Membranes Flashcards
____ and _____ are produced by amphipathic lipid molecules interacting with water
monolayers, micelles
____ are lipid aggregates that have the hydrophobic tails in the center and polar head facing outward
micelles
what are the 2 types of spontaneously formed lipid structures?
monolayers, bilayers
____ are produced spontaneously by certain lipids, particularly phospholipids
bilayers
bilayers wrap around themselves to form closed ____ that can consist of many bilayers
vesicles
a _____ is a vesicle with a single bilayer
liposome
____ can be used as a drug or enzyme delivery system in therapeutic application
liposomes
biological membranes are ____ structures
dynamic
biological membranes are composed of ___ and ____
phospholipids, proteins
in micelles, have the ____ _____ in the center and the ___ _____ ___ on the outside
hydrophobic chains, charged carboxyl group
micelles can ___ and ___ in water
dissolve, move
____ are artificially prepared vesicles used in lab experiments
liposomes
in the fluid mosaic model, ____ and _____ are capable of lateral and transverse movement
lipids, proteins
what are the 2 classes of membrane proteins?
peripheral (extrinsic), integral (intrinsic)
peripheral membrane proteins are ___ to the lipid bilayer
external
integral membrane proteins are ____ or ____ the lipid bilayer
into, through
peripheral proteins interact with the membrane through ____ and ____ _____ interactions with integral proteins
electrostatic, hydrogen bonding
what are the 2 types of integral proteins?
ones attached/anchored to the membrane by a small hydrophobic segment, ones completely enmeshed in the lipid bilayer
membrane proteins are ____ linked to lipid molecules
covalently
myristic acid and palmitic acid are proteins bound to ___ ____
fatty acids
_____ is the strong and protective peptide/polysaccharide layer of bacterial cell walls
peptidoglycan
gram negative bacterial such as E Coli have the peptidoglycan layer where?
between 2 bilayers
gram positive bacteria such as aureus have a thicker peptidoglycan layer ____ to a single lipid bilayer
external
what are the 2 types of carbohydrate containing molecules in animal cells and tissue?
glycoproteins, proteoglycans
glycoproteins are located where?
on the cell surface
proteoglycans are located where?
in the extracellular matrix
______ are proteins with covalently linked oligo- or polysaccharide groups
glycoproteins
___-_____ ______ are carbohydrate groups linked to polypeptide chains via the hydroxyl groups of serine, threonine, or hydroxylysine
O linked glycoproteins
what are the 3 hydroxyl groups that can link carbohydrate groups to polypeptide chains for O-linked glycoproteins?
serine, threonine, hydroxylysine
O-linked glycoproteins are often found where?
in cell surface glycoproteins
___-_____ ______ are carbohydrate groups linked via the amide nitrogen of an asparagine residue
N-linked glycoproteins
what is commonly found in proteins including immunoglobulins, ribonuclease, ovalbumin, and peptide hormones?
N-linked glycoproteins
____ is a family of glycoproteins whose carbohydrate groups are predominantly glycosaminoglycans
proteoglycans
chondroitin, sulfate, dermatan sulfate, and heparan sulfate are examples of what?
proteoglycans
where are the 2 locations of proteoglycans?
extracellular matrix, integral membrane proteins
what are the 2 functions of proteoglycans?
modulate cell growth processes by binding to growth factor, make cartilage flexible and resistant
what are the 3 types of membrane transport processes?
passive transport, facilitated diffusion, active transport
passive transport for an uncharged molecules depends on the _____ on the two sides of the ____
concentrations (C1 and C2), membrane
passive transport for a charged molecule depends on _____ and the ____ of the species
concentrations, charge
what facilitated diffusion system is found in cells such as erythrocytes (red blood cells)?
glucose transport system, anion transport system
in the anion transport system, _____ ions diffuse out of the cell and _____ ions diffuse into the cell
bicarbonate (HCO3-), chloride (Cl-)
____ ____ systems use energy derived from hydrolysis of ATP
active transport
the ____ _____ transports monovalent anions across cell membranes to maintain optimal cytoplasmic concentrations
sodium pump
what are the 3 components of the sodium pump?
Na+. K+, -ATPase
what are the 3 molecules used in transporting protons into the stomach to maintain the low pH needed for digestion of foods by pepsin?
H+, K+, -ATPase
___ _____ is used to transport Ca2+ ions in muscle cells to regulate the muscle contraction process
active transport
___ ____ is used to transport protons into the stomach to maintain the low pH needed for digestion of foods by pepsin
active transport
in mono and bi-layers, the ___ ____ _____ is in the water and the _____ ____ ______ cluster together on the inside
charged phosphate group, hydrophobic fatty acids
the ____ ____ of the bilayer is a barrier that separates one side of the membrane from the other
hydrophobic interior
lipid-linked membrane proteins are ____ attached to the membrane for anchoring
covalently
integral and peripheral proteins interact via ___ ___ ____ ______ to keep the peripheral protein in place
R side-chain interactions
cholesterol is needed in the fluid mosaic model of membrane structure for what 2 purposes?
increase membrane strength, give membrane flexibilty
what is the primary/most common type of integral protein?
a helix
what are the 2 types of integral proteins?
a helix, b barrel
___ ______ integral proteins have antiparallel protein chains that have a hollow channel in the middle that acts as a transport channel
beta barrel
_____ are on the outside of the cell membrane and identify other cell types
carbohydrates
what are the 2 types of membrane carbohydrates?
glycoproteins, glycolipids
the ABO blood group system is due to ____ attached to membrane ______
carbohydrates, sphingolipids
what are the 3 types of blood classification?
ABO, Rh, MN
Rh blood classification depends on the ____ attached to the membrane
protein
the ___ ____ of biological membranes is made spontaneously by ______
lipid bilayer, glycerophospholipids
the phosphate group of membranes is hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
hydrophilic
the ___ _____ model of membrane structure considers that the bilayer is a fluid supporting matrix for membrane proteins
fluid mosaic