nouns Flashcards
a natural ability, such as the ability to see, hear, or think clearly
faculty /ˈfækəlti/ noun (plural faculties)
She is over eighty but still has all her faculties.
Is he in command/possession of all his faculties (= Can he still hear, speak, see and think clearly)?
a particular skill that someone has
faculty /ˈfækəlti/
She had a great faculty for picking up speech even in noisy environments
talent
a joke or remark that you make to annoy or criticize someone
dig (at)
They were having a little dig at her about the way she tells everybody else what to do.
He couldn’t resist a dig at the referee.
Here was a chance to have a dig at trade unionists
the reason for a particular problem or difficulty:
culprit
High production costs are the main culprit.
تعدیل نیرو
situation in which someone has to leave their job, because they are no longer needed Synonym : layoff
redundancy /rɪˈdʌndənsi/
The closure of the mine led to large-scale redundancies.
The case of your redundancy will be heard by an independent tribunal.
layoff
The recent economic crisis has led to massive layoffs.
پاورقی
a piece of additional information that is not very important but is interesting or helps you understand something
footnote (to)
There was an interesting footnote to the story.
تعطیل موقتی ، احاله بوقت دیگر
a temporary stopping of a trial, enquiry, or other meeting.
adjournment [ǝ’dʒǝ:nm(ǝ)nt]
The court ordered a four month adjournment.
تأخیر وقفه، تعلل، تعویق
the act of delaying an event happening or arranging for it to take place at a later time than originally planned.
postponement /pəus’tpəunmənt/
The postponement was due to a dispute over where the talks should be held.
They are calling for a further postponement of the election date.
The death of one of the candidates forced postponement of the voting until 1 June.
hold-up
Despite the odd hold-up, we finished on time
There was a long hold-up on the highway.
وقفه‌ای طولانی در بزرگراه وجود داشت [آن بزرگراه به‌شدت ترافیک بود].
the act of delaying or stopping sth for a while or until a decision is made about it.
suspension
He incurred a suspension on reduced pay
تعلیق از کار
removal from a job or position for a period of time or until a decision is made about them.
suspension
A four-day suspension was imposed on her
The athlete could face a lengthy period of suspension if found guilty.
a warning or piece of advice telling you to be careful
caution /ˈkɔːʃən $ ˈkɒː-/
Another caution will result in his automatic suspension from the final.
A final word of caution – never try any of this without backing up your system.
احتیاط
the quality of being very careful to avoid danger or risks
caution /ˈkɔːʃən $ ˈkɒː-/
Many parents are tempted to intervene, but most experts counsel caution
The utmost caution must be exercised when handling explosives.
The information should be treated with some caution
فروتنی ، تواضع
humility /hjuːˈmɪləti, hjuːˈmɪlɪti/
They might be very rich, but it wouldn’t hurt them to show a little humility.
آنها ممکن است خیلی ثروتمند باشند اما فکر نمی‌کنم کمی تواضع نشان دادن آزاری به آنها برساند.
احساس حقارت
humiliation /hjuːˌmɪliˈeɪʃən/
What really upset me was the humiliation of having to ask her for money.
He suffered the humiliation of defeat in the first round of the competition.
شوخ‌طبعی
humor /ˈhjuː.mər/
He has a great sense of humor.
او حس شوخ‌طبعی فوق‌العاده‌ای دارد.
I can’t stand people with no sense of humor.
نمی‌توانم آدم‌هایی که هیچ حس شوخ‌طبعی ندارند را تحمل کنم.
فکاهی نویس، طنزپرداز
humorist /ˈhjuːmərɪst/
خجالت
embarrassment /ɪmˈbær.ə.smənt/
I felt some embarrassment as we shook hands
The government wishes to avoid further embarrassment over the affair.
She blushed with embarrassment.
(صورت) او از خجالت سرخ شد.
Helen changed the subject to save me the embarrassment of replying.
could have died of embarrassment when I saw her standing behind me.
I still squirm(از ناراحتی پیچ و تاب خوردن) with embarrassment at the thought of it.
flush of embarrassment came to her cheeks.
Much to his embarrassment, Mike realized that a small crowd was watching him.
I could have died of embarrassment when I saw her standing behind me.
تپه ، برامدگی
a pile of earth or stones that looks like a small hill
mound /maʊnd/
There’s a mound of papers on my desk.
The waiter appeared with a huge mound of spaghetti.
دربدر ، خانه بدوش
someone who has no home and travels from place to place
vagabond /ˈvæɡəbɒnd $ -bɑːnd/
They live a vagabond life/existence, travelling around in a caravan.
tramp /træmp/
دسته ، گروه
lot
Could you help me carry this lot upstairs?
the whole of an amount or number of things, people etc
lot
We’ll do everything – cooking, washing, ironing – the lot.
I can’t believe you ate the whole lot.
I think that’s the lot (=everything is included).
محوطه ، قطعه زمین
an area of land used for building on or for another purpose:
lot
the vacant lot (=empty land) behind the Commercial Hotel
هشیاری (در برابر مستی)
sobriety /səˈbraɪəti/
John had periods of sobriety, but always went back to drinking.
قرعه
lot
In Athens at that time, judges were chosen by lot
the problems and difficulties of a situation
the rigors of something /ˈrɪɡə $ -ər/
all the rigors of a Canadian winter
the stresses and rigours of modern life
ذوق ، سلیقه
taste
While she was in France she developed a taste for fine wines
He asked about my taste in music.
Some people have really bad taste in clothes
مالکیت
the legal right to have or own something
title to
He has title to the land.
a strong desire to have or achieve something
aspiration /ˌæspəˈreɪʃən, ˌæspɪˈreɪʃən/
He has high aspirations and wants to improve his qualifications
a political party that fulfils the aspirations of the British people
aspirations towards starting his own business
مرخصی
leave of absence
سکوی پرتاب
an event or experience that helps you achieve something else:
stepping stone
I see this job just as a stepping stone to better things.
a very short distance
be a stone’s throw
The apartment is just a stone’s throw from the sea.
“Is your house far from here?” “No, it’s only a stone’s throw away.”
be on one’s doorstep
There’s a lovely park right on our doorstep.
an activity or situation that is annoying or unpleasant
bore
Ironing is such a bore.
It’s an awful bore cooking a meal every night.
It’s such a bore to have to write this out all over again.
کُرک
fluff
He was picking bits of fluff off his trousers.
توفیق اجباری
something that seems bad or unlucky at first, but results in something good happening later
a blessing in disguise
Losing that job was a blessing in disguise really.
پستوی ذهن
recesses of mind
fears hidden away in the darker recesses of her mind
تعطیل موقتی
recess /rɪˈses $ ˈriːses, rɪˈses/
Parliament is taking the Christmas recess a little early this year.
The decision cannot be made while the council is in recess
باز گردانی
the return of items stolen or lost
restitution /restəˈtjuːʃən, ˌrestɪˈtjuːʃən $ -ˈtuː-/
They are demanding the restitution of ancient treasures that were removed from the country in the 16th century
چروک صورت
a deep line on someone’s face caused by becoming old
wrinkle:
The manufacturers claim that the cream will reduce wrinkles.
Even with a few wrinkles, she still looks great.
پالایش
refinement /rɪˈfaɪn.mənt/
تصحیح
refinement /rɪˈfaɪn.mənt/
The technology requires a great deal of refinement
It is possible to add a few useful refinements to the basic system
a refinement on previous methods is necessary
ازدحام
swarm / swɔːrm/
Swarms of tourists jostled through the square
The dead sheep was covered with swarms of flies.
غضب
a feeling of great anger and shock
outrage /ˈaʊtreɪdʒ/
The news was greeted with outrage
Shopkeepers voiced their outrage at the new tax.
The guests all shouted in outrage
The response to the jury’s verdict was one of outrage
The announcement provoked howls of outrage.
apoplexy /ˈæp.ə.plek.si/
In a fit of apoplexy, he thumped the table with both hands.
the decision has aroused apoplexy among environmentalists
توهین ، هتک حرمت
a shocking, morally unacceptable, and usually violent action
outrage / ˈaʊtreɪdʒ/
It’s an outrage that so much public money should have been wasted in this way.
The new law on pensions is an outrage against the elderly
Much of the outrage was directed at foreign nationals.
Media reports generated moral outrage.
شگفتی ، حیرت
astonishment /əˈstɒnɪʃmənt $ əˈstɑː-/
She stared at him in astonishment.
She could not hide her astonishment
خشم - عصبانیت
indignation /ˌɪndɪɡˈneɪʃən/
Her indignation at such rough treatment was understandable.
The government expressed its indignation over the way the incident had been handled.
His voice sounded full of indignation.
Your indignation is righteous.عصبانیت شما بجاست.
He was quivering with indignation.
او داشت از عصبانیت می‌لرزید.
Your indignation at their treatment is understandable
عصبانیت شما از طرز برخورد آنها قابل درک است.
exasperation
The organization has expressed its exasperation with the government
he felt sheer exasperation at his failure
لک
stain
The glass fell off the table and a dark stain spread over the carpet
The coffee left a stain on his shirt
a close friend
pal /pæl/
We’ve been pals since we were at school
یارو
pal /pæl/
Look, pal, I don’t want you hanging around
اجداد - نیاکان
forefathers
جستجوی خوشبختی
the pursuit of happiness
مالک زمین ، ارباب
Esquire /ɪˈskwaɪəʳ $ ˈeskwaɪər ɪˈskwaɪər/
مشترک - آبونه شده
subscriber /səbˈskraɪ.bəʳ/ US /-bɚ/ :
Cable television companies have launched major campaigns to increase their number of subscribers.
حق اشتراک - آبونمان
an amount of money that you pay regularly to receive a product or service or to be a member of an organization
subscription /səbˈskrɪp.ʃən/ :
UK We bought our niece an annual subscription to the tennis club.
I decided to take out (= pay for) a subscription to a gardening magazine
تنبلی ، سستی
sloth /sləʊθ $ sloʊθ/
Workers could be punished for incompetence or sloth.
The report criticizes the government’s sloth in tackling environmental problems.
احتمال /امکان وقوع
the odds
The odds against a plane crash are around a million to one.
What are the odds (=how likely is it) that they will mess up?
prospect
I see no prospect of things improving here.
There is every prospect (=a strong possibility) of the weather remaining dry this week.
There are good prospects for growth in the retail sector.
There’s a real prospect that England will not qualify for the World Cup.
There’s a reasonable prospect that his debts will be paid
There is little prospect of any improvement in the weather
The prospect of bankruptcy galvanized him into liquidating his assets.
احتمال ورشکستگی او را به نقد کردن دارایی هایش واداشت.
ضریب شانس
the numbers that show how much money you will win if you bet on the winner of a horse race or other competition
odds of
At odds of 10–1 he bet a hundred pounds.
The odds on the outsider were 1-100
سختی ها - مصائب -مشقت‌ها
difficulties which make a good result seem very unlikely
odds
She struggled against terrible odds to overcome her illness.
The hospital’s director has been battling against the odds to improve patient care.
The soldiers’ job was to hold on despite impossible odds.
The film is a heart-warming tale of triumph against the odds
What are the odds on him being (= Do you think he will be) re-elected?
Trials /ˈtraɪəlz/
She was a sore trial to her family at times
the daily trials of living in a poor country
Tribulations /trɪbjəˈleɪʃənz/
the trials and tribulations of running a business
despite something seeming very unlikely
against all odds
Against all odds, he recovered from his illness.
خوشه – دسته
bunch
He had a bunch of keys on his belt.
There’s a whole bunch of places I want to visit
تجلیل، ستایش افتخار
the fame and public admiration that a person receives as a result of a particular achievement or position in society
kudos /ˈkjuːdɒs $ ˈkuːdɑːs/
Employees enjoy the kudos that the job brings as much as the financial rewards.
There was considerable kudos attached to being on the advisory board.
Being an actor has a certain amount of kudos attached to it.
افتخار زیادی ضمیمه این مقام است.
she was looking for kudos rather than profit.
او به جای سود به دنبال افتخار بود.
چپاول غارتگری
a situation in which an army goes through a place, destroying or stealing things and attacking people
sack
the sack of Rome in 1527
گونی ، کیسه
sack
We need about a sack of rice.
نعره
a loud shout
yell
Suddenly there was a loud/great yell from the bathroom.
حضانت - سرپرستی
custody
After the breakup, the parents were awarded joint custody
He is fighting a bitter custody battle for his children
I gonna take away the custody you have
The court will decide who will be given custody.
Allen is seeking custody of his two children
Their mother is likely to win custody
Henry has claimed custody of his son
دمدمی مزاجی ، دو سو گرایی
simultaneous conflicting feelings toward a person or thing
ambivalence /æm’bıvələns/
She felt a certain ambivalence towards him.
ambivalence about supporting the government
a race or competition that only one of the competitors has a real chance of winning
one-horse race :
This election has been a one-horse race right from the start.
حس امید به آینده
feelgood factor
تفسیر ، تعبیر
interpretation /ɪnˌtɜrprɪˈteɪʃən/
The dispute is based on two widely differing interpretations of the law.
مشاجره به خاطر دو تفسیر کاملا متفاوت از یک قانون است
نیروی ذهنی
a natural ability, such as the ability to see, hear, or think clearly
faculty /ˈfækəlti/
She is over eighty but still has all her faculties
He is not in full possession of all his mental faculties
استعداد
a natural ability to do something easily and well
faculty /ˈfækəlti/
Her faculty for picking up speech even in noisy environments is amazing
talent
facility (for)
She has an amazing facility for languages
She showed an amazing facility for mind-reading
He played with great facility.
تجلی، نمود، ظهور
manifestation /ˌ mænɪfəˈsteɪʃən /
These latest riots are a clear manifestation of growing discontent.
a job, especially one that does not last for a long time
gig
نگهداری مواظبت
maintenance /ˈmeɪnt.ən.əns/
Old houses require too much maintenance.
خانه های قدیمی به نگهداری زیادی نیاز دارند
ملک اربابی - خانه بزرگ
a big old house with a large area of land around it
manor /ˈmænə $ -ər/
روش ، طریقه
the way in which something is done or happens
manner /ˈmænə $ -ər/
He felt some guilt over the manner of her death.
I had hoped you would behave in a more responsible manner.
The issue will be resolved in a manner that is fair to both sides.
The matter should be submitted to the accounts committee in the usual manner.
claims must be settled in a professional and timely manner
رفتار
the way in which someone behaves towards or talks to other people
manner /ˈmænə $ -ər/
She has a calm relaxed manner.
Something in Beth’s manner towards him had changed
demeanor /dı’mi:nə/
He maintained a professional demeanor throughout.
