Carbohydrates Flashcards
(CH2O)n is the molecular formula for what classification of carbohydrate?
monosaccharides
For monosaccharides, n= ___ or more in the formula
3
glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, and deoxyribose are examples of what?
monosaccharides
what class of carbohydrates consist of 2-10 monosaccharides?
oligosaccharides
sucrose, lactose, and maltose are examples of what?
oligosaccharides
what classification of carbohydrates are polymers of monosaccharides that consist of hundreds-thousands of monosaccharide units linked?
polysacchardides
what classification of carbohydrates are polymers of monosaccharides that consist of hundreds-thousands of monosaccharide units linked?
polysaccharides
Starch, glycogen, cellulose, and chitin are examples of what?
polysaccharides
what are the two types of starch?
amylose, amylopectin
what is the most abundant natural polymer?
cellulose
what is the second most abundant natural polymer?
chitin
what polysaccharide is glucose storage in plants?
starch
what polysaccharide is glucose storage in animals?
glycogen
what polysaccharide is the structure of wood and cotton?
cellulose
what polysaccharide is the exoskeleton of sea animals?
chitin
polysaccharides may be ____ or ____ polymers
linear, branched
____ consist of 2 monosaccharide units linked by a glycosidic bond
disaccharides
monosaccharides are naturally found in what form?
dextro (d)
_____ is table sugar
sucrose
____ is composed of glucose and fructose
sucrose
sucrose is hydrolyzed by what enzyme in what body part?
sucrase, intestine
____ is milk sugar
lactose
___ is made up of galactose and glucose
lactose
Lactose is hydrolyzed by ____ enzyme ____
intenstinal, lactase
_____ is malt sugar produced in germinating barley
maltose
____ is also produced from starch by amylase enzymes
maltose
_____ is made of 2 glucose units with a1-4 linkage
maltose
pyran is the base structure for what two monosaccharides?
glucose, galactose
The OH on C4 points ____ in galactose
up
The OH on C4 points ____ in glucose
down
most naturally occurring glucose is what type of structure?
ring
In beta formation, the OH group on C1 is _____
up
In alpha formation, the OH group on C1 is ____
down
Alpha linkages produce _____, which is ____ broken
starch, easily
Beta linkages produce ____, which is _____ to human
cellulose, indigestible
The _____ of alpha and beta linkages are similar
properties
____ is obtained by the chemical breakdown of cellulose
cellobiose
_____ is obtained by the chemical breakdown of polysaccharides such as bacterial dextrans
isomaltose
Are glucose and galactose most often found in chair or boat conformation?
chair
The ____ conformation of glucose is more ___ and ____
stable, abundant
The base structure of fructose is _____
furan
Fructose has an _____ conformation
envelope (C3 or C4 bend upwards)
Furan has ___ carbons and ___ oxygens in its ring
4,1
Pyran has ___ carbons and ___ oxygens in its ring
5, 1
Amino sugars are derived from _____
monosaccharides
____ is the term for a glucose with an amino group
glucosamine
glucosamine is found in _____
chitin
Glucosamine is a precursor of the _____ found in ___ ______
polysaccharide, joint cartilage
what is a glycosidic bond?
a bond involving carbohydrates
what type of link is found in lactose?
B1-4
galactose-b-1,4-glucose is the chemical name for what?
lactose
what type of link is found in sucrose?
a1-2
glucose-a-1,2-fructose is the chemical name for what?
sucrose
The ____ in sucrose is flipped by a half turn to move the C2 to make a bond
fructose
what is the chemical name for isomaltose?
glucose-a-1,6-glucose
What type of link is found in isomaltose?
a-1-6
what are the 3 disaccharides that involve 2 glucose molecules?
maltose, isomaltose, cellobiose
what type of link is found in maltose?
a-1-4
what has the chemical name of glucose-a-1,4-glucose?
maltose
cellobiose has what type of link?
b-1-4
what has the chemical name of glucose-b-1,4-glucose?
cellobiose
what is released when making a1-4 and b1-4 linkages?
H2O
In a ___ linage, oh OH group is up and one is down
b1-4
starch is ____-____% alpha amylose
10-30
starch is __-____% amylopectin
70-90
_____ form of starch consists of linear chains of a glucose
a-amylose
____ form of starch consists of highly branches chains with branches every 12-30 residues
amylopectin
in amylopectin, there are branched chains every ___-___ residues
12-30
what is the average branch length of the branches of amylopectin?
