Metabolism Flashcards
what are the 3 actions of metabolic pathways?
break down nutrients, synthesize complex molecules, convert one molecule to another
catabolic pathways are also called ____
degrative
catabolic pathways break down ___ ____ obtained from the diet/cellular reserves to generate ____ energy
nutrient molecules, ATP
anabolic pathways are also called _____
biosynthetic
anabolic pathways synthesize ___ ___ ____ from simple ____
complex biological molecules, precursors
The the TCA cycle, the _____ are more important than the ___ ___
byproducts, final product
What part of ATP is important for energy storage and is high in energy?
beta and gamma phosphate bonds
____ use CO2 as their sole source of carbon to synthesize other compounds
autotrophs
plants are classified as what regarding sources of carbon?
autotrophs
____ require an organic form of carbon such as glucose
heterotrophs
animals/bacteria are classified as what regarding sources of carbon?
heterotrophs
____ are photosynthetic and use light as their source of energy
phototrophs
plants are classified as what in regard to source of energy?
phototrophs
____ use organic/dietary sources of energy
chemotrophs
animals are classified as what in regard to source of energy?
chemotrophs
_____ use O2 in energy-producing pathways
aerobes
____can exist without O2
anaerobes
animals are classified as what in regard to oxygen use?
aerobes
microbes are classified as what in regard to oxygen use?
anaerobes
anaerobes produce enough energy in ____ to not need O2
glycolosis
CO2, light, plants
photoautotrophs
organic cpds, light, nonsulfur purple bacteria
photoheterotrophs
CO2, oxidation reduction reactions, nitrifying bacteria
chemoautotrophs
organic cpds, oxidation reduction reactions, animals
chemoheterotrophs
what are the energy yielding nutrients in catabolic reactions?
carbohydrates, fats, proteins
what are the energy poor end products of catabolic reactions?
H2O, CO2, NH3
what is the energetic byproduct of catabolic reactions?
NADH
what are the precursor molecules of anabolic reactions?
amino acids, sugars, fatty acids, nitrogenous bases
what are the cell macromolecule products of anaerobic reactions?
proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids
____ is used up in anaerobic reactions
NADPH
____ is produced in the glycolysis pathway and citric acid cycle
NADH
_____ is produced in the pentose phosphate pathway
NADPH
____ is important on NADH and NADPH structure
niacin (B3)
___ pathways generate chemical energy in the form of ATP
exergonic
are catabolic pathways exergonic or endergonic?
exergonic
____ pathways use chemical energy of ATP to form new covalent bonds
endergonic
are anabolic pathways exergonic or endergonic?
endergonic
what is the most common enzyme pathway?
physically separate soluble enzymes
what enzyme pathways is located in cellular cytoplasm and involves diffusing and moving?
physically separate, soluble enzymes
what enzyme pathway has the enzymes linked together in a quaternary structure, and the substrate is passed alone the enzyme chain?
cytoplasmic multienzyme complexes
what enzyme pathway involves enzymes that are associated with the outer cell membrane?
membrane-associated multienzyme complexes
what are the 2 enzyme options of catabolic and anabolic pathways?
different and shared
what enzyme option is preferred for catabolic and anabolic pathways?
different
what is a key property of many enzymes?
they can catalyze both anabolic and catabolic reactions depending on circumstance
____ is the stepwise degradation of glucose and other simple sugars to produce pyruvate
glycolysis
what is the product of glycolosis?
pyruvate
glycolysis is an ____ process
anaerobic
glycolysis provides the precursors for aerobic processes such as _____
TCA cycle
glycolysis provides __ ___ ___ ____ by generating ATP when oxygen is limited
short term energy sources
what occurs in the first phase of glycolysis?
there are 5 enzyme catalyzed reactions that allow glucose molecules to be broken down into 3 molecules of glyceralydehyde-3-phosphate
what occurs in the second phase of glycolysis?
five reactions covert the 2 molecules ofglyceralydehyde-3-phosphate into 2 molecules of pyruvate
phase 1 of glycolysis consumes ____ molecules of ATP
2
phase 2 of glycolysis generates ____ molecules of ATP
4
what is the net number of ATP molecules produced by glycolysis?
2 (4-2)
in aerobic cells, ___ carbon atoms of the 3-carbon pyruvate become the acetyl group of ____ ___ _____
2, acetyl co-A
____ ____ _____ molecules are metabolized by the ___ _____ and ____ ____ to generate ATP
acetyl co-A, TCA cycle, oxidative phosphorilation
____ ATP molecules are produced per molecule of glucose entering glycolysis
30
where are glycolysis enzymes located/the process occurs?
cytosol
where are citric acid cycle enzymes located/the process occurs?
mitochondrial matrix
where are electron transport/oxidative phosphorylation enzymes located/the process occurs?
inner mitochondrial membrane
what byproducts are released by catabolism in the ATP cycle?
CO2, H2O
How is ATP formed in plants?
photosynthesis
__ and ___ are the fuels for the ATP cycle
NADH, FADH
