A

ligases

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31
Q

Do all enzymes need cofactors and coenzymes?

A

no

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32
Q

Cofactors or coenzymes are ___ or ___ _____ linked

A

covalently, non-covalently

33
Q

_____ are metal ions or organic molecules that bind to enzymes and are required for enzyme activity

A

cofactors

34
Q

heme, flavin, and c based molecules are examples of _____

A

cofactors

35
Q

Coenzymes are a sub group of _____

A

cofactors

36
Q

_____ are b vitamin organic molecule derivatives that act as enzyme cofactors

A

coenzymes

37
Q

____ groups are tightly bound cofactors or coenzymes

A

prosthetic

38
Q

______ are catalytically active complexes of protein and coenzyme

A

holoenzyme

39
Q

____ are protein without the prosthetic group, and are not functional where a coenzyme is needed

A

apoenzyme

40
Q

Velocity of reaction is another term for what?

A

rate of reaction

41
Q

Velocity of reaction/rate of reaction is what?

A

amount of product formed or the amount of substrate consumed per unit time

42
Q

v=k[A] is the equation for what?

A

first order reaction

43
Q

In a ___ ____ _____, there is a directly proportionate relationship between substrate concentration and the amount of produce produced per unit time

A

first order relationship

44
Q

v=k[A][B] is the equation for what?

A

second order reaction

45
Q

In a second order reaction, _____ molecules reaction to form ____ products

A

2,2

46
Q

What equation is used for the kinetics of enzyme catalyzed reactions?

A

Michaelis-Menton Equation

47
Q

The M/M equation gives the rate of an enzyme reaction (v) in terms of what?

A

substrate concentration

48
Q

What are the two constants in the M/M equation?

A

Vmax, Km

49
Q

When substrate concentration is high, v= ____

A

Vmax

50
Q

When substrate concentration is high, v is not longer dependent on what?

A

substrate concentration

51
Q

When substrate concentration is high, the reaction is following what order kinetics?

A

zero

52
Q

When substrate concentration is low, this is what order reaction?

A

first

53
Q

v=(vmax/Km)*[S] is the equation when the substrate concentration is _____

A

low

54
Q

What variables are fixed in the M/M equation?

A

temperature, pH, and ionic strength

55
Q

___ ____ is the total concentration of the small ions

A

ionic strength

56
Q

What is the shape of the curve of the M/M equation data?

A

hyperbolic curve

57
Q

A ___ _____ is a curve that approaches but never reaches the max value

A

hyperbolic curve

58
Q

v= ____/______

A

product produced/unit time

59
Q

At Vmax/2, what is equal to what?

A

substrate, enzyme

60
Q

Km is a measure of what?

A

amount of substrate/unit volume

61
Q

Kcat is the value for what?

A

catalytic constant/turnover number

62
Q

Kcat measures the _____ amount of product produced per second when the enzyme is ____ with substrate

A

maximum, saturated

63
Q

What is the pH that most enzymes have peak activity?

A

7.4

64
Q

Kcat must be determined and compared under what type of conditions?

A

the same

65
Q

Kcat is similar to what other value?

A

Vmax

66
Q

What temp do most enzymes peak activity at?

A

40C

67
Q

kcat depends on what two things?

A

enzyme nature/efficiency, size/complexity of substrate

68
Q

Staphylococcal nuclease has a _____ kcat

A

low (95)

69
Q

Carbonic anhydrase has a ____ kcat

A

high (1,000,000)

70
Q

What does enzyme staphylococcal nuclease do?

A

attack DNA,RNA, and other molecules

71
Q

Why does carbonic anhydrase have such a high kcat?

A

CO2 and H2O are simple and small molecules

72
Q

There is no activity at too low or too high of a pH because of the interactions of what part of the amino acid?

A

positively or negatively charged side chains

73
Q

_____in an enzyme that breaks down food in the stomach, and is therefore at peak activity at a low pH of 1.5

A

pepsin

74
Q

_____ in an enzyme that breaks down food in the intestines’ and has peak activity at pH 7.7

A

trypsin

75
Q

What in the stomach makes it acidic?

A

HCl

76
Q

At low temps, enzyme activity is ____ due to lack of energy

A

slowed

77
Q

At high temps, enzymes might undergo irreversible ______

A

denaturing (unfolding)

78
Q

denaturing of enzymes causes lack of ____

A

activity

BIOC3021 (25 decks)

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