از اول تا آخر رفتار حرفه ای اش را حفظ کرد.
conduct /ˈkɒndʌkt $ ˈkɑːn-/
The violent conduct by the strikers was condemned
The committee concluded that the senators had engaged in improper conduct
The minister was called to court to explain his conduct
رسوم ، عادات
the customs of a particular group of people
manners :
a book about the life and manners of Victorian London
آداب غذاخوری
table manners
Dad gave us a lecture about our table manners.
نوع
manner /ˈmænə $ -ər/
We would discuss all manner of subjects
What manner of son would treat his mother in such a way?
ادب
manners
Didn’t your parents teach you any manners?
I’m sorry, I was forgetting my manners. Can I offer you a drink?
He could at least have had the manners to answer my letter.
courtesy /ˈkɜrt̬.ə.si/
He didn’t even have the courtesy to call and say he couldn’t come.
The hotel staff must treat guests with courtesy at all times.
کارکنان هتل باید همیشه با مهمانان با ادب و احترام رفتار کنند.
It’s a matter of common courtesy to acknowledge letters
Please have the courtesy to hear me out.
لطفا ادب داشته باش و بذار حرفم تموم بشه.
منبع الهام
muse
The muse has left me - I haven’t written any poetry for months!
Juliet was not only the painter’s best model but also his muse.
چاپلوسی پاچه‌خواری
ass-licking /ˈæslˈɪkɪŋ/
Enough with the ass-licking—just tell me what you really think.
چاپلوسی را تمام کن؛ نظر واقعی‌ات را بهم بگو.
sycophancy /ˈsɪkəfənsi/
Your compliment verges more on sycophancy.
تعریف شما بیشتر شبیه چاپلوسیه.
servility /sɜːˈvɪl.ɪ.ti/ US /sɝːˈvɪl.ə.ţi/
She found the servility of the hotel staff embarrassing.
خار در چشم - موی دماغ
pain in the neck
.The customer is a pain in the neck. He is always complaining about something.
. آن مشتری مثل خار در چشم می‌ماند. همیشه درباره چیزی اعتراض دارد.
مرخصی
leave of absence
سکوی پرتاب
an event or experience that helps you achieve something else:
stepping stone
I see this job just as a stepping stone to better things.
دفعه آخر
last straw
وحشیگری ، ددمنشی
ferocity /fəɹˈɑːsɪti/
It attacks its prey with great ferocity
Detectives were shocked by the ferocity of the attack
قوانین ضد جرم
crime-busting laws
سان و رژه
parade /pəˈreɪd/
The police held an identity parade
The soldiers will be on parade tomorrow
The president reviewed the military parade
خودشیفتگی
vanity . [‘vanɪti]
Men who use steroids are often motivated by sheer vanity.
همدردی ، تسلیت ، اظهار تاسف
condolence /kənˈdəʊləns $ -ˈdoʊ-/
On behalf of all who know, we offer our sincere condolences
He expressed his condolences to Kermit
Edward’s parents sent their condolences
تخمین / حدس سرانگشتی
scientific wild-ass guess
a king or queen
monarch /ˈmɒnək $ ˈmɑːnərk, -ɑːrk/
The monarch died before he could name an heir to the throne.
پادشاه قبل از آنکه بتواند جانشینی برای تاج و تخت خود مشخص کند، درگذشت.
ظرافت ، نکته بینی ، دقت ، زیرکی
finesse /fəˈnes, fɪˈnes/
It was a disappointing performance that lacked finesse.
delicacy /ˈdelɪkəsi/
He carried out his duties with great delicacy and understanding
Perspicacity [pǝ:spɪ’kasɪti]
the perspicacity of her remarks baffled me.
فراست اظهارات او مرا مبهوت کرد.
جان کنی ، کارپرزحمت
drudgery /ˈdrʌdʒəri/
Women are rebelling against domestic drudgery.
اعجوبه ، شگفتی ، نابغه
a young person who has a great natural ability in a subject or skill
prodigy /ˈprɒdɪdʒi $ ˈprɑː-/
The 16-year-old tennis prodigy is the youngest player ever to reach the Olympic finals.
genius
عملیات تخریبی ، خرابکاری عمدی
sabotage /ˈsæbətɑːʒ/
Angry workers were responsible for the sabotage of the machines.
دنیای مردسالار
male-dominated world
بلوغ زودرس
early maturity, premature development
precociousness /prɪˈkəʊ.ʃəs.nəs/ US /prəˈkoʊ.ʃəs.nəs/
His parents had recognized his musical precociousness.
غرامت ، جبران
recompense /ˈrekəmpens/
He was given £1,000 in recompense for his loss
Substantial damages were paid in recompense
financial recompense for the victims of violence
اجبار ، اضطرار
compulsion /kəmˈpʌlʃən/
Owners are under no compulsion to sell their land.
وسواس
a strong and unreasonable desire to do something
compulsion /kəmˈpʌlʃən/
Leith felt an overwhelming compulsion to tell him the truth.
He felt an inner compulsion to write.
وحی ، الهام
revelation /ˌrevəˈleɪʃən/
A sudden flash of revelation came to him
His acting ability was a revelation to us all.
He claimed to know these things by divine revelation.
A sudden flash of revelation came to him
To many younger members of her audience, these performances must have come as a revelation.
اشکار سازی ، افشاء
revelation /ˌrevəˈleɪʃən/
He resigned after revelations about his affair.
The embarrassing revelations came just hours before he was to make his speech.
The demonstration proved something of a revelation for our teachers.
نارضایتی ، ناخشنودی
a feeling of being unhappy and not satisfied with the situation you are in
discontent /ˌdɪskənˈtent
There is widespread discontent at the quality of education
There were reports of growing discontent within the army
Public discontent with the economy remained at a high level.
Overcrowded conditions fueled discontent and facilitated the spread of radical ideas
The higher tax provoked widespread discontent among the poor.
آه ، افسوس
sigh
She let out a sigh of impatience
There was an audible sigh of relief when the news came through that nobody was hurt.
رضایت ، خرسندی
the state of being happy and satisfied
contentment /kənˈtentmənt/
He gazed out to sea, with a feeling of deep contentment
They finally found contentment in living a simple life
وجد ، حظ یاخوشی زیاد
a feeling of extreme happiness
ecstasy /ˈekstəsi/
I was in sheer ecstasy over the prospect of meeting my idol.
She was in an ecstasy of love.
Kate closed her eyes in ecstasy at the thought of a cold drink.
euphoria /juːˈfɔːriə / از نوع زودگذر
The news sparked a wave of euphoria across the country
the euphoria we all felt when they were finally defeated
All the euphoria about the ‘new methods’ soon faded.
By then, the euphoria over the fall of the Berlin Wall had evaporated
تماشاگر
onlooker /ˈɒnˌlʊkə /
A crowd of onlookers had gathered at the scene of the accident
در ارتباط با، با توجه به
with reference to
in reference to
“I assume this to be in reference to an incident that occurred in mid 2003”
in relation to
as regards.
چاپلوسی ، تملق ، مفت خوری ، کاسه لیسی
sycophancy /ˈsɪk.ə.fən.si/ US /ˈsɪk.ə.fən.si/
The cozy sycophancy toward Smith was unbearable.
تمایل طبیعی به چیز بد
a tendency to behave in a particular way, or to like a particular thing – used especially about something bad
proclivity to/towards/for /prəˈklɪvəti, prəˈklɪvɪti $ proʊ-/
The child showed no proclivity towards aggression.
مسئله کوچک و جزئی
trifle /ˈtraɪfəl/
There’s no point in arguing over trifles.
allowance
His father gives him a monthly allowance of £200.
allowance
His father gives him a monthly allowance of £200.
ارامش ، اسودگی ، اسایش خاطر
tranquility /trænk’wılətı/
I love the tranquility of the lakes.
I do not want to rupture the tranquility of my life.
نمی خوام آرامش زندگیم و به هم بریزم
I feel a terrible longing for a modicum of tranquility.
دلم برای ذره‌ای آرامش بد جوری لک زده.
serenity /səˈren.ɪ.ti/ US /-ə.ţi/
Her face had an expression of absolute serenity.
She was able to face death with serenity.
شگفتی ، حیرت ، حیرانی
astonishment /əˈstɑn.ɪʃ.mənt/
She stared at him in astonishment.
To my astonishment, the car was gone.
bewilderment /bɪˈwɪldəmənt $ -dər-/
She looked at him in bewilderment
نجاست ، مدفوع ، پس مانده ، فضله
excrement /ˈekskrəmənt, ˈekskrɪmənt/
It smelled of damp mold and rat excrement
stool /stuːl/
He told the doctor he had been passing bloody stools.
حبوبات
legumes /ˈleɡjuːm, lɪˈɡjuːm/
اخلاق ورزشی
behaviour that is fair, honest, and polite in a game or sports competition
sportsmanship
We try to teach the kids good sportsmanship.
تمایل ، گرایش
a tendency or willingness to behave in a particular way
disposition /ˌdɪspəˈzɪʃən/
Neither side shows the slightest disposition to compromise.
Most children have a disposition towards obedience
inclination/ˌɪŋkləˈneɪʃən, ˌɪŋklɪˈneɪʃən/
Neither of my children showed the slightest inclination to follow me into journalism
In matters of dress she followed her personal inclinations rather than fashion
He is a teacher by occupation but a philosopher by inclination.
She has no inclination towards mysticism
tendency
Human beings have an innate tendency towards having a tranquil life.
انسانها به طور ذاتی به داشتن یک زندگی آرام تمایل دارند.
خلق و خو ، مزاج
disposition /ˌdɪspəˈzɪʃən/
The film is not suitable for people of a nervous disposition
temperament /ˈtempərəmənt/
قلمرو ، حوزه ، حیطه
an area of activity, interest, or knowledge, especially one that a particular person, organization etc deals with
domain /dəˈmeɪn, dəʊ- $ də-, doʊ-/
These documents are in the public domain (= available to everybody).
کار/هنر دستی
a job or activity in which you make things with your hands, and that you usually need skill to do
craft
The men practised various traditional crafts, such as carving toys
حضور در همه جا در یک وقت
the fact that something or someone seems to be everywhere
ubiquity /ju’bıkwıtı/:
the ubiquity of fast-food outlets
قدرت مطلق
omnipotence /ɔm’nıpətəns/
He doesn’t believe in the omnipotence of science.
حس ششم
gut feeling
I had a gut feeling that she was ditching me
حس ششمم بهم می گفت داره منو می پیچونه
حرف آخر ختم کلام
the most important aspect of something.
bottom line
You have all made compelling arguments, but the bottom line is that we need a viable, cost-effective solution, and I still don’t think we’ve found one yet.
قرون آخر تتمه پول
bottom dollar /ˈbɑtəm ˈdɑlər/
He spent his bottom dollar on some new clothes to wear for his job interview.
او قرون آخر پولش را خرج خریدن لباس جدیدی کرد تا در مصاحبه اش بپوشد.
خرناس ، خرخر
snort
He gave a loud snort
There were snorts of laughter from the audience.
She let out a loud snort of laughter.
درز ، ترک
flaw /flɔː $ flɒː/
Unfortunately, this plate has a slight flaw in it.
ایراد نقص
a mistake, mark, or weakness that makes something imperfect
flaw /flɔː $ flɒː/
It took me a long time to find the flaw in her logic
Engineers have identified serious design flaws in the proposed nuclear waste dump.
The markets have exposed the fatal flaw in the government’s economic policy.
Flaws have appeared in the new version of the software.
رد - اثر
a mark left by pressing something into a soft surface
impression
If you want to create the right impression, I suggest you wear a suit.
The day’s events left a lasting impression on them
Some of the fallen trees had left a clear impression in the hardened mud.
نظر تصور، برداشت
the opinion or feeling you have about someone or something
impression
I got the impression that she wasn’t very happy with her job.
What was your impression of Roger?
I don’t usually trust first impressions.
من معمولاً به برداشت‌های اول اعتماد نمی‌کنم.
The village gives a good impression of what a medieval city would have looked like.
The book leaves you with a distorted impression of politics.
It was difficult to avoid the impression that he was assisting them for selfish reasons.
I must correct a false impression that I gave you just now
She recorded her impressions of the city in her diary.
notion
Aristotle rejected the notion that the body and the soul are separate.
The research reinforces the notion (=make an idea stronger or easier to believe) that fathers have an important role in their children’s lives
Probably 95% of scientists now accept the notion that human activity is causing climate change
There is no evidence to support the notion that girls are treated better than boys in school.
misguided notions of male superiority
There seems to be a general notion that nothing can be done about the problem
The traditional notion of marriage goes back thousands of years.
پیمانه ، معیار
something that you compare another thing with, in order to judge how good or successful it is
yardstick
Profit is the most important yardstick of success for any business
The new test provides a yardstick against which to measure children’s learning.
We don’t have a common yardstick by which to compare the two cases.
وحی
divine revelation
He claimed to know these things by divine revelation.
چاپلوسی - تملق
blandishment
Despite the salesperson’s blandishments, Donna did not buy the car.
علی رغم چاپلوسی های فروشنده، “دانا” آن اتومبیل را نخرید.
I’m impervious to blandishment
چرب زبونی روی من اثر نداره
flattery
Salespeople are often accused of using artificial flattery.
smooth talk
همدردی ، حس ترحم
sympathy for a person or animal who is suffering or unhappy
pity
I listened to Jason’s story with pity.
I hated the thought of being an object of pity (=someone who other people feel sorry for).
جذابیت ، فریبندگی ، دلربایی
charm
She turned on the charm (=used her charm) to all the men.
The room had no windows and all the charm of a prison cell (=used to say that something has no charm).
عشوه گری ، دلبری ، طنازی ، غمزه ، کرشمه
coquetry /ˈkɒkətri, ˈkɒkɪtri $ ˈkoʊ-/
Claudio was easily caught in her web of coquetry and lies.
علاقه ، انس
fondness
I’ve always had a certain fondness for her
عزت نفس
the opinion that you have about yourself
ego /ˈiːɡoʊ/
I have enough ego not to want to give up easily in any contest.
. من به میزان کافی عزت نفس دارم که نخواهم در هیچ مسابقه‌ای تسلیم شوم.
That promotion really boosted her ego (=made her feel better about herself).
I need someone to massage my bruised ego (=when you feel less confident than before).
self-esteem
They are beginning to regain their confidence and self-esteem.
آنها دارند دوباره اعتمادبه‌نفس و عزت‌نفس خود را به‌دست می‌آورند.
someone’s opinion about a situation or idea
sb’s take (on something) :
What’s your take on this issue?
تمسخر استهزاء
mockery /ˈmɒkəri $ ˈmɑː-/
There was a hint of mockery in his voice.
