Electron Transport Flashcards
what is the result of the electron transport and oxidative phosphorilization process?
high yield ATP
where do these processes take place in eukaryotes?
mitochondria
what types of proteins are used?
integral membrane proteins
during electron transport, a ____ ____ is established across the mitochondrial membrane
proton gradient
the movement of protons through the ____ ____ enzyme in the inner mitochondrial membrane leads to ATP synthesis
ATP synthase
what links the TCA cycle and electron transport?
H of NADH and H of FADH2
NADH binds to the _____ complex protein of the electron transport chain
first
FADH2 binds to the ____ complex protein of the electron transport chain
second
protons are released into the ___ ____ of the cell
intermembrane space
the interaction of molecular oxygen with complex ____ leads to the production of H2O
four
complex four is stimulated by what reaction?
O2 from our lungs being converted into water
_____ molecules are transported between complex 3 and 4
cytochrome C
NADH - NAD+ + ____+______
H+, 2e-
what 2 components are also involved in addition to oxygen to produce water?
protons and electrons
NAD stands for ___ ___ _____
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
the adenine in NAD is ribose/dexoyribose?
ribose
what are the 3 components of the adenosine of NAD+?
adenine, ribose, 2 phosphate groups
the base nicotinamide is a modification of what B vitamin?
niacin
what is the modification to niacin that produces micotinamide?
carboxyl has amino group added to give amide
where does the proton bind when NADH is produced from NAD?
next to hydrogen at top of nicotinamide
how many mitochondria are in each cell?
1,000-2,000
what type of cell has the most mitochondria?
liver
the ____ ____ of the mitochondria has folds that provide extensive surface area for electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation to occur
inner membrane
how many protein subunits are part of complex 1?
greater than 30 (44 in humans)
cytochrome C works in the hydrophilic space of the ____ _____
inner membrane
when cytochrome C is alternating between complexes 3 and 4, it also moves ___ and ____
protons, electrons
when CytC is oxidized, it gives up the ____
proton and some electrons
coemzyme Q is a _____ lipid that is insoluble in the matrix
terpene
what other molecule in addition to CytC is transporting electrons and protons?
Coenzyme Q
NADH has a binding site on complex ____
one
when NADH+H+ becomes NAD+, what two places do protons go?
across gradient to intermembrane space, to the cycle of coenzyme Q and into protein 3
what reaction that also occurs in the TCA cycle occurs during electron transport?
succinate to fumarate
where does the reaction of succinate to fumarate take place?
complex 2
complex ____ does not transport protons from the matrix to the intermembrane space
two
what is the enzyme name of complex 1?
NADH coenzyme Q reductase
what is the enzyme name of complex 2?
succinate coenzyme Q reductase
what is the enzyme name of complex 3?
coenzyme Q cytochrome C reductase
what is the enzyme name of complex 4?
cytochrome C oxidase
how many protein subunits are in complex 2?
4
how many protein subunits are in complex 3?
11
how many subunits are in complex 4?
13
what protein is also called flavoprotein 1?
complex 1
what is the coenzyme found in complex 1?
flavin mononucleotide
what protein is also called flavoprotein 2?
complex 2
what is the coenzyme found in complex 2?
flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)
FMN and FAD are derivatives of what vitamin?
riboflavin (B2)
what modification occurs to riboflavin to produced FMN?
addition of phosphate
what modification occurs to riboflavin to produce FAD?
addition of ADP covalently bound
what is another name for ATP synthase?
F1F0 ATP synthase
what oval structures project down from ATP synthase into the mitochondrial matrix?
F1 spheres
what portion of ATP synthase is the integral membrane protein?
F0
what part of the ATP synthase stimulates ATP synthesis?
F1
the ____ subunits of ATP synthase is spinning in the membrane at 6,000 rps
c
what is the movement of the c subunits of ATP synthase stimulated by?
movement of protons through middle of the structure
the ____ _____ is the central part of ATP synthase where protons travel to get into the matrix
gamma stalk
the rotation of the c and gamma stalk subunits brings about ______ _______ of alpha and beta subunits to uncover the active site and allow for transformation of ADP to ATP
conformational change
how are the active sites of the alpha and beta enzymes of ATP synthase uncovered?
rapid rotation of c and gamma stalk
what subunits keep the ATP synthase unit together?
A, B, delta, epsilon
how many alpha and beta units are in the F1 spheres?
3
how many gamma stalks are present?
1
how many delta and episilon units are presents?
1
how many A units are presents?
1
how many B units are present?
2
how many C units are present?
10 (depends on source)
how many total units are in the F1 spheres?
9
how many total units are in the F0 integral membrane protein?
13
what complexes does UQ (coenzyme Q) move protons between?
1 and 3, 2 and 3
cytochrome C is a ____ protein
globular
glycolysis occurs in the ___ of the cell whereas energy generation occurs in the ______
cytosol, mitochondria
the NADH produced by glycolysis in the cytosol cannot pass through the ____ ____ _____
inner mitochondrial membrane
what mechanism transfers NADH from glycolysis in the cytosol to the mitochondrial matrix?
malate-aspartate shuttle
the ____ of NADH and free H+ link to _____ in the cytosol
H+, oxaloacetate
the H+ of NADH and free H+ linking to oxaloacetate produce _____
malate
in the mitochondrial matrix once the malate has passed through, the protons are added back to _____ to produce NADH+ and a ______ ______
NAD, free proton
