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BIOC3021 > Introduction: Molecules and Cells > Flashcards

Introduction: Molecules and Cells Flashcards

1
Q

What is the strongest chemical bond?

A

covalent

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2
Q

What is the benefit of noncovalent bonds?

A

they are more readily broken, allowing for synthesis, degradation, and growth etc. of biological molecules

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3
Q

What two chemical bonds hold together the DNA double helix?

A

hydrogen and wan der waals

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4
Q

What is meant by hydrophobic in hydrophobic molecules?

A

do not want to interact with water

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5
Q

Name the bonds in order of strength (strongest to weakest)

A

covalent, ionic, hydrogen and hydrophobic, van der waals

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6
Q

The body is what percent water?

A

60%

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7
Q

What are the found major elements of the human body?

A

H,O,C,N

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8
Q

What are the most prevalent 3 elements found in the Earth’s crust?

A

O,Si,Al

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9
Q

What is seawater composed of (generally)?

A

ions (Cl-,Na+,Mg2+)

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10
Q

What type of element are the trace molecules found in the body?

A

metals (Mn,Fe,Co,Cu,Zn,Mo,I,Ni,Se)

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11
Q

What type of molecule do metal ions interact with?

A

negatively charged (amino acids)

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12
Q

What type of molecule are the trace elements found in?

A

molecules with specialized roles

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13
Q

Fatty acids are an example of what type of structure?

A

linear

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14
Q

Cholesterol (steroids) are an example of what type of structure?

A

cyclic

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15
Q

What steroid is used as the precursor to synthesize other steroid hormones?

A

Cholesterol

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16
Q

A branched structured is composed of ____ and _____?

A

ring structures, long chain

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17
Q

B-carotene is an example of what structure?

A

branched

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18
Q

A planar structure is composed of ____ and _____?

A

a planar (2D) complex ring, long chain

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19
Q

Chlorophyll a is an example of what type of structure?

A

Planar

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20
Q

10 power of micro

A

-6

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21
Q

10 power of nano

A

-9

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22
Q

10 power of pico

A

-12

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23
Q

Protein synthesis occurs in the ___

A

ribosome

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24
Q

Energy generation occurs in the ___

A

mitochondria

25
Q

The cell membrane is composed of ___ and ____

A

lipids and protein

26
Q

The nuclear area is composed of _____

A

genetic material (DNA)

27
Q

Ribosomes are composed of ____ and _____

A

RNA and protein

28
Q

Bacteria cells do not have _____

A

plasma and nuclear membranes

29
Q

An E. Coli cell is the same size as a eukaryotic ____

A

mitochondria

30
Q

Cell membranes are composed of ______

A

lipids and proteins

31
Q

Function: mechanical support, shape, and protection against swelling in hypotonic media. Is a porous nonselective barrier allowing most small molecules to pass

A

Cell wall

32
Q

Function: a highly selective permeability barrier that controls the entry of most substances in the cell. Important enzymes in the generation of cellular energy are located here

A

Cell membrane

33
Q

Function: mRNA is transcribed from DNA to direct the synthesis of cellular proteins

A

Nuclear areas or nucleoid

34
Q

Function: site of protein synthesis. The mRNA binds to this and the mRNA nucleotide sequence specifies the protein that is synthesized

A

ribosome

35
Q

Function: site of intermediary metabolism, the interconnecting sets of chemicals reactions by which cells generate energy and form the precursors necessary for biosynthesis of macromolecules essential to cell growth and function

A

cytosol

36
Q

Function: this complex coating is cell-specific, serves in cell-cell recognition and communication, creates cell adhesion, and provides a protective outer layer

A

extracellular matrix

37
Q

Function: is a selectively permeable outer boundary of the cell, containing specific systems- pumps, channels, transporters- for the exchange of nutrients and other materials located in the environment. Important enzymes are located here

A

Cell/plasma membrane

38
Q

Function: repository of genetic information encoded in DNA and organized into chromosomes. During mitosis, the chromosomes are replicated and transmitted to the daughter cells

A

nucleus

39
Q

Function: Power plants of eukaryotic cells where carbohydrates, fats, and amino acids are oxidized to CO2 and H2O. The energy released is trapped as high-energy phosphate bonds in ATP

A

mitochondria

40
Q

Function: involved in the packaging and processing of macromolecules for secretion and for delivery to other cellular compartments

A

golgi apparatus

41
Q

Function: involved in the packaging and processing of macromolecules for secretion and for delivery to other cellular compartments

A

golgi apparatus

42
Q

Function: involved in the packaging and processing of macromolecules for secretion and for delivery to other cellular compartments

A

golgi apparatus

43
Q

Function: involved in the packaging and processing of macromolecules for secretion and for delivery to other cellular compartments

A

golgi apparatus

44
Q

Function: involved in the packaging and processing of macromolecules for secretion and for delivery to other cellular compartments

A

golgi apparatus

45
Q

Function: where membrane proteins and lipids are synthesized

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

46
Q

Function: where membrane proteins and lipids are synthesized

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

47
Q

Function: function in intracellular digestion of material entering the cell via phagocytosis or pinocytosis. Function in the controlled degradation of cellular components

A

Lysosomes

48
Q

Function: act to oxidize certain nutrients, such as amino acids

A

Peroxisomes

49
Q

Function: determines the shape of the cells and gives it the ability to move. Mediates the internal movements that occur in the cytoplasm, such as the migration of organelles and mitotic movements of chromosomes

A

cyotskeleton

50
Q

the cell wall is composed of _____

A

polysaccharide

51
Q

Cytosol is composed of ____ and intermediate molecules from metabolism

A

protein

52
Q

The extracellular matrix is composed of a flexible and sticky layer of ____, _____, and _____

A

complex carbohydrates, proteins, lipids

53
Q

Mitochondria are composed of ____ and _____

A

protein, lipids

54
Q

Lysosomes are composed of ____

A

hydrolytic enzymes

55
Q

Peroxisomes are composed of ____

A

oxidative enzymes

56
Q

The cytoskeleton is composed of _____

A

protein filaments (actin/micro, intermediate, and microtubules)

57
Q

It is important that noncovalent bonds are ______ for the process of DNA replication and RNA synthesis

A

readily separateds

58
Q

Covalent bonds are used to form the _____

A

carbon based skeleton structure

59
Q

What elements are found heavily in the Earth’s crust but not found in biological organisms?

A

Si, Al, Fe

BIOC3021 (25 decks)

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