مضحکه
something that is completely useless or ineffective
mockery /ˈmɒkəri $ ˈmɑː-/
She said that the trial had been a mockery.
تفسیر
a set of written remarks on an event, book or person which explains its subject or expresses an opinion on it:
commentary /ˈkɒməntəri $ ˈkɑːmənteri/
The novel provides a powerful social commentary on post-war Germany.
There’s a good arts coverage in the newspaper, but not much political commentary.
گزارش رویداد
a spoken description of an event, given while the event is happening, especially on the television or radio
commentary /ˈkɒməntəri $ ˈkɑːmənteri/
BBC1 will give a live commentary on the election results
The commentary on the Olympic games was much better on the other channel.
The helicopter was providing a running commentary(=a continuous description of something) to the police control room
Attenborough kept up a running commentary on the animals’ movements
سخن بی پایه و اساس
something someone says that you think is completely wrong or untrue
crap
You don’t believe all that crap, do you?
That’s a bunch/pile of crap! I never said that.
He came out with a load of crap about how he’d tried to call me yesterday.
I’m tired of you giving me crap (=saying bad things) about my long hair.
rubbish
چیز مزخرف و آشغال و بی‌ارزش
something that is very bad or is of bad quality
crap
They sell a lot of stuff cheap, but most of it is crap.
The game was a load of crap.
What is all this crap doing on my desk?
rubbish
وثیقه ، ضمانت
bail
She was murdered by a man who was out on bail for rape.
He is not likely to be granted bail.
Carter has been refused bail and will remain in custody.
The judge ordered that Jones be held without bail.
Two of the defendants jumped bail (= not return for your trial after bail has been granted)
and fled to New York.
Bail was set at $30,000.
She has been granted conditional bail
.Can anyone put up bail for you?
کسی می‌تواند برایت وثیقه بگذارد؟
She was released on £2,000 bail.
او با وثیقه 2000 پوندی آزاد شد.
The judge refused bail.
قاضی وثیقه را قبول نکرد.
هرج و مرج ، اغتشاش ، شلوغی
riot /ˈraɪət/
His murder triggered vicious race riots
hurly-burly
commotion /kəˈməʊʃən $ -ˈmoʊ-/
They heard a commotion downstairs.
Everyone looked to see what was causing the commotion
The people upstairs were making a great commotion.
The dogs set up a terrible commotion as we came near the house.
babel /ˈbeɪbəl / [singular, uncountable]
a babel of conflicting opinions
How do you expect me to hear what you are saying in such a babel?
چطور انتظار داری بشنوم چی می گی وقتی همه دارن حرف می زنن؟
مصالحه سازش
compromise /ˈkɑm.prəˌmɑɪz/
It is hoped that a compromise will be reached in today’s talks.
امید است که در مذاکرات امروز، به مصالحه‌ای رسیده شود.
You’ve both got to be willing to make compromises.
هر دوی شما باید مایل به انجام مصالحاتی باشید.
They’re still trying to work out an acceptable compromise.
It is best to try to seek a compromise rather than a perfect solution
زاپاس ، یدکی
spare
The batteries are dead. Have you got any spares?
Bring a towel and some spare clothes
We’ve got a spare room if you want to stay overnight.
اگر می‌خواهی شب را بمانی ما یک اتاق اضافی داریم.
هذیان ، پرت گویی
delusion /dɪˈluːʒən/
He had no delusions about his feelings for Kate
delirium /dɪˈlɪriəm/
He mumbled in delirium all night.
تمام شب و هذیان گفت.
زجر ، شکنجه
persecution /ˌpɜːrsɪˈkjuːʃn/
torment /ˈtɔrˌmɛnt/
She suffered years of mental torment after her son’s death.
او سالها بعد از مرگ پسرش از آزار روحی رنج برد.
The illustrations in our history text show the torments suffered by the victims of the French Revolution.
تصاویر کتاب تاریخ ما شکنجه‌هایی را که قربانیان انقلاب فرانسه کشیده بودند نشان می‌دهد.
a belief that you are more important than you actually are
delusions of grandeur
Don’t go getting delusions of grandeur.
a very small piece of dry food, especially bread or cake
crumb /krʌm/
She stood up to brush the crumbs off her uniform
(عمل) ترساندن ارعاب
intimidation /ɪnˌtɪm.əˈdeɪ.ʃən/
She had endured years of intimidation and violence.
The campaign of violence and intimidation against them intensifies daily.
As the election approaches, it will be difficult to prevent voter intimidation and fraud.
نماد تمثیل مظهر
the best possible example of something
emblem /ˈembləm/
The national emblem of Canada is a maple leaf.
Expensive cars are seen as an emblem of success.
embodiment /ɪmˈbɑːdimənt/
He is the embodiment of the young successful businessman
This house was the very embodiment of sleazy discomfort
epitome /ɪˈpɪtəmi/ :
She looked the epitome of elegance.
He was the very epitome of evil.
آذوقه خواربار
provisions /prəˈvɪʒənz/
He made provisions for his wife and his children in his will.
قید ، بند ، ماده
a condition in an agreement or law
provision /prəˈvɪʒən/
The agreement includes a provision for each side to check the other side’s weapons.
Under the provisions of the Act, employers must supply safety equipment.
The same provisions apply to foreign-owned companies.
They had made all kinds of provisions against bad weather.
The Act contains detailed provisions for appeal against the court’s decision.
proviso /prəˈvaɪzəʊ $ -zoʊ
The money was given to the museum with the proviso that it is spent on operating costs
He was released from prison with/on the proviso that he doesn’t leave the country.
تحریک برانگیزش
provocation /ˌprɒvəˈkeɪʃən $ ˌprɑː-/
She claims that Graham attacked her without any provocation.
He was accused of deliberate provocation.
شناسایی
reconnaissance /rɪˈkɒnəsəns, rɪˈkɒnɪsəns $ rɪˈkɑː-/
Reconnaissance revealed not a single large ship
Aerial reconnaissance of the enemy position showed they were ready to attack.
مایه مباهات/افتخار
something that you like telling people because you are proud of it
boast /bəʊst $ boʊst/
It is the company’s proud boast that it can deal with all a customer’s needs in one phone call.
Philip’s boast is that he started out without any outside financial backing.
‘Making knowledge work’ is the university’s phrase, and it is no idle boast (=not a boast, but true).
لاف‌زن
boaster /bˈoʊstɚ/
braggart /ˈbræɡət $ -ərt/
نور امید
beacon of hope /ˈbiːkən/
The education program offers a beacon of hope to these children
عاشق دل‌خسته/شکست‌خورده
lovelorn
تجاوز یا حمله
the crime of physically attacking someone
assault /əˈsɔːlt $ əˈsɒːlt/
He was jailed for sexual assaults on women
Several soldiers have been charged with assault
He ended up in court charged with assault
He’s in jail on an assault charge.
She admitted to committing the assault
The lawyer claimed she was drunk when she suffered the assault.
تهاجم
a military attack to take control of a place controlled by the enemy
assault /əˈsɔːlt $ əˈsɒːlt/
The refugee camp came under assault again last night.
After an all-out assault the village was captured by the enemy.
The garrison was built to withstand assaults
The factory came under assault from soldiers in the mountains
Enemy troops launched an assault on the town.
جدال لفظی
verbal assault
He launched into a verbal assault on tabloid journalism.
نام مستعار
alias /ˈeɪliəs/
After her escape from prison, Claire Potter adopted the alias Margaret Smith.
Five years ago he had lived in France under an alias.
سازش پذیری ، سازگاری ، مطابقت
compatibility /kəmˌpætəˈbɪləti, kəmˌpætɪˈbɪləti/
When horses are put together in paddocks, they need to be carefully chosen for their mutual compatibility.
a bunch of hair, feathers, grass etc growing or held closely together at their base
tuft
He had a few tufts of hair on his chin, but you could hardly call it a beard
به هر روش ممکن
by any possible means.
by hook or by crook
The police are going to get these guys, by hook or by crook.
خارج قسمت ، نسبت
a particular degree or amount of something:
quotient /ˈkwoʊʃənt/
This is a car with a high head-turning quotient
بهره هوشی
intelligence quotient /ˈkwoʊʃənt/
For every day I stayed in Rochester, my intelligence quotient dropped another ten points
لذت گناه‌آلود
something pleasurable that induces a usually minor feeling of guilt
Guilty Pleasure
an attempt or guess that has only the slightest chance of succeeding or being accurate.
“it’s a long shot, but well worth trying”
a long shot
“it’s a long shot, but well worth trying”
عوارض مالیات
excise /ˈeksaɪz/ غیرقابل شمارش
.The excise on beer was increased under the last government.
مالیات بر آبجو در دولت گذشته افزایش پیدا کرده بود.
levy
اواخواهر
transvestite
جنده
hooker /ˈhʊkə $ -ər/
prostitute
مستأجر اجاره‌نشین
tenant /ˈtɛnənt/
اجاره‌نشینی
tenancy /ˈtenənsi/
The land was held on a yearly tenancy.
The club occupies the land under a protected tenancy.
اصرار ، سرسختی
tenacity /tə’næsıtı/ غیرقابل شمارش
She succeeded by virtue of her tenacity rather than her talent.
او بیش از استعدادش به دلیل سرسختی و موفقیت خود موفق شد.
Insistence /ɪnˈsɪstəns/(noun)
What is with the insistence?
اصرار برای چیه؟
I can’t make out the reason for his insistence.
دلیل اصرارش رو نمی‌فهمم.
Your insistence is in vain. I never change my mind once it is made up.
اصرارت بی‌فایده است. من وقتی تصمیمم رو بگیرم هرگز عوضش نمی‌کنم.
پشتکار ، استقامت ، ثبات قدم
perseverance /ˌpɜːsəˈvɪərəns, $ ˌpɜːrsəˈvɪr-/
His perseverance with the new technique paid off.
It may take some perseverance to find the right people
He showed great perseverance by staying in the job.
It took perseverance to overcome his reading problems.
قدرت نفوذ (در امری)
influence that you can use to make people do what you want
leverage /ˈlevərɪdʒ/
They are determined to gain more political leverage
Retailers can exert leverage over producers by threatening to take their business elsewhere.
خرده فروش ها می تواند با تهدید بر بردن کسب و کارشان به جایی دیگر بر تولید کنندگان اعمال فشار می کنند.
شناوری
levitation
سبک سری ، لوسی
lack of respect or seriousness when you are dealing with something serious
levity /ˈlevəti/
She would tolerate no levity in the classroom.
بی نزاکتی - بی ادبی
behaviour that is a social mistake or is not polite
solecism /ˈsɒl.ɪ.sɪ.zəm/ US /ˈsɑː.lə-/
She commits a lot of solecisms.
روال - رویه
precedent /ˈpresədənt, ˈpresɪdənt/
If we allow this once, it will create a precedent.
The decision is important as it could set a legal precedent for other similar cases.
UN involvement in the country’s affairs would set a dangerous precedent
This case could serve as a precedent for others against the tobacco companies.
This lowering of standards sets a dangerous precedent for future developments.
The achievements of this period were without precedent in history
سابقه - پیشینه -
something of the same type that has happened or existed before
precedent /ˈpresədənt, ˈpresɪdənt/
Such protests are without precedent in recent history
There’s not much precedent for men taking leave when their baby is born.
An epidemic on this scale is without precedent
The achievements of this period were without precedent in history
احتیاط پیشگیری
precaution /priˈkɔʃən/ قابل شمارش
Save your work often as a precaution against computer failure.
محض احتیاط
just in case
I’m going to take my umbrella just in case
as a precaution /priˈkɔʃən/
The traffic barriers were put there as a safety precaution
از قلم افتادگی ، حذف
omission /əˈmɪʃn/
The play was shortened by the omission of two scenes
The omission of her name was not a deliberate act.
بی مبالاتی ، سهل انگاری ، اهمال ، فراموشکاری ، غفلت
omission /əˈmɪʃn/
The accident was not caused by any act or omission of the transport company.
Several offences such as manslaughter may be committed by omission.
negligence /ˈneɡlɪdʒəns/
*His death was brought about by negligence on the doctor’s part
*The court made a finding of contributory negligence
*damage to company property through negligence
*The solicitor was accused of professional negligence.
The bridge’s architect was sued for criminal negligence.
oversight
An oversight caused me to be late paying the bill.
یک غفلت باعث شد تا من دیر صورت حساب را پرداخت کنم.
I assure you that this was purely an oversight on my part.
By an oversight, we did not send out the agenda for the meeting.
The mistake was due to an unfortunate oversight on my part.
Through oversight, the bill was still unpaid
متصدی عهده‌‌دار
incumbent /ɪnˈkʌmbənt/
.The present incumbent will soon be retiring.
متصدی کنونی به‌زودی بازنشسته خواهد شد.
یورش، تهاجم (ناگهانی)
a sudden attack
incursion /ɪnˈkɜrʒən/
The media was criticized for its thoughtless incursion into the domestic grief of the family.
بی شرمی ، گستاخی
indecency /ɪnˈdiːsənsi/ (plural indecencies)
They were found guilty of acts of gross indecency.
تردید - دودلی
indecision ˌ/ɪndɪˈsɪʒən/
There is a great deal of indecision about/over how to tackle the problem.
Irresolution /ɪˌrez.əlˈuː.ʃən/
She eventually beat her opponent in a match that revealed irresolution in both players.
Introducing the new plot-line at the end leaves the film with a sense of irresolution.
hesitancy /ˈhezətənsi, ˈhezɪtənsi/
She answered effortlessly, fluently, without hesitancy, aided by her innate gift for words
انرژی توان
vigor /ˈvɪgər/ غیرقابل شمارش
Having a great deal of vigor, Jason was able to excel in all sports.
“جیسون” که انرژی بالایی داشت توانست در تمام ورزش‌ها عالی کار کند.
.Putting all her vigor into the argument, Patsy persuaded me to let her drive.
“پتسی” با گذاشتن تمام توانش در بحث من را قانع کرد که بگذارم او رانندگی کند.
زورگیر
someone who attacks people in a public place and robs them
mugger /ˈmʌɡər/
Watch out for muggers, especially at night.
حواست به زورگیرها باشد، بخصوص در شب.
زورگیری
mugging /ˈmʌɡɪŋ/
Mugging is on the increase.
زورگیری رو به افزایش است.
Murders, kidnaps and muggings are reported daily in the newspapers.
قتل، آدم ربایی و زورگیری روزانه در روزنامه‌ها گزارش می‌شود.
There have been several muggings here recently.
اینجا اخیرا چندین مورد زورگیری رخ داده است.
