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BIOC3021 > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

(CH2O)n is the molecular formula for what classification of carbohydrate?

A

monosaccharides

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2
Q

For monosaccharides, n= ___ or more in the formula

A

3

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3
Q

glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, and deoxyribose are examples of what?

A

monosaccharides

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4
Q

what class of carbohydrates consist of 2-10 monosaccharides?

A

oligosaccharides

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5
Q

sucrose, lactose, and maltose are examples of what?

A

oligosaccharides

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6
Q

what classification of carbohydrates are polymers of monosaccharides that consist of hundreds-thousands of monosaccharide units linked?

A

polysacchardides

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7
Q

what classification of carbohydrates are polymers of monosaccharides that consist of hundreds-thousands of monosaccharide units linked?

A

polysaccharides

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8
Q

Starch, glycogen, cellulose, and chitin are examples of what?

A

polysaccharides

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9
Q

what are the two types of starch?

A

amylose, amylopectin

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10
Q

what is the most abundant natural polymer?

A

cellulose

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11
Q

what is the second most abundant natural polymer?

A

chitin

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12
Q

what polysaccharide is glucose storage in plants?

A

starch

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13
Q

what polysaccharide is glucose storage in animals?

A

glycogen

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14
Q

what polysaccharide is the structure of wood and cotton?

A

cellulose

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15
Q

what polysaccharide is the exoskeleton of sea animals?

A

chitin

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16
Q

polysaccharides may be ____ or ____ polymers

A

linear, branched

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17
Q

____ consist of 2 monosaccharide units linked by a glycosidic bond

A

disaccharides

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18
Q

monosaccharides are naturally found in what form?

A

dextro (d)

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19
Q

_____ is table sugar

A

sucrose

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20
Q

____ is composed of glucose and fructose

A

sucrose

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21
Q

sucrose is hydrolyzed by what enzyme in what body part?

A

sucrase, intestine

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22
Q

____ is milk sugar

A

lactose

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23
Q

___ is made up of galactose and glucose

A

lactose

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24
Q

Lactose is hydrolyzed by ____ enzyme ____

A

intenstinal, lactase

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25
Q

_____ is malt sugar produced in germinating barley

A

maltose

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26
Q

____ is also produced from starch by amylase enzymes

A

maltose

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27
Q

_____ is made of 2 glucose units with a1-4 linkage

A

maltose

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28
Q

pyran is the base structure for what two monosaccharides?

A

glucose, galactose

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29
Q

The OH on C4 points ____ in galactose

A

up

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30
Q

The OH on C4 points ____ in glucose

A

down

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31
Q

most naturally occurring glucose is what type of structure?

A

ring

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32
Q

In beta formation, the OH group on C1 is _____

A

up

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33
Q

In alpha formation, the OH group on C1 is ____

A

down

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34
Q

Alpha linkages produce _____, which is ____ broken

A

starch, easily

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35
Q

Beta linkages produce ____, which is _____ to human

A

cellulose, indigestible

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36
Q

The _____ of alpha and beta linkages are similar

A

properties

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37
Q

____ is obtained by the chemical breakdown of cellulose

A

cellobiose

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38
Q

_____ is obtained by the chemical breakdown of polysaccharides such as bacterial dextrans

A

isomaltose

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39
Q

Are glucose and galactose most often found in chair or boat conformation?

A

chair

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40
Q

The ____ conformation of glucose is more ___ and ____

A

stable, abundant

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41
Q

The base structure of fructose is _____

A

furan

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42
Q

Fructose has an _____ conformation

A

envelope (C3 or C4 bend upwards)

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43
Q

Furan has ___ carbons and ___ oxygens in its ring

A

4,1

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44
Q

Pyran has ___ carbons and ___ oxygens in its ring

A

5, 1

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45
Q

Amino sugars are derived from _____

A

monosaccharides

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46
Q

____ is the term for a glucose with an amino group

A

glucosamine

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47
Q

glucosamine is found in _____

A

chitin

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48
Q

Glucosamine is a precursor of the _____ found in ___ ______

A

polysaccharide, joint cartilage

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49
Q

what is a glycosidic bond?

A

a bond involving carbohydrates

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50
Q

what type of link is found in lactose?

