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BIOC3021 > Membranes > Flashcards

Membranes Flashcards

1
Q

____ and _____ are produced by amphipathic lipid molecules interacting with water

A

monolayers, micelles

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2
Q

____ are lipid aggregates that have the hydrophobic tails in the center and polar head facing outward

A

micelles

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3
Q

what are the 2 types of spontaneously formed lipid structures?

A

monolayers, bilayers

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4
Q

____ are produced spontaneously by certain lipids, particularly phospholipids

A

bilayers

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5
Q

bilayers wrap around themselves to form closed ____ that can consist of many bilayers

A

vesicles

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6
Q

a _____ is a vesicle with a single bilayer

A

liposome

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7
Q

____ can be used as a drug or enzyme delivery system in therapeutic application

A

liposomes

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8
Q

biological membranes are ____ structures

A

dynamic

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9
Q

biological membranes are composed of ___ and ____

A

phospholipids, proteins

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10
Q

in micelles, have the ____ _____ in the center and the ___ _____ ___ on the outside

A

hydrophobic chains, charged carboxyl group

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11
Q

micelles can ___ and ___ in water

A

dissolve, move

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12
Q

____ are artificially prepared vesicles used in lab experiments

A

liposomes

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13
Q

in the fluid mosaic model, ____ and _____ are capable of lateral and transverse movement

A

lipids, proteins

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14
Q

what are the 2 classes of membrane proteins?

A

peripheral (extrinsic), integral (intrinsic)

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15
Q

peripheral membrane proteins are ___ to the lipid bilayer

A

external

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16
Q

integral membrane proteins are ____ or ____ the lipid bilayer

A

into, through

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17
Q

peripheral proteins interact with the membrane through ____ and ____ _____ interactions with integral proteins

A

electrostatic, hydrogen bonding

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18
Q

what are the 2 types of integral proteins?

A

ones attached/anchored to the membrane by a small hydrophobic segment, ones completely enmeshed in the lipid bilayer

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19
Q

membrane proteins are ____ linked to lipid molecules

A

covalently

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20
Q

myristic acid and palmitic acid are proteins bound to ___ ____

A

fatty acids

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21
Q

_____ is the strong and protective peptide/polysaccharide layer of bacterial cell walls

A

peptidoglycan

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22
Q

gram negative bacterial such as E Coli have the peptidoglycan layer where?

A

between 2 bilayers

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23
Q

gram positive bacteria such as aureus have a thicker peptidoglycan layer ____ to a single lipid bilayer

A

external

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24
Q

what are the 2 types of carbohydrate containing molecules in animal cells and tissue?

A

glycoproteins, proteoglycans

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25
Q

glycoproteins are located where?

A

on the cell surface

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26
Q

proteoglycans are located where?

A

in the extracellular matrix

27
Q

______ are proteins with covalently linked oligo- or polysaccharide groups

A

glycoproteins

28
Q

___-_____ ______ are carbohydrate groups linked to polypeptide chains via the hydroxyl groups of serine, threonine, or hydroxylysine

A

O linked glycoproteins

29
Q

what are the 3 hydroxyl groups that can link carbohydrate groups to polypeptide chains for O-linked glycoproteins?

A

serine, threonine, hydroxylysine

30
Q

O-linked glycoproteins are often found where?

A

in cell surface glycoproteins

31
Q

___-_____ ______ are carbohydrate groups linked via the amide nitrogen of an asparagine residue

A

N-linked glycoproteins

32
Q

what is commonly found in proteins including immunoglobulins, ribonuclease, ovalbumin, and peptide hormones?

A

N-linked glycoproteins

33
Q

____ is a family of glycoproteins whose carbohydrate groups are predominantly glycosaminoglycans

A

proteoglycans

34
Q

chondroitin, sulfate, dermatan sulfate, and heparan sulfate are examples of what?

A

proteoglycans

35
Q

where are the 2 locations of proteoglycans?

A

extracellular matrix, integral membrane proteins

36
Q

what are the 2 functions of proteoglycans?

A

modulate cell growth processes by binding to growth factor, make cartilage flexible and resistant

37
Q

what are the 3 types of membrane transport processes?

A

passive transport, facilitated diffusion, active transport

38
Q

passive transport for an uncharged molecules depends on the _____ on the two sides of the ____

A

concentrations (C1 and C2), membrane

39
Q

passive transport for a charged molecule depends on _____ and the ____ of the species

A

concentrations, charge

40
Q

what facilitated diffusion system is found in cells such as erythrocytes (red blood cells)?

A

glucose transport system, anion transport system

41
Q

in the anion transport system, _____ ions diffuse out of the cell and _____ ions diffuse into the cell

A

bicarbonate (HCO3-), chloride (Cl-)

42
Q

____ ____ systems use energy derived from hydrolysis of ATP

A

active transport

43
Q

the ____ _____ transports monovalent anions across cell membranes to maintain optimal cytoplasmic concentrations

A

sodium pump

44
Q

what are the 3 components of the sodium pump?

A

Na+. K+, -ATPase

45
Q

what are the 3 molecules used in transporting protons into the stomach to maintain the low pH needed for digestion of foods by pepsin?

A

H+, K+, -ATPase

46
Q

___ _____ is used to transport Ca2+ ions in muscle cells to regulate the muscle contraction process

A

active transport

47
Q

___ ____ is used to transport protons into the stomach to maintain the low pH needed for digestion of foods by pepsin

A

active transport

48
Q

in mono and bi-layers, the ___ ____ _____ is in the water and the _____ ____ ______ cluster together on the inside

A

charged phosphate group, hydrophobic fatty acids

49
Q

the ____ ____ of the bilayer is a barrier that separates one side of the membrane from the other

A

hydrophobic interior

50
Q

lipid-linked membrane proteins are ____ attached to the membrane for anchoring

A

covalently

51
Q

integral and peripheral proteins interact via ___ ___ ____ ______ to keep the peripheral protein in place

A

R side-chain interactions

52
Q

cholesterol is needed in the fluid mosaic model of membrane structure for what 2 purposes?

A

increase membrane strength, give membrane flexibilty

53
Q

what is the primary/most common type of integral protein?

A

a helix

54
Q

what are the 2 types of integral proteins?

A

a helix, b barrel

55
Q

___ ______ integral proteins have antiparallel protein chains that have a hollow channel in the middle that acts as a transport channel

A

beta barrel

56
Q

_____ are on the outside of the cell membrane and identify other cell types

A

carbohydrates

57
Q

what are the 2 types of membrane carbohydrates?

A

glycoproteins, glycolipids

58
Q

the ABO blood group system is due to ____ attached to membrane ______

A

carbohydrates, sphingolipids

59
Q

what are the 3 types of blood classification?

A

ABO, Rh, MN

60
Q

Rh blood classification depends on the ____ attached to the membrane

A

protein

61
Q

the ___ ____ of biological membranes is made spontaneously by ______

A

lipid bilayer, glycerophospholipids

62
Q

the phosphate group of membranes is hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

A

hydrophilic

63
Q

the ___ _____ model of membrane structure considers that the bilayer is a fluid supporting matrix for membrane proteins

A

fluid mosaic

BIOC3021 (25 decks)

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