ضرب و شتم
assault and battery /əˈsɔlt ænd ˈbætəri/ غیرقابل شمارش
He was found guilty of assault and battery.
او متهم به ضرب و شتم شد.
پیمانه ، معیار
something that you compare another thing with, in order to judge how good or successful it is
yardstick
Profit is the most important yardstick of success for any business
The new test provides a yardstick against which to measure children’s learning.
We don’t have a common yardstick by which to compare the two cases.
فلات
plateau /ˈplætəʊ $ plæˈtoʊ/
(plural plateaus or plateaux /-təʊz $ -ˈtoʊz/)
A terrible storm swept across the plateau.
آلت دست - بازیچه (دیگران) - دست نشانده
pawn /pɔːn $ pɒːn/
They became pawns in the political battle
puppet /ˈpʌpɪt/
The government is in danger of becoming a mere puppet of the military
The king was a mere puppet of the mayor
گرو- وثیقه
pawn /pɔːn $ pɒːn/
Of all items pawned, jewelry is the most common.
کارشناس متخصص، خبره
an expert on food, art, literature, or design, who has had a lot of experience and knows when something is of very good quality
connoisseur /ˌkɒnəˈsɜː $ ˌkɑːnəˈsɜːr/ :
He was a connoisseur of fine wines.
His works are popular among connoisseurs.
بی‌ملاحظگی بی‌مبالاتی
indiscretion /ˌɪn.dɪˈskreʃ.ən/
Jones was censured for indiscretion in leaking a secret report to the press
Earl describes his past links with the racist group as a youthful indiscretion.
rumours of the former president’s sexual indiscretion
اختیار ، آزادی عمل
the ability and right to decide exactly what should be done in a particular situation
mandate /mænˈdeɪt/
The President was elected with a clear mandate to tackle violent crime.
Sometimes a President thinks he has more of a mandate than he really does
discretion /dɪˈskreʃən/
You can do whatever you want at your discretion!
میتونی با صلاحدید خودت ، هرکاری که میخوای بکنی!
At my discretion , I decided to ignore him!
طبق صلاحدید خودم ، تصمیم گرفتم که نادیده بگیرمش
You can alter the details of the plan at your own discretion.
شما می‌توانید به صلاحدید خودتان جزئیات برنامه را عوض کنید.
Promotions are left to the discretion of the supervisor.
‘Do you want me to do the job myself or hire a photographer?’ ‘I leave it to your discretion.’
The awards are made at the discretion of the committee.
The committee has the absolute discretion to refuse applications
We have no discretion over how to spend the money.
ما هیج اختیاری در خصوص نحوه‌ی صرف پول نداریم.
People want to have more discretion over their working hours
بصیرت ، احتیاط ملاحظه
the ability to deal with situations in a way that does not offend, upset, or embarrass people or tell any of their secrets
discretion /dɪˈskreʃən/
British newspapers no longer feel they must treat the royal family with discretion
circumspection /ˌsɝː.kəmˈspek.ʃən/
This is a very sensitive case requiring extreme circumspection.
رازداری
discretion /dɪˈskreʃən/
This is confidential, but I know that I can rely on your discretion
This case calls for the utmost discretion
تیزبینی و ظرافت
a small but important detail
subtlety /ˈsʌt̬.əl.t̬i/
Some of the subtleties of the language are lost in translation
His understanding of light brings great subtlety to his photographs
She dances with great subtlety
She was too young to grasp the subtleties of the film
زیرکی ، فراست
perspicacity . [pǝ:spɪ’kasɪti]
only a person of perspicacity can discern this difference
فقط یک فرد زیرک میتونه تفاوت رو تشخیص بده
This project should be put in the hands of a person of great perspicacity.
معضل ، گیر و گور
a problem or difficulty that you must deal with before you can achieve something
hurdle /ˈhɜːdl $ ˈhɜːr-/
This is perhaps the most difficult hurdle that we face
You have already overcome the first major hurdle by passing the entrance exam.
The plan fell at the first hurdle.
obstacle
حاضر جوابی
repartee /ˌrepɑːˈtiː $ ˌrepərˈtiː/
Nobody can hold a candle to her in repartee
تو حاضر جوابی هیچ کسی به گرد پاش نمی رسه
قاصد - نویدبخش
a sign that something is going to happen soon
Harbinger
that’s a harbinger of good days to come
آن نویدبخش روزهای خوب آینده است
This news is a harbinger of terrible days to come
عضو طبقه متوسط جامعه ، طبقه کاسب ودکاندار
bourgeois /ˈbʊəʒwɑː $ bʊrˈʒwɑː/
She came from a bourgeois family.
middle-class
شیوایی ، فصاحت
Eloquence /’eləkwəns/
I want to be the beau ideal of eloquence in English
حد نهایی - کمال مطلوب
beau ideal [bǝʊ ʌɪ’dɪǝl]
he is the beau ideal of a high-ranking army officer.
برگه تقلب
crib note
Be careful not to get caught using your crib notes.
صندوق ، خزانه وجوه
coffer /ˈkɒfə $ ˈkɒːfər, ˈkɑː-/
these funds go straight into the coffers of the church
این پولها مستقیم میره توی جیب کلیسا
these policies swell the coffers of the rich
این سیاست ها باعث پرشدن جیب ثروتمندها میشه
The government’s coffers are empty.
خزانه دولت خالیه
اعصاب پولادین
nerves of steel
بهانه
something you do or say in order to avoid doing or accepting something
cop-out
She always thought that having a family instead of a career was a cop-out.
plea :
He refused the appointment on a plea of illness.
pretext /ˈpriːtekst/
Lacking sufficient experience and being error-prone are the pretexts on which officials refuse to hand the reins over to the youth.
نداشتن تجربه کافی و مستعد خطا بودن بهانه هایی است که مسئولان با آنها از سپردن زمام امور به جوانان خودداری می کنند.
خارش
itch /ɪʧ/ قابل شمارش
I’ve got an itch on the back of my neck.
I have an itch on my back.
خارشی روی کمرم دارم [کمرم خارش می‌کند].
The dog was scratching at an itch behind its left ear.
تمایل/گرایش شدید
a strong desire to do or have something
itch
an itch for adventure
خراش
scratch
There were deep scratches all over her face.
Don’t worry, it’s only a scratch (=not a serious injury).
She was unharmed apart from a few cuts and scratches.
راه فرار از ترافیک
rat run
پوان منفی
a bad quality or feature of something
demerit /diːˈmerət, diːˈmerɪt/
You’ll get three demerits if you’re caught smoking on school grounds
سلحشوری ، دلیری
behaviour that is honourable, kind, generous, and brave
chivalry /ˈʃɪv·əl·ri/
Chivalry was rooted in Christian values
جلیقه
vest
توطئه ، دسیسه، تبانی
conspiracy /kənˈspɪrəsi/
He was charged with conspiracy to commit criminal damage.
There were many conspiracy theories surrounding Princess Diana’s death.
There is a conspiracy of silence about the killer (= nobody will say what they know).
Who organized the conspiracy against the president?
Party officials have uncovered a conspiracy to discredit the prime minister.
I suspected that he was involved in the conspiracy.
This action was part of a conspiracy to deceive the public.
The women were charged with conspiracy to supply heroin.
President Kennedy’s assassination inspired(=ایجاد کردن) a lot of conspiracy theories.
scheme /ˈskiːm/
Police discovered a scheme to steal paintings worth nearly a million dollars.
پلیس نقشه [دسیسه] دزدی نقاشی‌هایی به ارزش تقریبا یک میلیون دلار را کشف کرد.
intrigue
a tale of treachery and court intrigue
The prime minister engaged in political intrigues against the king.
مسئولیت
liability /ˌlaɪəˈbɪlɪti/
He denies any liability for the damage caused.
Our warranty clearly states the limits of our liability.
ضمانت ما حدود مسئولیت ما را به وضوح بیان می کند.
She assumed/accepted liability for the accident.
او مسئولیت این حادثه را به عهده گرفت.
سرنخ
lead
The police will follow up all possible leads.
پلیس تمام سرنخ‌های ممکن را دنبال خواهد کرد.
I’ve found a new lead on the murder case.
سرنخ جدیدی در رابطه با آن پرونده قتل پیدا کرده‌ام.
clue
Police have found a vital clue
We now have an important clue as to the time of the murder.
So far, the police haven’t got any clues as to the motive for the crime
Archaeological evidence will provide clues about what the building was used for.
This information is a valuable clue in our hunt for the bombers.
a desperate search for clues
The burglar left no clues.
مهاجر
expatriate /ekˈspæt.ri.ət/ US /-ˈspeɪ.tri-/
A large community of expatriates has settled there
تبعید
exile /ˈeksaɪl, ˈeɡzaɪl/
The house was raided and the family was forced into exile.
Many spent decades in labour camps or in internal exile.
He spent many years in enforced exile.
They joined the many other Armenians living in exile
expulsion /ɪkˈspʌlʃən/
The government ordered the immediate expulsion of the two men.
براندازی سرنگونی
overthrow /ˌoʊvərˈθroʊ/ قابل شمارش
The king went into exile after the overthrow of his government.
مشاور
someone who helps and advises an important person
handler
She is kept well away from the press by her handlers
کلاهبرداری شیادی
scam /skæm/ قابل شمارش
He got involved in a credit card scam
The police are warning of a repeated phone scam that targets tax payers.
fraud /frɔːd $ frɒːd/
He’s been charged with tax fraud.
She was found guilty of fraud.
A bank lost several million pounds through a sophisticated computer fraud.
خبرچین ، مخبر
informant /ɪnˈfɔːmənt $ -ɔːr-/
One of the witnesses was a paid informant for the FBI
اتفاق غیرمنتظره
a surprising or unexpected event
turn-up for the book(s) UK (US one for the books):
Well, that’s a turn-up for the books - I never thought he’d get the job.
پوسیدگی - فساد
decay /dəˈkeɪ/
A smell of decay pervaded the air
The wood is treated with preservative to prevent decay
خروجی (بین خیابان اصلی و فرعی)
a smaller road that leads off a main road:
turn-off
I missed the turn-off to the farm.
تلافی
retaliation /rɪˌtæl.iˈeɪ.ʃən/
The bomb attack was in retaliation for the recent arrest of two well-known terrorists.
مهمان افتخاری
honorary guest
The security guard treated our honorary guest with disdain.
تحقیر خفت، حقارت خواری
disdain /dɪsˈdeɪn/ She turned her head away in disdain. She did not hesitate to express the disdain that she felt. they rejected my proposal with disdain آنها پیشنهاد مرا با تحقیر رد کردند he looked down on me with disdain او را با دیده تحقیر نگاه کرد
contempt /kənˈtɛm(p)t/
She looked at him with undisguised contempt
That sort of behaviour is simply beneath contempt (=does not deserve respect or attention).
He was found in contempt of the order.
His remarks betray an utter contempt for the truth(= are completely false).
His treatment of his children is beneath contempt (= so bad it is not even worth feeling contempt for).
She looked at him with barely disguised contempt
contempt
I noticed the icy contempt(=that shows in a very unfriendly way) in his voice.
There is a deep contempt for the commercialism in the West
Her expression was one of open contempt
inferiority /ɪnˌfɪr.iˈɔːr.ə.t̬i/
His ill treatment as a child had given him a strong sense of inferiority.
Women had a position of social inferiority as compared with men.
خرافات ، موهوم
superstition /ˌsuːpəˈstɪʃən $ -pər-/
There is a widely held superstition that garlic protects against evil.
Red-headed people have many superstitions attached to them.
Jinxing someone is just a superstition.
چشم زدن فقط یک خرافه است.
کلاس جبرانی
remedial course
شاید لازم باشه کلاس جبرانی برگزار کنیم.
We might need to hold remedial courses.
دانش آموزان شدیدا به کلاس جبرانی نیاز دارند.
The students are in dire need of remedial courses.
هوش ، قوه تعقل
wit
Alone and penniless, I was forced to live on my wits.
the level of quality or ability that someone or something has achieved
caliber /ˈkæləbə, ˈkælɪbə $ -ər/
ما قصد داریم مدرسین سطح بالا رو استخدام کنیم.
We intend to hire high caliber teachers.
تو نیاز نداری به این که کسی سفارشتو بکنه.
You don’t need anybody to vouch for your high caliber.
a very small amount of something
scintilla /sɪnˈtɪlə/
There’s not a scintilla of truth in what he says.
There isn’t a scintilla of evidence.
پس زنی ، واکنش شدید
a strong negative reaction by a number of people against recent events, especially against political or social developmentsر
backlash /ˈbæklæʃ/
The 1970s saw the first backlash against the women’s movement.
The management fear a backlash from fans over the team’s poor performances.
Such a decision may provoke a backlash from their supporters.
They face a backlash from shareholders.
The decision of the committee faced an angry backlash from people.
این تصمیم کمیته با واکنش شدید مردم مواجه شد.
احترام (شدید)
a feeling of great respect and liking for someone or something
awe /ɔː /
He felt great awe for the landscape.
Kate gazed at the statue with awe.
اندوخته
an amount of something that is kept in a secret place, especially money, weapons, or drugs
stash /stæʃ/
They discovered a stash of money hidden at the back of a drawer.
Mike went into the bedroom to check on his stash.
hoard
Gold coins have been found in hoards in many parts of the country.
I kept my own secret hoard of chocolate cookies in a big tin under the sink.
اسودگی خاطر
peace of mind
Worries disturbed my peace of mind enough to keep me from falling asleep.
صورتحساب
tab
Can I put it on my tab?
می توانی بنویسی به حسابم؟
The tab for the campaign was nearly $500 million
He ran up a $4000 tab in long-distance calls
به این شکل/ صورت
thus :
They diluted the drug, thus reducing its effectiveness
اجتماع
congregation /ˌkɑŋgrəˈgeɪʃən/
Its 800, 000 membership makes it the largest congregation in the world.
gathering
We’re having a small family gathering to mark our wedding anniversary.
اجتماع - گردهمایی
congregation /ˌkɑŋgrəˈgeɪʃən/
Its 800, 000 membership makes it the largest congregation in the world.
gathering
We’re having a small family gathering to mark our wedding anniversary.
به هر قیمتی
By hook or by crook
خودآزار
someone who is eager for a burden or some sort of difficulty
a glutton for punishment
He’s a real glutton for punishment, taking on all that extra work without getting paid for it.
بزن و در رو (تصادف جاده‌ای)
hit-and-run
The 24-year-old was the victim of a hit and run, killed by a speeding truck.
She was charged in relation to a hit and run after she allegedly left the scene of an accident.
حق حریم شخصی
the right to be free from public attention
the right to privacy
The judge decided that the media’s actions violated the couple’s right to privacy.