24-30 residues
glycogen is found in the ___ and ___ ____
liver, skeletal muscle
up to ___% of the liver mass is glycogen
10
___-___% of skeletal muscle mass of glycogen
1-2
glycogen is highly branched with branches every ___-____ glucose units
8-12
starch in the diet is broken down by what two enzymes?
alpha amylase, a1-6 glucosidase
alpha amylase breaks what type of linkage?
a1-4
a1-6 glucosidase breaks what type of linkage?
a1-6
alpha1-4 glycosidic linkages are cleaved to release ______ units of alpha amylase
glucose
alpha amylase enzyme is secreted by the __ ____ and _____
salivary gland, pancreas
the enzyme ____ cleaves maltose units from starch chains
beta amylase
___ bonds stabilize the helices in amylose
hydrogen
____ is found in the helices of amylose
iodine
what promotes the helical structure of amylose?
a1-4 bonds between glucose units
glycogen is digested by what 2 enzymes?
alpha and beta amylase
what are the 2 major structural polysaccharides?
cellulose, chitin
cellulose is composed of ___ units of __ ____
linear, b-glucose
the glucose units of cellulose are linked by what bonds?
b1-4 glycosidic bonds
chitin is composed of repeating units of __ ____ in a ____ structure
n-acetylglucosamine, linear
___ is a linear polymer of galactose that is used to separate large molecules by electrophoresis
agarose
____ are a component of cartilage, tendons, and other connective tissues
glycosaminoglycans
cellulose is/is not digested by amylase enzymes in the human digestive tract
is not
what type of animal can digest cellulose because they secrete the enzyme cellulase?
ruminant
cellulose forms an ___ ____ structure with alternating glucose units
extended ribbon
cellulose forms an extended ribbon structure with alternating ___ units
glucose
the alternating glucose units of cellulose are flipped __ degrees due to the nature of ____ linkages
180, b1-4
what 3 types of hydrogen bonds strengthen the structure of cellulose?
intrachain, interchain, intersheet
what are the 3 fundamental types of carbohydrates?
monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides
____ are the building blocks of oligo and polysaccharides
monosaccharides
what is the chemical formula of glucose?
C6H12O6
glucose plays a central role in the generation of what?
cellular energy
a/b-D-glucopyranose is the name for what monosaccharide?
glucose
what is the chemical formula of fructose?
C6H12O6
what is the difference between glucose and fructose, being as they have the same chemical formula?
fructose forms 5 membered furanose ring, glucose forms 6 membered pyranose ring
a/b-D-fructofuranose is the chemical name for what monosaccharide?
fructose
what monosaccharide derivative is a component of joint cartilage?
amino sugar/glucosamine
what are the storage polysaccharides?
starch and glycogen
___ is a linear polymer of a chemical derivative of glucose (N-acetylglucosamine)
chitin
what is the polysaccharide of bacterial cell walls?
peptidoglycan
___ is the strong protective peptide/polysaccharide layer of bacterial cell walls
peptidoglycan
what makes up peptidoglycan?
peptide, polysaccharide
____ bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan layer between two lipid bylayers
gram-negative (E. Coli)
_____ bacteria have a thicker peptidoglycan layer external to a single lipid bilayer
gram-positive (S. aureus)
_____ are membrane proteins with polysaccharides attached
glycoproteins
____ are a family of glycoproteins located in the extracellular matrix of animal cells
proteoglycans
in a peptidoglycan, long chains are carbohydrates are ___ linked by short amino acid chains
covalently
a ____ is found on the surface of bacterial cells
lipopolydasaccharide
a ____ is found on the surface of animal cells
glycolipid
____ _____ are carbohydrate groups linked to proteins through the -OH groups of serine or threonine
O-linked glycoproteins
O-linked glycoproteins link to proteins through the ____ group of ___ and ____
-OH, serine, threonine
___ ____ are often found in cell surface glycoproteins
O-linked glycoproteins
___ ____ are carbohydrate groups linked though a nitrogen in the side chain of asparagine
N-linked glycoproteins
N-linked glycoproteins link to the proteins through a ____ in the side chain of ____
nitrogen, asparagine
_____ _____ are found in many cellular proteins such as antibodies, ribonuclease, and peptide hormones
N-linked glycoproteins
N-linked glycoproteins can be found in ___, ____, and ___ ____
antibodies, ribonuclease, peptide hormones
The highly extended protein chains of O-linked glycoproteins allow the ____ regions to project above the _____ _____
functional, membrane surface
a _____ is a linear chain of alternating monosaccharides with charged groups such as a carboxyl group (-COO-)
glycosaminoglycan
chondroitin and dermatan are examples of what?
proteoglycans
proteoglycans are located in what two places?
extracellular matrix, integral membrane proteins
proteoglycans function by ____ with other molecules at the __ ____
interacting, cell surface
chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan has ____ proteins and ____ carbohydrates
few, many
membrane heparan sulfate proteoglycan has ___ proteins and ___ carbohydrates
few, few
the binding sites of proteoglycans have what function?
bind to incoming molecules and slow them down, allowing them to be taken up more readily by the cell
what are the two components of cartilage?
cartilage proteoglycan, type 2 collagen
what proteoglycan is a long chain of protein with few carbohydrates?
versican
what proteoglycan is a short chain of protein with many carbohydrate chains?
serglycin
chitin has a similar structure to cellulose except the ____ group on each C-2 is replaced by _____
-OH, -NHCOCH3
proteoglycans are a family of glycoproteins that have a special carbohydrate groups attached called ____
glycosaminoglycans
proteoglycans are found in the ___ _____ of animal cells
extracellular matrix
proteoglycans are ___ ____ proteins
integral membrane
