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BIOC3021 > Glycolysis > Flashcards

Glycolysis Flashcards

1
Q

___ carbon glucose is turned into 2 molecules of ___ carbon pyruvate

A

6, 3

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2
Q

cellular energy is found in high energy bonds of _____ molecules

A

ATP

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3
Q

glycolysis is able to provide an energy source by generating some ATP when ____ is limited

A

oxygen

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4
Q

what causes the high energy of ATP bonds?

A

bond between second and third phosphate groups

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5
Q

what pathways are shut down when oxygen is limited?

A

TCA and electron transport chain

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6
Q

there at ___ enzyme catalyzed reactions of glycolysis

A

10

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7
Q

how many phases are in glycolysis?

A

2 (5 reactions in each)

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8
Q

in phase 1, a series of 5 enzyme catalyzed reactions transforms each glucose molecule into 2 molecules of ______

A

glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate

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9
Q

in phase 2, five enzyme catalyzed reactions convert 2 molecules of glyceralydehyde 3 phosphate into 2 molecules of ____

A

pyruvate

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10
Q

phase 1 consumes ___ molecules of ATP

A

2

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11
Q

phase 2 generates ___ molecules of ATP

A

4

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12
Q

what is the net gain of ATP between phases 1 and 2?

A

2 (-2+4)

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13
Q

what is the more active phase?

A

phase 1

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14
Q

glycolysis enzymes are located in the cell _____

A

cytosol

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15
Q

ATP synthesis in phase 2 occurs in what way?

A

ADP to ATP by addition of phosphate group

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16
Q

ATP is used up in phase 1 in what way?

A

ATP energy is being used and converted to ADP

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17
Q

NAD+ is converted to ____ in phase 2

A

NADH

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18
Q

How many NADH are made per glucose?

A

2

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19
Q

why is NADH produced in phase 2?

A

to stimulate the electron transport chain

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20
Q

what is created with pyruvate when oxygen is present (aerobic conditions)?

A

energy

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21
Q

in aerobic conditions, the ____ from pyruvate can be directly linked to the TCA cycle via a _____ bond

A

carbons, covalent

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22
Q

when oxygen is limited, the pyruvate from glycolysis produces ___ ____

A

lactic acid

23
Q

the production of lactic acid from pyruvate is commonly found in ____ _____

A

muscle cells

24
Q

when there is no oxygen, the pyruvate produces _____

A

ethanol

25
Q

the production of ethanol from pyruvate is common in ___

A

yeast

26
Q

when ethanol is produced from pyruvate, what else is produced?

A

carbon dioxide

27
Q

(1) ____ adds a phosphate group to glucose to form glucose-6-phosphate

A

hexokinase

28
Q

(2) ______ converts glucose-6-phosphate into fructose-6-phosphate

A

phosphoglucose isomerase

29
Q

why is glucose converted to fructose in step 2?

A

build up to the proper substrate that can bind to the active site of the enzyme that will split glucose into 2

30
Q

In the case of pyruvate being converted into lactic acid, what happens when oxygen is later made available?

A

lactic acid is converted back to pyruvate and enters the TCA cycle

31
Q

(3) ____ adds a second phosphate group to fructose-6-phosphate making it fructose,1,6-biphosphate

A

phosphofructokinase

32
Q

(4) ______ is the correct enzyme for the substrate of splitting the glucose molecule, and converts fructose-1,6-biphosphate into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate (2 3 carbon fragments)

A

aldolase

33
Q

of the 2 3 carbon fragments produced at the end of phase 1, which is the desired one?

A

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

34
Q

(5) what enzyme is used to convert dihydroxyacetone phosphate into the desired form, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate?

A

triose phosphate isomerase

35
Q

what ensures that the glucose remains inside the cell and does not go back to the extracellular fluid in phase 1?

A

by the phosphorylation of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate in step 1

36
Q

what molecule donates the phosphate group to glucose in step 1 of phase 1 to keep the glucose within the cell?

A

ATP

37
Q

glucose-6-phosphate is a ___ charged molecule to make it hard to get through the lipid bilayer and glucose transporter to leave the cytoplasm and go back to the extracellular fluid

A

negatively

38
Q

(6) ____ adds a phosphate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to produce 2 1,3-biphosphoglycerate

A

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

39
Q

(7) ____ removes the previously added phosphate group from 2 1,3-biphosphoglycerate to produce 2 3-phosphoglycerate and adds the phosphate to ADP to create ATP

A

phosphoglycerate kinase

40
Q

the removal of the phosphate group in step 7 converts the ______ into a ______ group

A

aldehyde, carboxyl group

41
Q

(8) ____ moves the phosphate group form carbon 3 to carbon 2, therofore converting 2 3-phosphoglycerate into 2 2-phosphoglycerate

A

phosphoglycerate mutase

42
Q

(9) ______ removes a phosphate group from 2 2-phosphoglycerate to crease 2 phosphoenolpyruvate

A

enolase

43
Q

(10) _____ adds a phosphate group to ADP to form ATP and therofore converts 2 phosphoenolpyruvate into 2 pyruvate molecules

A

pyruvate kinase

44
Q

pyruvate is a combination of an ____ group and a ____ group

A

acetyl, carboxyl

45
Q

what is the purpose of yeast cells making ethanol?

A

they gain NAD+ when acetaldehyde is converted to ethanol

46
Q

what enzyme converts acetaldehyde to ethanol in yeast?

A

alcohol dehydrogenase

47
Q

yeast cells need a balance of ___ and ____ and this is achieved by the conversion of acetaldehyde to ethanol

A

NAD+ and NADH

48
Q

what enzyme converts pyruvate to lactate?

A

lactate dehydrogenase

49
Q

in oxygen-depleted muscles, _____ is generated by the reaction of converting pyruvate to lactic acid

A

NAD+

50
Q

if anaerobic conditions continue, excess lactic acid is transported in the blood to the ____ and is resynthesized as ____

A

liver, glucose

51
Q

mannose is converted into what intermediate to enter the glycolysis cycle?

A

Fructose-6-phosphate

52
Q

galactose is converted into what intermediate to enter the glycolysis cycle?

A

glucose-6-phosphate

53
Q

fructose is converted into what intermediate to enter the glycolysis pathway?

A

DHAP, G3P

BIOC3021 (25 decks)

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