حق پاسخگوئی
the right to say or write something in answer to a criticism
a right of reply (also the right to reply)
People should have the right of reply when a magazine has published letters criticizing them.
حق آزادی بیان
the right to freedom of expression
Everyone has the right to freedom of expression
درسالهای بعد
in subsequent years
جزییات بی‌اهمیت کارهای بیهوده، چیزهایی بی‌ارزش
trivia /ˈtrɪviə/
حکایت داستان کوتاه
anecdote /ˈænɪkdoʊt/ قابل شمارش
He was telling interesting anecdotes about growing up in the neighborhood and the park
شرایط بغرنج
a situation that is disappointing or annoying
bummer
It was a real bummer being ill on holiday.
“I’ve left my wallet at home.” “What a bummer!”
کشتارگاه
slaughterhouses
abattoir ˈæbətwɑː $ -ɑːr/
تبرئه، روسفیدی
exoneration /ɪɡˌzɒnəˈreɪʃən $ -ˌzɑː-/
بی مبالاتی، بی ملاحظگی
an action or remark that shows a lack of good judgment, especially one that is morally unacceptables
indiscretion /ˌɪndɪˈskreʃən/ :
Earl describes his past links with the racist group as a youthful indiscretion.
rumours of the former president’s sexual indiscretion
سرزنش، ملامت، نکوهش
reproach /rɪˈprəʊtʃ $ -ˈproʊtʃ/
His behaviour throughout this affair has been beyond reproach(=perfect and impossible to criticize )
There was mild reproach in his tone
He glanced at her with reproach
There was no reproach about his failure to turn up.
Her voice was full of reproach
He gave Helen a look of bitter reproach.
She had never uttered a word of reproach
مخمصه، تنگنا
predicament /prɪˈdɪkəmənt/
She is hoping to get a loan from her bank to help her out of her financial predicament.
She went to the office to explain her predicament
plight /plaɪt/
She spoke with feeling about the plight of the homeless.
He has been sleeping rough in the streets to highlight the plight of the homeless
پایش (نظارت)، مراقبت
surveillance /səˈveɪləns $ sər-/
The suspects were kept under surveillance.
The army carried out covert surveillance of the building for several months.
رویکرد
approach /əˈproʊʧ/
We need to adopt a more pragmatic approach.
She favoured the direct approach.
I liked her approach to the problem
Michael is always very logical in his approach
مصادره توقیف، ضبط
confiscation /ˌkɒn.fɪˈskeɪ.ʃən/ US /ˌkɑːn-/
noun [C or U]
There was a record number of confiscations by customs officers last year.
زن مطلقه
divorcee / dəˌvɔːrˈseɪ/
پیردختر دختر ترشیده
spinster
پوشک بچه
diaper /ˈdaɪpər/
It was time for a diaper change.
وقت عوض کردن پوشک بچه بود
nappy
وقار شأن، متانت
dignity /ˈdɪgnəti/ غیرقابل شمارش
Is it beneath your dignity to answer my question?
کسر شأنت هست که به سوال من پاسخ بدی؟
They force you to do something which is beneath human dignity
آنها مجبورت می‌کنند کاری را انجام دهی که کسر شأنت است.
Unfortunately to get employed, sometimes you have to lose your dignity and be obedient.
متاسفانه برای استخدام شدن گاهی اوقات مجبورید شأن خود را از دست بدهید ومطیع باشید.
شخص عالی رتبه / والامقام
dignitary /ˈdɪgnəˌtɛri/ قابل شمارش
Every dignitary was invited to the wedding.
تمام اشخاص عالی رتبه به عروسی دعوت شده بودند.
غوغا، نزاع،
a noisy fight in a public place
affray /əˈfreɪ/
Wallace was charged with causing an affray at a Southampton nightclub
مغایرت، انحراف،
deviation /ˌdiːviˈeɪʃən/
a deviation from what is regarded as normal.
diversion /daɪˈvɜrʒən/
The pilot set the aircraft up for a diversion to the nearest suitable airfield.
digression /daɪˈɡreʃən/ [uncountable and countable]:
After several long digressions he finally reached the interesting part of the story
جنگل‌کاری
afforestation /əˌfɒrəˈsteɪʃən / غیرقابل شمارش
فرار (از سربازی یا ارتش)
desertion /dɪˈzɜrʃən/ قابل شمارش
Larsen was one of 42 Marines charged with desertion
the act of leaving your wife /husband because you do not want to live with them any longer
desertion /dɪˈzɜrʃən/ قابل شمارش
Although the wife was in desertion, nevertheless it must be remembered that desertion is never irrevocable
هواخواه
someone who is very interested in and enthusiastic about a particular subject
aficionado /əˌfɪʃ.i.əˈnɑː.dəʊ/ US /-doʊ/ :
true opera aficionados were perhaps less surprised
متخصص، خبره
someone who knows a lot about something such as art, food, or music
connoisseur /ˌkɒnəˈsɜː $ ˌkɑːnəˈsɜːr/ :
Only the real connoisseur could tell the difference between these two wines
شایعه
rumor /ˈruːmə $ -ər/
There were wild rumours flying around the office on Wednesday
There are a lot of rumors going around that they’re going to sell the company.
Not long afterwards, ugly rumours began to circulate
False rumors began to spread that troops were massing on the border.
Rumours were rife (=are talked about by a lot of people) that the band had refused to play
The arrests followed widespread rumours of police corruption
Despite persistent rumours of an affair, his wife stood by him
Rumor has it that they are engaged.
شایعه شده که آنها نامزد کردن.
He denied all these baseless rumors
او این شایعات بی‌پایه‌‌و‌اساس را تکذیب کرد.
He denied rumors of his marriage.
او شایعه ازدواجش را تکذیب کرد.
لاپوشانی ماست‌مالی، پنهان‌کاری
cover-up غیرقابل شمارش
Ugly rumours persisted that there had been a cover-up.
The candidate accused her opponent of a cover-up.
نامزد (انتخاباتی) رقیبش را به لاپوشانی متهم کرد.
The general denied there’d been any cover-up.
فرمانده وجود هرگونه لاپوشانی را انکار کرد.
یه مشت دروغ
A pack of lies
Cut it out! I don’t believe you. You’re giving me a pack of lies
بسه دیگه! حرفاتو باور نمی کنم. داری یه مشت دروغ تحویل من میدی
خیال خوش ، امید واهی و پوچ
Wishful thinking
❇️ - I win the game! - Wishful thinking!
💠 - من بازی رو می‌برم! - امید واهیه! خوش خیالیه!
❇️ It’s wishful thinking to propose to her!
💠 امید پوچه که ازش خواستگاری کنی!
نقد غیرمنصفانه
a criticism or attack on someone that is unfair
a cheap shot
I think her making fun of his wife was a cheap shot.
شوخی مزاح
jest /dʒest/
Treat his words as a jest.
حرف هاشو جدی نگیر (داره شوخی میکنه).
He didn’t seem to be speaking in jest.
به نظر نمی رسید که داشت شوخی میکرد.
Though he spoke in jest, Mark was undoubtedly giving us a message.
اگرچه “مارک” به شوخی گفت اما بدون شک داشت پیامی به ما می رساند.
witticism /ˈwɪtəsɪzəm, ˈwɪtɪsɪzəm/
He thought his witticisms were amusing but found her response too extravagant
توفیق اجباری
A blessing in disguise
Missing the train was a blessing in disguise, for if I hadn’t, I wouldn’t have met my future wife.
احتیاط
circumspection /’sə:kəms’pekʃən/
This is a very sensitive case requiring extreme circumspection.
خویشتنداری
restraint
The police were praised for their restraint in handling the demonstrators.
money that the government pays for projects relating to education, health care, defence etc
public spending
Opposition politicians have called for restraints on public spending.
اظهاریه، بیانیه
statement
In an official statement, she formally announced her resignation
اتحادیه صنفی
syndicate /ˈsɪndəkət, ˈsɪndɪkət/
A syndicate of banks is/are financing the deal.
در ازای
in return for
In return for cleaning his carpets my friend helped me clean up our basement.
شیاد (کسی که خودش را جای کسی جا می‌زند)
im’poster
فرصت /موقعیت مناسب
occasion
I’ll speak to him if the occasion arises
Last year we had occasion to visit relatives in Cornwall.
If ever the occasion arises when I want advice, you’re the first person I’ll come to.
دفعه - وهله - بار و نوبت
occasion
On one occasion he even rang me in the middle of the night.
She had met him on two separate occasions
I have stayed there on a number of occasions.
The police were called out on 24 separate occasions.
It was the first of many such occasions
علت - دلیل
occasion
His remark was the occasion of a bitter quarrel.
مناسبت
an important social event or ceremony
occasion :
I’m saving this bottle of champagne for a special occasion
a party to mark the occasion of their daughter’s graduation
On the day of the wedding there was a real sense of occasion.
I received a gift from my wife on the occasion of my birthday
a request for money, information, or help
solicitation /səˌlɪs.ɪˈteɪ.ʃən/ US /səˌlɪs.əˈteɪ.ʃən/:
Through door-to-door solicitation, they raised $20,000 to builWe sell cards and notepaper for all occasions.
d the city’s first hospital.
an offer of sex for money, usually in a public place:
Those ads are not necessarily obscene or solicitations for sex.
solicitation /səˌlɪs.ɪˈteɪ.ʃən/ US /səˌlɪs.əˈteɪ.ʃən/:
If you are facing solicitation charges, your attorney can understand and interpret the evidence.
شیفت عصر
a period of work that begins in the afternoon and usually ends before 12 o’clock at night, or the people who work at this time
back/swing shift
After that, they worked five weeks on the back shift.
ذهن/فکر پلید و منحرف
filthy mind
Your problem is you’ve got a filthy mind (=you are always thinking about sex).
بی حرمتی به مقدسات، کفر گویی
offensive words or religious words used in a way that shows you do not respect God or holy things
profanity /prəˈfænəti, prəˈfænɪti/
ناسزا فحش
profanity /prəˈfænəti, prəˈfænɪti/
The film contains profanity and violence.
It was the song’s opening line, a series of profanities, that caused the record to be banned on the radio station.
نقض، تخطی
breach /briːtʃ/
This was a clear breach of the 1994 Trade Agreement.
They sued the company for breach of contract.
There had been a major breach of security at the airbase
He was arrested and charged with breach of the peace(نقض آرامش)
خصومت
a serious disagreement between people, groups, or countries
.
breach /briːtʃ/
Britain did not want to risk a breach with the US over sanctions
She wanted to help heal the breach between them
She left home following the breach with her family.
feud /fjud/
Blood feuds and general gangsterism added to the local crime rate
The feud between the Hatfields and the McCoys raged for 20 years
a long-standing family feud
The incident started a family feud.
a time to settle old feuds
They had a long-running feud over money
his personal feud with the city authorities
بلوغ
puberty /ˈpjuːbərti/ غیرقابل شمارش
جناح - سمت و سو
flank
We were attacked on our left flank
They were attacked on both flanks by the enemy.
آنها از هر دو جناح توسط دشمن مورد حمله قرار گرفتند.
The sun lit up the western flank of the hill
آوار، خاک و آجر، آثار مخروبه
broken stones or bricks from a building or wall that has been destroyed
rubble /ˈrʌbəl/
One hour later the house turned into a smoldering rubble.
پس از یک ساعت خانه به آواری تبدیل شد که آهسته در حال سوختن بود.
.There were piles of rubble everywhere.
. همه جا کپه‌هایی از پاره آجر ریخته بود.
debris
Emergency teams are still clearing the debris from the plane crash.
گروه‌های امداد همچنان در حال تمیز کردن خرابه‌های تصادف هواپیما هستند.
کپّه - پشته
heap
She left her clothes in a heap on the floor.
لباس‌هایش را کپه‌وار روی زمین رها کرد [لباس‌هایش را روی هم، روی زمین رها کرد].
What was once a cottage was now a crumbling heap of rubble
چیزی که روزگاری یک کلبه بود اکنون یک انبوه آوار بود
the last years of someone’s life
sb’s declining years
a decrease in the quality, quantity, or importance of something
decline
This area has been on the decline for some years now
We have seen a sharp decline in educational standards over recent years.
The main aim is to reverse the decline of the world’s environment
We must halt this decline in health services
The firm suffered a sharp decline in its profits
چرک
thick, unpleasant dirt
filth
The floor was covered in filth
محتوای مستهجن
filth /fɪlθ/ غیرقابل شمارش
I am deeply offended by some of the filth they show on television
I don’t know how you can watch that filth!
People complain about the filth on TV and in the press.
شرط، ماده قانون،
clause / klɒːz/
A confidentiality clause was added to the contract.
The penalty clause specifies that late delivery will be fined.
Under Clause 5.8, the company is responsible for the health of its employees.
Some contracts, however, have cost-escalation clauses allowing the passing on of any increased costs.
صرف نظر از چیزی - عدم شرکت در کاری
opt-out
We added an opt-out clause to the agreement.
ابهام دوپهلویی
ambiguity /ˌæmbɪˈɡjuːəti/
There is some ambiguity in this clause
فریب خورده، شخص گول خورده
patsy /ˈpætsi/ (plural patsies) [countable]
I believe he is a patsy caught in a conspiracy
an effective and definite way of proving or measuring sth.
litmus test
The President’s policy on abortion is regarded as a litmus test of his views on women’s rights.
Ending the fighting must be the absolute priority, the litmus test of the agreements’ validity.
تَرکِش
shrapnel
He was hit in the arm by flying shrapnel.
He got some shrapnel in the arm
لیست کارهایی که میبایست در جلسه به انها رسیدگی شود
agenda /əˈdʒendə/ noun [countable]
The next item on the agenda is the school budget.
مورد بعدی در دستور جلسه، بودجه مدرسه است.
Fresh attempts at compromise with the legislature were also on the agenda
The government set an agenda for constitutional reform.
ظروف سفالی
crockery /ˈkrɑːkəri/ غیرقابل شمارش Spoons clinked(جلنگ جلنگ صدا کردن) against the crockery
جیغ
squeal (ممتمد) /skwiːl/
She gave a squeal of laughter
The car stopped with a squeal of brakes.
shriek
With a shriek of delight, Jean hugged Maggie
With a loud shriek, Ronald fled from the room.
با یک جیغ بلند، “رونالد” از اتاق فرار کرد.
She fell to the floor with a shriek of pain
سفیدکننده
bleach /bliːtʃ/
Do not use bleach on the skin
رنگ - ماده رنگی
a substance you use to change the colour of your clothes, hair etc
dye /daɪ/
The cloth is then soaked in blue dye
زندانی
inmate /ˈɪnmeɪt/ .He was attacked by a fellow inmate. او توسط یک هم زندانی مورد حمله واقع شد. The jail has 500 inmates. زندان 500 زندانی دارد.