A

B1-4

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51
Q

galactose-b-1,4-glucose is the chemical name for what?

A

lactose

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52
Q

what type of link is found in sucrose?

A

a1-2

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53
Q

glucose-a-1,2-fructose is the chemical name for what?

A

sucrose

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54
Q

The ____ in sucrose is flipped by a half turn to move the C2 to make a bond

A

fructose

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55
Q

what is the chemical name for isomaltose?

A

glucose-a-1,6-glucose

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56
Q

What type of link is found in isomaltose?

A

a-1-6

57
Q

what are the 3 disaccharides that involve 2 glucose molecules?

A

maltose, isomaltose, cellobiose

58
Q

what type of link is found in maltose?

A

a-1-4

59
Q

what has the chemical name of glucose-a-1,4-glucose?

A

maltose

60
Q

cellobiose has what type of link?

A

b-1-4

61
Q

what has the chemical name of glucose-b-1,4-glucose?

A

cellobiose

62
Q

what is released when making a1-4 and b1-4 linkages?

A

H2O

63
Q

In a ___ linage, oh OH group is up and one is down

A

b1-4

64
Q

starch is ____-____% alpha amylose

A

10-30

65
Q

starch is __-____% amylopectin

A

70-90

66
Q

_____ form of starch consists of linear chains of a glucose

A

a-amylose

67
Q

____ form of starch consists of highly branches chains with branches every 12-30 residues

A

amylopectin

68
Q

in amylopectin, there are branched chains every ___-___ residues

A

12-30

69
Q

what is the average branch length of the branches of amylopectin?

A

24-30 residues

70
Q

glycogen is found in the ___ and ___ ____

A

liver, skeletal muscle

71
Q

up to ___% of the liver mass is glycogen

A

10

72
Q

___-___% of skeletal muscle mass of glycogen

A

1-2

73
Q

glycogen is highly branched with branches every ___-____ glucose units

A

8-12

74
Q

starch in the diet is broken down by what two enzymes?

A

alpha amylase, a1-6 glucosidase

75
Q

alpha amylase breaks what type of linkage?

A

a1-4

76
Q

a1-6 glucosidase breaks what type of linkage?

A

a1-6

77
Q

alpha1-4 glycosidic linkages are cleaved to release ______ units of alpha amylase

A

glucose

78
Q

alpha amylase enzyme is secreted by the __ ____ and _____

A

salivary gland, pancreas

79
Q

the enzyme ____ cleaves maltose units from starch chains

A

beta amylase

80
Q

___ bonds stabilize the helices in amylose

A

hydrogen

81
Q

____ is found in the helices of amylose

A

iodine

82
Q

what promotes the helical structure of amylose?

A

a1-4 bonds between glucose units

83
Q

glycogen is digested by what 2 enzymes?

A

alpha and beta amylase

84
Q

what are the 2 major structural polysaccharides?

A

cellulose, chitin

85
Q

cellulose is composed of ___ units of __ ____

A

linear, b-glucose

86
Q

the glucose units of cellulose are linked by what bonds?

A

b1-4 glycosidic bonds

87
Q

chitin is composed of repeating units of __ ____ in a ____ structure

A

n-acetylglucosamine, linear

88
Q

___ is a linear polymer of galactose that is used to separate large molecules by electrophoresis

A

agarose

89
Q

____ are a component of cartilage, tendons, and other connective tissues

A

glycosaminoglycans

90
Q

cellulose is/is not digested by amylase enzymes in the human digestive tract

A

is not

91
Q

what type of animal can digest cellulose because they secrete the enzyme cellulase?

A

ruminant

92
Q

cellulose forms an ___ ____ structure with alternating glucose units

A

extended ribbon

93
Q

cellulose forms an extended ribbon structure with alternating ___ units

A

glucose

94
Q

the alternating glucose units of cellulose are flipped __ degrees due to the nature of ____ linkages

A

180, b1-4

95
Q

what 3 types of hydrogen bonds strengthen the structure of cellulose?

A

intrachain, interchain, intersheet

96
Q

what are the 3 fundamental types of carbohydrates?

A

monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides

97
Q

____ are the building blocks of oligo and polysaccharides

A

monosaccharides

98
Q

what is the chemical formula of glucose?

A

C6H12O6

99
Q

glucose plays a central role in the generation of what?