لکه
stain
There was a dark red stain on the carpet.
How do you get wine stains out of a tablecloth?
The coffee left a stain on his shirt.
You’ll never get that stain out(=remove it)
She didn’t want to get a stain on her new dress
smudge /smʌdʒ/
a smudge of lipstick on the cup
بخت ازمایی - لاتاری
raffle
I have never won anything in a raffle
I won a bottle of wine in the office Christmas raffle
اژیر
siren /ˈsaɪərən $ ˈsaɪr-/ noun [countable]
I heard police sirens in the distance
خزانه، بایگانی راکد
a place where something can be safely kept
depository [dɪ’pɒzɪt(ǝ)ri]
The government is having difficulty finding a safe depository for nuclear waste.
ریسک حساب شده
calculated risk
نظارت، مراقبت، پایش
surveillance /səˈveɪləns $ sər-/
They were under constant close surveillance day and night.
Diane was placed under psychiatric surveillance
The army carried out covert surveillance of the building for several months
The suspects were kept under surveillance.
جاسوسی، مراقبت دشمن
espionage /ˈespiənɑːʒ/
Two members of the embassy staff had been expelled for espionage.
خُمره - سبو
crock
He keeps his coffee in an earthenware (سفالین)crock
شن کش
rake
حق امتیاز
permission to sell a company’s goods/services
franchise /ˈfræntʃaɪz/ قابل شمارش
TV franchises will be auctioned to the highest bidder.
The diving school has acquired a franchise for scuba equipment.
Catering in the schools is run on a franchise basis.
حق رای
franchise /ˈfræntʃaɪz/
After the Second World War the franchise was extended to all adults over eighteen.
انفجار
blast /blæst/ قابل شمارش The blast ripped through the building. انفجار، ساختمان را خراب کرد. Two people were killed in the blast. دو نفر در این انفجار کشته شدند.
آشفتگی
jumble
He looked through the jumble of old record albums and tapes
mishmash
چیز درهم و برهم آش شله قلمکار، شترگاوپلنگ
a mixture of a lot of different things, styles etc that do not seem right together
hodgepodge /hˈɑːdʒpɑːdʒ/ :
If you look closely at the individual buildings they are a real hodgepodge of styles.
کنده (درخت)
a thick piece of wood from a tree
log
The road was blocked by fallen logs.
خانه، منزلگاه
dwelling /ˈdwelɪŋ/
The building looked more like a doll’s house than a human dwelling
a clever dishonest way of avoiding something
dodge:
They bought another car as a tax dodge (= a way to avoid paying tax).
ضربت اهسته،
tap
She felt a tap on her shoulder.
There was a tap at the door.
مرتع، چراگاه،
pasture
کاروان موتوری
motorcade /ˈməʊtəkeɪd $ ˈmoʊtər-/
Pacino detours his motorcade to visit the grieving parents.
اختیار قانونی،
the right to use an official power to make legal decisions, or the area where this right exists
jurisdiction over sb /sth /ˌdʒʊərəsˈdɪkʃən /
The commissioners had exclusive jurisdiction to decide.
The committee has jurisdiction over all tax measures.
The court may exercise its jurisdiction to compel the husband to make a settlement upon his wife.
سردرگمی ، آشفتگی
confusion /kənˈfjuːʒən/
There was some confusion as to whether we had won or lost
The unexpected news threw us all into confusion
In the confusion after the bomb blast, I lost my bag.
در آشفتگی پس از انفجار بمب، کیفم را گم کردم.
The government needs to clear up the confusion surrounding its policy on water.
She stared at them both in utter confusion.
In the confusion that followed, she managed to slip away unnoticed
There is widespread confusion about the government’s transport policy.
محل، موقعیت
the place or area where someone or something is
whereabouts :
He showed great reluctance to reveal his whereabouts.
The police want to know the whereabouts of his brother.
The crooks paid Fred hush money to keep their whereabouts secret
دراین حوالی، دراین نزدیکی ها
somewhere near the place where you are
hereabouts:
There must be a pub hereabouts
مراعات، ملاحظه
attention or consideration that is shown towards someone or something
regard /rəˈgɑrd/ غیرقابل شمارش
She has no regard for other people’s feelings.
One must show proper regard for the law
The present administration has demonstrated little regard for environmental issues
All students must have access to quality education without regard to wealth or class
good wishes – used when sending your good wishes to someone or when ending a short letter or message
Regards
Hope to see you soon. Regards, Chris
موعد
due
The band’s first album is due for release later this month.
موعد انتشار اولین آلبوم گروه اواخر همین ماه است.
My rent is due at the beginning of the month.
موعد پرداخت اجاره من، اول ماه است.
Payment is due on 1 October.
موعد حقوق اول اکتبر است
The final results of the experiment are due on December 9.
The next income tax payment is due on 31 January.
The car is due for its annual service again
I’m due at his office at 4.30.
She’s pregnant and the baby’s due in April.
مجادله مشاجره
a short noisy argument or fight, especially one that is not serious
argument squabble agreement
altercation:
There was a brief altercation and someone called the police
dispute /dɪˈspjut/
It is hoped that the dispute can be resolved peacefully.
Sometimes a dispute arises between the seller and the buyer
The incident sparked off a major dispute between the two countries
He proposed a negotiated settlement of the long-running disputes between the two countries
Police have difficulties in dealing with domestic disputes.
The simmering dispute erupted in public when the two men came to blows at the party conference.
There was a dispute about which driver caused the accident.
مشاجره‌ای در باب آن که کدام راننده موجب تصادف شد، در جریان بود.
quarrel /ˈkwɒrəl/
I have had enough of this quarrel.
بس این این دعوا رو.
آشوب اغتشاش شورش
a fight involving a large number of people, especially people who are protesting about something
riot /ˈraɪət/
The march turned into a riot when the crowd found the way was blocked.
رژه تبدیل به آشوب شد وقتی جمعیت فهمید راه بسته شده است
Prison riots broke out over worsening conditions.
The city’s housing and unemployment problems sparked serious riots.
Shortages eventually led to food riots.
نهضت، جهاد
a long and determined attempt to achieve something that you believe in strongly
crusade /kruːˈseɪd/:
They have long been involved in a crusade for racial equality.
She intends to continue her crusade against sex and violence on TV.
a strong fear of something that is going to happen or may happen
dread
He had a dread of hospitals
She lives in dread of (=is continuously very afraid of) the disease returning.
Bernice looked with dread at the end of the passage.
دادوبیداد، نزاع وجدال
brawl
They got caught up in a street brawl.
بازه کوتاه (که کاری لذت بخش در آن انجام شود)
spree
After her shoplifting spree she lived in mortal dread of being found out.
قوای شبه نظامی،
a group of people trained as soldiers, who are not part of the permanent army
militia /məˈlɪʃə, mɪˈlɪʃə/
He joined the local militia as soon as he was 16.
The anarchists started to form volunteer militias.
نفرت
hatred /ˈheɪtrəd, ˈheɪtrɪd/ She shot him a look of pure hatred. He has a deep hatred of the police Hatred flared up inside her. She stared at it in hatred
شرط ضمن قرارداد
something that must be done, and which is stated as part of an agreement, law, or rule
stipulation
The agreement included a stipulation that half of the money had to be spent on housing for lower-income families.
He left all his money to the town with the stipulation that it should be used to build a new football stadium.
There’s no stipulation as to the amount you can invest
میعان
condensation /ˌkɑndənˈseɪʃən/ غیرقابل شمارش
ژاله
small drops of water that are formed when steam or warm air touches a cold surface
condensation /ˌkɑndənˈseɪʃən/ غیرقابل شمارش
There was a lot of condensation on the windows
Condensation may develop on walls where moisture is a problem
تاکستان
vineyard
The area is valued for its vineyards.
این منطقه به‌خاطر تاکستان‌هایش باارزش دانسته می‌شود.
تحریک - تهییج
incitement /ɪnˈsaɪt.mənt/
They were imprisoned for incitement to commit grievous bodily harm.
There are laws against incitement of racial hatred.
provocation /ˌprɑː.vəˈkeɪ.ʃən/
She bursts into tears at the slightest provocation.
او با کوچک‌ترین تحریکی زیر گریه می‌زند.
اضطراب تشویش تلاطم دستپاچگی
agitation /ˌæʤəˈteɪʃən/ غیرقابل شمارش
He arrived home in a state of agitation.
او در حالت تشویش [با حال مشوش] به خانه رسید.
انگیزه - مشوق
impetus /ˈɪmpətəs, ˈɪmpɪtəs/
The report may provide further impetus for reform.
The discovery gave fresh impetus to the research.
Much of the impetus for change came from customers’ opinions.
incentive
اجازه / تاییدیه رسمی
a statement, document etc that says that something is definitely true
clearance /ˈklɪərəns $ ˈklɪr-/
She’ll race if she gets medical clearance from her doctor.
Morris did not have a security clearance.
The pilot was granted clearance to land.
The pilot requested clearance for an emergency landing.
sanction /ˈsæŋkʃən/
War was declared without the sanction of parliament.
The conference gave its official sanction to the change of policy.
No decision can be taken without the sanction of the complete committee.
confirmation
There has still been no official confirmation of the report.
verbal confirmation that payment has been made
The police are seeking independent confirmation of certain details of the story
Written confirmation came three days later.
We need confirmation in writing before we can send your order out.
باند پرواز
Runway /ˈrʌnweɪ/
Further into the future, new forms of aircraft may work just fine on short runways
انشعاب، واگرایی،
divergence /ˌdaɪˈvɜː.dʒənts/ US /dɪˈvɝː-/
The divergence between the incomes of the rich and the poor countries seems to be increasing.
Recently published figures show a divergence from previous trends.
درباره ء، راجع به، عطف به، مربوط به
as to
He was uncertain as to which road to take.
There’s no decision as to when the work might start.
زیستگاه
the natural home of a plant or animal
habitat /ˈhæbətæt, ˈhæbɪtæt/:
new measures were proposed to protect wildlife habitats
Development is destroying the animal’s native habitat.
The many different habitats support a wide variety of birds.
Many species are threatened in the wild due to habitat destruction by man
The moorland is an important habitat for many rare bird species.
The greatest danger to tigers now is through loss of habitat.
It is in south Texas that the destruction of the bird’s habitat has been most alarming
بیم، هراس
apprehension /ˌæprɪˈhenʃn/ غیرقابل شمارش
School reports are always received with some apprehension
There were still areas of doubt and her apprehension grew.
The change in the law has caused apprehension among many people
There is great apprehension for the future..
بازداشت، دستگیری
apprehension /ˌæprɪˈhenʃn/ غیرقابل شمارش
Both the army and the police were involved in the apprehension of the terrorists.
The border patrol made over 1 million apprehensions last year.
custody /ˈkʌstədi/
The men have been held in custody since they were arrested.
Seventy-five percent of young people released from custody re-offend within two years
The rebel leader has been placed in protective custody(=custody that is meant to keep someone safe)
Davis has been remanded in(=be kept in prison until you go to court) custody on a burglary charge
The judge ruled that Marsh should remain in custody until his sentence
ترس و نگرانی (درباره نتیجه چیزی)
misgiving /mɪsˈɡɪvɪŋ/
Despite her misgivings about leaving the baby, she decided to accompany her husband.
Only a few Senators expressed/voiced their misgivings about the war
Some politicians have expressed grave misgivings about the scheme.
Opponents of nuclear energy have deep misgivings about its safety.
concern /kənˈsɜːrn/
The report expressed concern over continuing high unemployment.
آن گزارش، نگرانی بر سر (نرخ) بالا و متداوم بیکاری را مطرح کرد.
His concern for others is praiseworthy.
نگرانی او برای دیگران قابل ستایش است.
She hasn’t been seen for four days and there is concern for her safety.
او چهار روز است که دیده نشده است و نگران سلامتی‌اش هستند.There is growing concern about violence on television.
درباره خشونت در تلویزیون نگرانی رو به افزایشی وجود دارد.
Apprehension /æprɪˈhenʃən/
School reports are always received with some apprehension.
There is great apprehension for the future
There is some apprehension in the office about who the new director will be
qualm :
Despite my qualms, I took the job.
We destroy the habitat of animals without a qualm.
ما بدون هیچ ابایی زیستگاه حیوانات را نابود می کنیم.
She left her husband and children without a qualm
فرضیات کورکورانه
blind assumptions
Making blind assumptions will only make things worse
شخص بزرگ، عالی مقام
someone who has an important official position
dignitary /ˈdɪɡnətəri, ˈdɪɡnɪtəri $ -teri/
Several foreign dignitaries attended the ceremony.
Flowers were presented to visiting dignitaries.
The reporters had inadvertently failed to include the name of one of the dignitaries.
گزارشگر سهوا فراموش کرد اسم یکی از مقامات بلندپایه را نام ببرد.
برق اضطراری
backup power
why isn’t the backup power coming on?
سنگر وپناهگاه زیر زمینی،
bunker
شیوع
outbreak
There has been an outbreak of the disease in Wales
وقوع ناگهانی
outbreak
Outbreaks of rain will spread across northern parts
قرار ملاقات
an arrangement to meet someone at a particular time and place, often secretly
rendezvous /ˈrɒndəvuː, ˈrɒndɪvuː, -deɪ- $ ˈrɑːndeɪ-/
He made a rendezvous with her in Times Square.
Although it was late, there was still enough time to keep the rendezvous
وعده گاه، پاتوق
place where people meet
rendezvous /ˈrɒndəvuː, ˈrɒndɪvuː, -deɪ- $ ˈrɑːndeɪ-/
The cafe is a popular rendezvous for young lovers
پنهان‌کاری
movement which is quiet and careful in order not to be seen or heard, or secret or indirect action
The weapons had been acquired by stealth
stealth /stelθ/:
These thieves operate with terrifying stealth - they can easily steal from the pockets of unsuspecting travellers.
It would seem that some politicians would prefer to use financial stealth rather than legislation to produce change.
Cats rely on stealth to catch their prey.
اختفا خفا
secrecy /ˈsiːkrəsi/
They met in secrecy.
آنها در خفا یکدیگر را می‌دیدند.
The drugs squad operates in the greatest secrecy.
All the researchers on the project are sworn to secrecy.
دستور فرمان، حکم
injunction /ɪnˈʤʌŋkʃən/ قابل شمارش
In spite of all injunctions of secrecy, the news..had spread fast.
افشاگری پرده‌برداری
act of making something known or the fact that is made known
disclosure: /dɪˈskləʊ.ʒər/ US /dɪˈskloʊ.ʒɚ/
Any public disclosure of this information would be very damaging to the company.
The newspaper made damaging disclosures of management incompetence.
حامی - طرفدار
advocate /ˈædvəkeɪt/
She’s a passionate advocate of natural childbirth.
adherent /ədˈhɪərənt $ -ˈhɪr-/
The anti-globalization movement is attracting new adherents to its principles.
adherents of the Greek Orthodox Church
مصوبه
resolution /ˌrɛzəˈluʃən/
a resolution calling for a ban on dumping nuclear waste
They have failed to comply with the resolution.
The resolution was passed by a two-thirds majority
راه حل - چاره
resolution /ˌrɛzəˈluʃən/ (=settling a dispute )
The government is pressing for an early resolution of the hostage crisis
Hopes of a peaceful resolution to the conflict were fading.
the likelihood of achieving a satisfactory resolution to the problem
solution (to/for) /səˈluːʃən/
Locking people in prison is not necessarily the ideal solution
There is no easy solution to this problem
He has accused the government of looking for quick-fix solutions(=one that solves a problem for a short time only) .
A long-term solution to the problem will not be possible until that conflict is resolved.
I don’t think that tourism will provide a long-term solution to rural employment problems
The best solution would be for them to separate
There are no simple solutions to the problem of overpopulation
a quick solution for dealing with the paper shortage
قصد ، تصمیم جدی
resolution /ˌrɛzəˈluʃən/
I made a New Year resolution to give up smoking.
عزم اراده
resolution /ˌrɛzəˈluʃən/ غیرقابل شمارش
Fred’s resolution to succeed is still unshaken despite the many setbacks he has suffered.
عزم “فرد” برای موفق شدن هنوز استوار است، علیرغم شکست‌های بسیاری که او متحمل شد.
She showed great resolution in her dealings with management.
determination /dɪˌtɜːmɪˈneɪʃən $ -ɜːr-/
Yuri shows dogged/steely/grim determination (=very strong determination) to learn English.
She was full of determination to achieve her goals.
He has the determination to succeed.
The government last night signalled its determination to resist tax cuts.
The Prime Minister underlined his determination(=emphasize it) to keep interest rates high.
Whatever task he undertook was tackled with single-minded determination. (=having one clear aim and working very hard to achieve it)
The prime minister’s speech revealed a clear determination to break the power of the unions
تحریم
sanction
They ascribe all these problems to sanctions.
Some companies have broken sanctions by supplying arms to the warring (درگیر جنگ) states.
The company is in breach of a sanctions order.
UN called for sanctions against the invading country.
سرکوب
repression قابل شمارش
He had tacitly sanctioned repression against the opposition parties.
برده داری
Slavery
Slavery was once socially sanctioned.
فسخ برچیدن، لغو
abolition /ˌæbəˈlɪʃən/ غیرقابل شمارش
They campaigned for the abolition of slavery
withdrawal /wɪðˈdrɔːəl/
withdrawal of government aid
اهداف بشردوستانه
humanitarian purposes
military intervention is sanctioned for humanitarian purposes
درگیر جنگ
warring
Some companies have broken sanctions by supplying arms to the warring states.
جای پای محکم و باثبات
a position from which you can start to make progress and achieve your aims
foothold /ˈfʊthəʊld $ -hoʊld/ [countable]
Extreme right-wing parties gained a foothold in the latest European elections.
The company is trying to gain a foothold in the European market.
Extreme right-wing parties gained a foothold in the latest European elections.
گذار، تحول، ، تغییر از یک حالت بحالت دیگر
transition /trænˈzɪʃən,-ˈsɪ-/
The company was slow to make the transition from paper to computer.
He will remain head of state during the transition to democracy
بیهوده گی - بی ثمرگی
futility /fju’tılətı/
She could see the utter futility of trying to protest.
انصراف پسروی کناره‌گیری ترک(از چیزی)
the act of no longer taking part in an activity or being a member of an organization
Withdrawal /wɪðˈdrɔːəl, wɪθ- $ -ˈdrɒːəl/
She was still suffering withdrawal from nicotine
برداشت پول
the act of taking money from a bank account, or the amount you take out
Withdrawal: /wɪðˈdrɔːəl, wɪθ- $ -ˈdrɒːəl/
Customers can use the machine to make withdrawals of up to £250 a day.
the act of saying that something you previously said was in fact untrue
retraction
The newspaper was forced to publish a retraction of its allegations
عقب نشینی
the act of moving an army, weapons etc away from the area where they were fighting
Withdrawal /wɪðˈdrɔːəl, wɪθ- $ -ˈdrɒːəl/
The UN were faced with an ignominious (ɪɡnəˈmɪniəsمفتضحانه ) withdrawal or a long-term military presence
The party is calling for the phased withdrawal of troops from the island.
علایم ترک مواد اعتیادآور
withdrawal symptoms/effects
People who try to give up smoking usually get withdrawal symptoms.
Cannabis may have few immediate withdrawal effects and this again may give rise to the mistaken belief that it is not addictive.
بازمانده
survivor
Emergency help is needed for survivors of the earthquake.
قتل عام ، کشتار دسته جمعی
massacre/ˈmæsəkə $ -ər/
She was the sole survivor (=only survivor) of the massacre.
There is widespread public outrage over the massacre
ارسال پیام ، مخابره
the process of sending out electronic signals, messages etc, using radio, television, or other similar equipment
transmission /trænzˈmɪʃən $ træns-/
There will be simultaneous transmission of the concert on TV and radio.
a live transmission from Sydney
worldwide data transmission
broadcast
سرایت،
transmission /trænzˈmɪʃən $ træns-/
The virus’s usual transmission route is by sneezing.
There is a risk of transmission of the virus between hypodermic users.
تصمیم سخت
a difficult decision to make
tough call
We’re still undecided on whether to buy a place or rent—it’s a tough call.
کابین - کوپه - محفظه
compartment /kəmˈpɑːtmənt $ -ɑːr-/
She kept the money hidden in a secret compartment in her briefcase
The suitcase had a secret compartment at the back
وقفه اختلال
interruption /ˌɪn.t̬əˈrʌp.ʃən/ قابل شمارش
There were so many interruptions, I couldn’t get on with my work.
کلی وقفه وجود داشت، نتوانستم به کارم ادامه دهم.
We can talk here without interruption
دسته کشتیهای جنگی، ناوگان،
fleet
The fleet was mobilized and the country prepared for war.
The fleet was very expensive to maintain.
There were over 500 ships in the enemy fleet
وفاداری
fidelity /fɪˈdelɪti/
Fidelity is our top priority.
وفاداری اولویت اصلی ماست.
He has proved his fidelity to the company over 25 years
They swore an oath of fidelity to their king.
How important do you think sexual fidelity is in a marriage?
You are not the one to talk about fidelity.
تو درباره وفاداری صحبت نکن.
loyalty
allegiance //əˈliːdʒəns// قابل شمارش
It is hard to keep up with the changing allegiances between the various political parties
You owe allegiance (=have a duty to give allegiance) to your king.
I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America
The union needs to retain the allegiance of all its members for the strike to succeed
Catholicism claims allegiance from more than 80% of the population.
Many people have abandoned their traditional party allegiances.
The rebels now have to swear allegiance to the queen they hate.
We will give our full allegiance to the party and everything it believes in.
My allegiance to my country is based on respect for its principles
خیانت، پیمان شکنی
Treason /ˈtriːz(ə)n/
Richter is accused of committing treason against the state.
The defendant was convicted of high treason (=treason of the worst kind) and sentenced to death.
Guy Fawkes was executed for treason after he took part in a plot to blow up the British Parliament building.
perfidy /ˈpɜː(r)fədi/
treachery /ˈtretʃəri/ قابل شمارش
He was punished for his treacheries.
(در زناشویی) خیانت
infidelity/ˌɪnfəˈdeləti, ˌɪnfɪˈdeləti/
She could not forgive his many infidelities.
There had been rumors for a long time of Clinton’s marital infidelity.
فتنه ، اغتشاش و اشوب
speech, writing, or actions intended to encourage people to disobey a government
sedition /sɪˈdɪʃən/ :
Trade union leaders were charged with sedition.
someone who comes from a group of people who are a different race, religion etc or who have a different background from most other people in that country
ethnic /ˈeθnɪk/:
In that neighborhood of New York, we were all ethnics
یاغی گری، تمرد، سرکشی
mutiny /ˈmjuːtəni, ˈmjuːtɪni $ -tn-i/
He led a mutiny against the captain.
Conditions on the ship were often very bad, and crews were on the point of mutiny
زمین بایر،
moor
We got lost on the moors.
Don’t walk over the moors in bad weather
شدت قوت
intensity /ɪnˈtɛnsəti/ قابل شمارش
آزمایش ، سنجش
test run قابل شمارش
شوخی جوک، خوشمزگی
a joke or funny story
gag :
He told a few gags.
It was a bit of a running gag (=a joke which is repeated) in the show
There was this running gag about a penguin (= they kept telling penguin jokes).
دهان‌بند
a piece of cloth put over someone’s mouth to stop them making a noise
gag /ɡæɡ/ قابل شمارش
They tied him up and put a gag on him.
مرحوم متوفی
deceased /dɪˈsiːst/
The deceased left a large sum of money to his children
شرکت اختلاطی
a large business organization consisting of several different companies that have joined together
conglomerate /kənˈɡlɒmərət, kənˈɡlɒmərɪt $ -ˈɡlɑː-/
The company was taken over by a German media conglomerate
اشتباه - سوتی
misstep
شرکت تابعه،
a company that is owned by a larger company
subsidiary : /səbˈsɪdiəri $ -dieri/
The company runs its New York operations through a US subsidiary.
She’s working for an overseas subsidiary of the company.
او برای یک شرکت تابعه در خارج از کشور کار می کند.
The company operates as a wholly-owned subsidiary of a large French company.
انکار - عدم پذیرش - نفی- تکذیب
denial /dɪˈnaɪəl/ غیرقابل شمارش
This denial is deeply embedded in politics
the parts of your body that are necessary to keep you alive, for example your heart and lungs
vitals /ˈvaɪtlz/
هم پیمان
ally /əˈlaɪ $ əˈlaɪ,ˈælaɪ/
Charles remained a close ally of the French king.
Portugal is a traditional ally of England.
صدای پا
the particular sound that someone makes when they walk
tread:
I heard his heavy tread moving about upstairs
I heard his heavy tread on the stairs
I heard the back door bang, and Rex’s tread in the hall.
نحوه راه رفتن ، گام‌برداری
tread:
His tread was measured and stately.
گام‌های او شمرده و باوقار بود.
رو(کف) پله
tread
The treads were composed of wood
آج (لاستیک و …)
the pattern of lines on the part of a tyre that touches the road
tread
The tyre tread has been worn below the legal limit.
پهنا عرض
breadth /brɛdθ/ غیرقابل شمارش
She estimated the breadth of the lake to be 500 meters.
او تخمین زد که عرض دریاچه 500 متر است.
We measured the length and breadth of the yard.
ما طول و عرض آن حیاط را اندازه گرفتیم.
width
نان‌آور
breadwinner /ˈbredwɪnər/ قابل شمارش
When the baby was born, I became the sole breadwinner.
وقتی بچه به دنیا آمد، من تنها نان آور خانه شدم.
جمع آوری (تدریجی) انباشتگی
accumulation /əˌkjumjəˈleɪʃən/ قابل شمارش
اخلاط آمیزه
conglomeration /kənˌɡlɒməˈreɪʃən $ -ˌɡlɑː-/ قابل شمارش
Scottsdale’s Old Town is a conglomeration of loud bars, souvenir shops, and art galleries.
پوسیدگی، فساد، زوال،
decay /dəˈkeɪ/
Smoking accelerates age-related decay in the heart and arteries
My dentist could not find any signs of decay.
A smell of decay pervaded the air.
The smell of death and decay hung over the town.
باقیمانده
pieces of waste material, paper etc
debris
Bacteria sticks to food debris in the teeth, causing decay.
فروپاشی - تلاشی
decay /dɪˈkeɪ/
This government promises to reverse industrial decay
تقلب، فریب، حیله، خدعه
behaviour that is intended to make someone believe something that is not true
deceit /dəˈsit/
The story is about theft, fraud and deceit on an incredible scale.
When the newspapers published the full story, all his earlier deceits were revealed.
Cunning
She would use low cunning (=unpleasant dishonest methods) to win people’s sympathy.
She relied on her native cunning to survive.
He had used cunning to get what he wanted
کلاهبرداری
con
a con to make people pay for goods they hadn’t actually received
وفات، ارتحال ، درگذشت
decease /dᵻsˈiːs/ قابل شمارش
On your decease, the house passes to your wife
The house will not be yours till after your mother’s decease.
اخراج - برکناری
the removal of someone from an important position or job
ouster /ˈaʊ.stəʳ/ US /-stɚ/ :
The committee’s chairperson is facing a possible ouster
dismissal /dɪˈsmɪsəl/
Wilson was claiming compensation for unfair dismissal.
No dismissals have been announced yet.
His attack on the manager led to his instant dismissal.
Crash victims are calling for the dismissal of the coach driver.
Cooke, who was with the firm 30 years, claims unfair dismissal.
expulsion /ɪkˈspʌlʃən/
His disruptive behaviour was felt to be sufficient grounds for his expulsion
خلع ید - سلب مالکیت
dispossession /dˌɪspəzˈɛʃən/ قابل شمارش
He said that the country was founded on the dispossession and slaughter of the land’s indigenous inhabitants.
Her main theme is the dispossession of ancient Aboriginal lands by white settlers.
شرکت موسسه
concern:
The restaurant is a family concern.
We will continue to run the company as a going concern (=a business that is financially successful).
محوطه /متعلقات ساختمان
premises/ˈprem.ɪ.sɪz/
Security guards saw him off(=forced him to leave ) the premises
Schools may earn extra money by renting out their premises
The hotel has a restaurant on the premises(=inside a building or on the area of land that it is on)
پیش‌فرض
an idea or theory on which a statement or action is based
premise /ˈpreməs, ˈpremɪs/:
The idea that there is life on other planets is the central premise of the novel.
the premise is that an accused person is innocent until they are proved guilty
Fortunately, it is based on a false premise
They had started with the premise that all men are created equal.
The research project is based on the premise stated earlier
احضار - فراخوان
call-out
Many plumbers charge double for an emergency call-out over the weekend.
The mountain rescue service had several call-outs last week.
دلیل، گواه
facts or signs that show clearly that something exists or is true
evidence /ˈevədəns, ˈevɪdəns/ uncountable
There is convincing evidence of a link between exposure to sun and skin cancer.