A

cellular energy

100
Q

a/b-D-glucopyranose is the name for what monosaccharide?

A

glucose

101
Q

what is the chemical formula of fructose?

A

C6H12O6

102
Q

what is the difference between glucose and fructose, being as they have the same chemical formula?

A

fructose forms 5 membered furanose ring, glucose forms 6 membered pyranose ring

103
Q

a/b-D-fructofuranose is the chemical name for what monosaccharide?

A

fructose

104
Q

what monosaccharide derivative is a component of joint cartilage?

A

amino sugar/glucosamine

105
Q

what are the storage polysaccharides?

A

starch and glycogen

106
Q

___ is a linear polymer of a chemical derivative of glucose (N-acetylglucosamine)

A

chitin

107
Q

what is the polysaccharide of bacterial cell walls?

A

peptidoglycan

108
Q

___ is the strong protective peptide/polysaccharide layer of bacterial cell walls

A

peptidoglycan

109
Q

what makes up peptidoglycan?

A

peptide, polysaccharide

110
Q

____ bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan layer between two lipid bylayers

A

gram-negative (E. Coli)

111
Q

_____ bacteria have a thicker peptidoglycan layer external to a single lipid bilayer

A

gram-positive (S. aureus)

112
Q

_____ are membrane proteins with polysaccharides attached

A

glycoproteins

113
Q

____ are a family of glycoproteins located in the extracellular matrix of animal cells

A

proteoglycans

114
Q

in a peptidoglycan, long chains are carbohydrates are ___ linked by short amino acid chains

A

covalently

115
Q

a ____ is found on the surface of bacterial cells

A

lipopolydasaccharide

116
Q

a ____ is found on the surface of animal cells

A

glycolipid

117
Q

____ _____ are carbohydrate groups linked to proteins through the -OH groups of serine or threonine

A

O-linked glycoproteins

118
Q

O-linked glycoproteins link to proteins through the ____ group of ___ and ____

A

-OH, serine, threonine

119
Q

___ ____ are often found in cell surface glycoproteins

A

O-linked glycoproteins

120
Q

___ ____ are carbohydrate groups linked though a nitrogen in the side chain of asparagine

A

N-linked glycoproteins

121
Q

N-linked glycoproteins link to the proteins through a ____ in the side chain of ____

A

nitrogen, asparagine

122
Q

_____ _____ are found in many cellular proteins such as antibodies, ribonuclease, and peptide hormones

A

N-linked glycoproteins

123
Q

N-linked glycoproteins can be found in ___, ____, and ___ ____

A

antibodies, ribonuclease, peptide hormones

124
Q

The highly extended protein chains of O-linked glycoproteins allow the ____ regions to project above the _____ _____

A

functional, membrane surface

125
Q

a _____ is a linear chain of alternating monosaccharides with charged groups such as a carboxyl group (-COO-)

A

glycosaminoglycan

126
Q

chondroitin and dermatan are examples of what?

A

proteoglycans

127
Q

proteoglycans are located in what two places?

A

extracellular matrix, integral membrane proteins

128
Q

proteoglycans function by ____ with other molecules at the __ ____

A

interacting, cell surface

129
Q

chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan has ____ proteins and ____ carbohydrates

A

few, many

130
Q

membrane heparan sulfate proteoglycan has ___ proteins and ___ carbohydrates

A

few, few

131
Q

the binding sites of proteoglycans have what function?

A

bind to incoming molecules and slow them down, allowing them to be taken up more readily by the cell

132
Q

what are the two components of cartilage?

A

cartilage proteoglycan, type 2 collagen

133
Q

what proteoglycan is a long chain of protein with few carbohydrates?

A

versican

134
Q

what proteoglycan is a short chain of protein with many carbohydrate chains?

A

serglycin

135
Q

chitin has a similar structure to cellulose except the ____ group on each C-2 is replaced by _____

A

-OH, -NHCOCH3

136
Q

proteoglycans are a family of glycoproteins that have a special carbohydrate groups attached called ____

A

glycosaminoglycans

137
Q

proteoglycans are found in the ___ _____ of animal cells

A

extracellular matrix

138
Q

proteoglycans are ___ ____ proteins

A

integral membrane

BIOC3021 (25 decks)

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