مدارک محکمی از ارتباط بین در معرض خورشید بودن و سرطان پوست وجود دارد.
The figures provide concrete evidence of the bank’s claim to provide the best service
Available evidence points to pilot error as the cause of the crash.
Most of the available evidence bears out the view that students learn better in small classes.
شاهد، مدرک
information that is given in a court of law in order to prove that someone is guilty or not guilty
evidence /ˈevədəns, ˈevɪdəns/
The collected body of evidence indicates that he is innocent.
مجموعه‌ی شواهد جمع‌آوری شده حاکی از بیگناه بودن اوست.
it can hardly be considered evidence
The documents may be used in evidence at the trial.
آمار و ارقام
figures /ˈfɪɡəz/
The figures provide concrete evidence of the bank’s claim to provide the best service
By 2009, this figure had risen to 14 million.
تا سال 2009، این رقم به 14 میلیون افزایش یافته بود.
Figures for April show a slight improvement over previous months.
آمار ماه آوریل پیشرفتی جزئی را در ماه‌های گذشته نشان می‌دهد.
پی گرد، تعقیب قانونی
prosecution /ˌprɒsɪˈkjuːʃən $ ˌprɑː-/
به خاطرِ..
for one’s sake
I only went for Kay’s sake.
I hope he’s told the truth for his own sake
for the sake of somebody/something
He moved to the seaside for the sake of his health.
I’ve been working for the sake of our national security when you’ve been busy plating saint
شیفتگی علاقه‌مندی
fascination /ˌfæsəˈneɪʃən/
Police knew of his fascination with guns
She shared his fascination for motorbikes
She developed a fascination for these creatures
جذابیت
fascination /ˌfæsəˈneɪʃən/
The fascination lay in the mystery of what was inside the box
پرورش ماکیان
poultry farming
استنشاق عمل دم
inhalation قابل شمارش /ˌɪn.həˈleɪ.ʃən/
Two firefighters were treated for smoke inhalation.
See
She died from poisoning by carbon monoxide due to inhalation of fumes.
A drop or two of eucalyptus oil added to water for steam inhalation gives excellent relief in common colds.
بازدم
exhalation /ˌeks.həˈleɪ.ʃən/ :
With a short exhalation, he prepared for the work ahead.
You could hear every ragged exhalation.[بازدم همراه با خس خس]
The scans produced an image of each patient’s lungs after exhalation.
I could hear her breathing next to me, and felt a faint(سست بی حال) exhalation.
She amused(سرگرم/مشغول کردن) herself by varying the rhythm of her exhalations.
In yoga, movement of the arms and legs are matched with inhalation and exhalation.
کار سنگین (ذهنی یا فیزیکی)
a lot of physical or mental effort
exertion /ɪɡˈzɜːrʃn/ :
You should avoid any physical exertion for the next four weeks
The afternoon’s exertions had left us feeling exhausted.
پیچیدگی، بغرنجی، تودرتویی، ریزه کاری
intricacy /ˈɪntrɪkəsi/
I’ve never mastered the intricacies of cricket.
Now he has had a chance to work with them and perhaps better understands the intricacies of their job.
تزئین، ارایش، پیرایش
decoration on an object that makes it look attractive
ornamentation /ˌɔːnəmenˈteɪʃən $ ˌɔːr-/ :
a bronze plate with gold ornamentation
wooden overlay ornamentation.
رستگاری
salvation /sælˈveɪʃn/
The medieval Church believed in salvation through faith and works.
You are beginning to work out your own salvation
Black must seek his salvation in the endgame.
She had sinned so much, could she ever find salvation?
رهایی - نجات
being saved from danger, loss or harm
salvation /sælˈveɪʃn/
Neither the elite workers nor anyone else will find salvation in the new technology of the information age.
Construction of the factory proved to be the salvation of the local economy
حرص - ولع - زیاده‌خواهی - طمع
greed /grid/ غیرقابل شمارش
She killed him to satisfy her greed
He was driven by greed for money and power.
Conquer greed because it will eliminate you.
به طمع غلبه کن چون نابودت میکنه.
Greed has blinded you.
طمع تو رو کور کرده.
He did this out of greed
.از روی طمع این کار رو انجام داد.
Your greed for power has ruined everyone’s life.
طمع تو برای قدرت همه رو نابود کرده.
avarice /ˈævərəs, ˈævərɪs/
Her business empire brought her wealth beyond the dreams of avarice (= an extremely large amount of money).
رشک غبطه
the feeling that you wish you had something that someone else has
covetousness
envy /ˈen.vi/ غیرقابل شمارش:
I watched with envy as she set off for the airport.
Our envy of Nora’s skating ability is foolish because with practice all of us could do as well.
حسادت ما به توانایی اسکیت کردن “نورا” احمقانه است چون با تمرین همه می‌توانند به خوبی آن را انجام دهند.
سخاوت
generosity
حسادت
a feeling of unhappiness and anger because someone has something or someone that you want
jealousy /ˈdʒel.ə.si/:
He broke his brother’s new bike in a fit of jealousy.
She was consumed by/eaten up with jealousy (= she was very jealous) when she heard that he had been given a promotion.
The team has performed very badly this season due to petty jealousies (= feelings of jealousy about unimportant things) among the players.
طمعکاری
a strong wish to have something, especially something that belongs to someone else
covetousness /ˈkʌv.ə.t̬əs.nəs/ :
Covetousness is condemned as a great sin.
Covetousness affects relationships.
They steal not from a feeling of covetousness but from the fleeting relief it gives from mental suffering.
محرک انگیختگر
something that makes or causes something else to grow or develop
stimulant /ˈstɪmjələnt/
Tourism has acted as a stimulant to the country’s economy.
stimulus /ˈstɪmjələs, ˈstɪmjʊləs/ (plural stimuli /-laɪ/)
Areas of the brain which respond to auditory stimuli.
بخش‌هایی از مغز که به محرک‌های شنیداری واکنش نشان می‌دهند.
Political stability acts as a stimulus for foreign investment
Foreign investment has been a stimulus to the industry.
The book will provide a stimulus to research in this very important area.
دستکاری
controlling someone or something to your own advantage, often unfairly or dishonestly
manipulation : /məˌnɪp.jəˈleɪ.ʃən/
They have been accused of fraud and stock market manipulations.
There’s been so much media manipulation of the facts that nobody knows the truth of the matter.
The country’s opposition party claims the president returned to power through political manipulation.
People think that the investigation was independent, but in fact a lot of political manipulation went on.
The government has disguised the true situation by clever manipulation of the figures.
خط مقدم
the most noticeable or important position
forefront /ˈfɔːfrʌnt $ ˈfɔːr-/ :
She was one of the politicians at/in the forefront of the campaign to free the prisoners.
His team is at the forefront of scientific research into vaccines.
She came to the forefront as governor after the political change.
The new factory could put the town back at the forefront of steel-making
مرهم ضماد
salve
ointment
به جای برخلاف
as opposed to
The box is made of plastic, as opposed to wood.
rather than; instead of
مثل بره آرام مثل بره نجیب و سربه راه
as meek as a lamb
Only an hour after their argument, Joe went to his mother, and meek as a lamb, asked her to forgive him.
تنها بعد از یک ساعت از جروبحث شان، “جو” پیش مادرش رفت و آرام مثل بره از او خواست تا او را ببخشد.
تخفیف
discount /ˈdɪskaʊnt/
Members get a 15% discount
Employees can buy books at a discount.
They offer a 10 percent discount on train travel for students.
آنها برای سفر با قطار تخفیفی 10 درصدی برای دانش آموزان قرار دارند.
They usually give you a discount if you buy multiple copies.
آنها معمولا اگر کپی‌های چندگانه خریداری کنید به شما تخفیف می‌دهند.
خطای دید
trick of the light
they discounted the first reports as a trick of the light or exaggeration
شاهد عینی
eyewitness /ˈaɪwɪtnəs/ قابل شمارش
According to eyewitness accounts, soldiers opened fire on the crowd.
One eyewitness said he saw her talking to a man in a blue car
onlooker /ˈɑːnlʊkər/ قابل شمارش
A crowd of curious onlookers soon gathered to see what was happening.
جمعیتی از نظاره‌گران کنجکاو زود جمع شدند تا ببیند چه خبر است.
.A crowd of onlookers gathered at the scene of the crash.
. جماعتی از شاهدان عینی در صحنه تصادف جمع شدند.
خشم، غضب،
a tendency to become angry suddenly or easily
temper:
Mason’s temper flared (= became angry) when he spotted his girlfriend kissing another man.
That temper of hers will get her into trouble one of these days.
According to Nathan, Robin has quite a temper.
Theo needs to learn to control his temper.
اشراف‌زاده
noble /ˈnoʊbl/ قابل شمارش
The regime was supported by a group of powerful nobles.
رژیم توسط گروهی از اشراف‌زادگان قدرتمند حمایت میشد.
aristocrat
noble-born
قد قامت
someone’s height or size
stature /ˈstætʃə $ -ər/ :
Bernard was short in stature, with a large head.
The president lacks physical stature
Both her parents are fairly small in stature.
مقام، قدر وقیمت،
the degree to which someone is admired or regarded as important
stature /ˈstætʃə $ -ər/ :
Their work is equal in stature
His political stature increased during the crisis.
Geo-morphology has now achieved full stature as a branch of geology.
he was an architect of international stature
He grew in stature (=became more admired or popular) during the campaign.
نظر جمعی عقیده عمومی
the opinion that most people consider to be normal and right, but that is sometimes shown to be wrong
conventional wisdom /kənˈvɛnʃənəl ˈwɪzdəm/ قابل شمارش:
As traffic grew, the conventional wisdom was to widen the roads.
Conventional wisdom has it that a book should never be judged by its cover
نظر جمعی این است که یک کتاب هیچوقت نباید با جلدش قضاوت شود
تضمین قطعی
categorical assurance
Can you give us a categorical assurance that no jobs will be lost?
کار هنری
work of art
They’re really works of art.
نظر اجمالی نگاه کوتاه
a quick look at someone or something that does not allow you to see them clearly
glimpse of
glimpse /glɪmps/ غیرقابل شمارش
We only had a fleeting glimpse (=a very short look) of the river.
The tall shrubs kept us from getting a glimpse of the new people who inhabited the beach house.
بوته‌های بلند مانع از این میشد که نگاه کوتاهی بر افراد جدیدی که در خانه ساحلی زندگی می‌کنند بیندازیم.
This morning we caught our first glimpse of the beautiful shoreline.
امروز صبح برای اولین بار نظری اجمالی بر خط ساحلی زیبا انداختیم.
المثنی
an exact copy of something, especially a building, a gun, or a work of art
replica /ˈreplɪkə/
The original conservatory has been rebuilt in replica
The vessel is an exact replica of a Viking longboat.
a large group of people all moving together
swarm /swɔːm $ swɔːrm/ :
A swarm of/Swarms of photographers followed the star’s car.
a large group of insects all moving together
swarm /swɔːm $ swɔːrm/ :
The dead sheep was covered with swarms of flies.
جمعیت جماعت ازدحام فوج
throng /θrɑːŋ/ قابل شمارش
He was met by a throng of journalists and photographers.
او با جماعتی از روزنامه نگارها و عکاس ها مواجه شد.
We pushed our way through the throng.
ما از بین جمعیت راهمان را باز کردیم.
به مرور زمان
as time passed
دوره - بازه زمانی
spell
After a brief spell in the army, I returned to teaching
علاقه، میل، دلبستگی
interest/ˈɪntrəst, ˈɪntrɪst/
Ben has shown an interest in learning French.
شریک همکار
associate /əˈsoʊʃieɪt/
He manipulated government funds to benefit himself and his associates.
او سرمایه‌های دولتی را دستکاری کرد تا به خود و همکارانش سود برساند.
Her former associates refused to see her
نماینده
someone who has been elected or chosen to speak, vote, or take decisions for a group
delegate /ˈdeləɡeɪt, ˈdelɪɡeɪt/
Congress delegates rejected the proposals.
نمایندگان کنگره آن طرح را رد کردند.
Around 350 delegates attended the conference.
Delegates have voted in favour of the motion.
Each union elects several delegates to the annual conference.
representative
تفویض واگذاری
delegation /dˌɛlɪɡˈeɪʃən/ غیرقابل شمارش
Many of these tasks can be dealt with by delegation
هیئت همراه گروه نمایندگان
a group of delegates
delegation /dˌɛlɪɡˈeɪʃən/ غیرقابل شمارش
The delegation included representatives from nine nations.
The government invited an international delegation to inspect the plant.
قصد و نیت، منظور
intent /ɪnˈtent/
She behaved foolishly but with good intent.
He is charged with possession of a gun with intent to commit a robbery.
Jones was found guilty of wounding with intent.
intention
اضافه کاری
overtime /ˈəʊvətaɪm $ ˈoʊvər-/
They’re working overtime to get the job finished.
He’s been doing a lot of overtime recently.
Many employees work countless hours of unpaid overtime.
Many of our offices will be working on overtime until the end of the year.
غوطه وری،
immersion /ɪˈmɜːʃən, -ʒən $ ɪˈmɜːrʒən/
After immersion in 40% glycerin solution at room temperature, they were placed on a copper stage and frozen with liquid nitrogen
the fact of becoming completely involved in something
immersion /ɪˈmɜːʃən, -ʒən $ ɪˈmɜːrʒən/ :
Total immersion in a videogame is almost like living another life
اماس، حالت تورم
tumefaction [tju:mɪ’fakʃ(ǝ)n]
بافت، نسج
tissue /ˈtɪʃuː, -sjuː $ -ʃuː/
She treats skin and soft tissue injuries in casualty
پند و اندرز
hint
The magazine gives lots of useful hints on how to save money
اشاره راهنمایی
hint
subtle hint اشاره نامحسوس
تسلیم
surrender /səˈrendər/ غیرقابل شمارش
The allied commander demanded their immediate and unconditional surrender
The villagers were starved into surrender.
He raised his hands in surrender.
درمیان ، وسط
amid /əˈmɪd/
The dollar has fallen in value amid rumors of weakness in the US economy.
لطیفه
a joke or funny story
gag
It was a bit of a running gag (=a joke which is repeated) in the show
His gags didn’t make us giggle.لطیفه هاش خنده دار نبود.
different levels of society
walk of life
People from all walks of life took to the streets.
مردم از هر قشری به خیابان ها ریختند.
تمام نیرو و توان
every ounce of strength
We must focus every ounce of strength to work out a solution to this problem.
باید تمام نیرومون و بذاریم تا برای این مشکل راه حلی پیدا کنیم.
شرافت صداقت، اصول اخلاقی
integrity /ɪnˈteɡrəti, ɪnˈteɡrɪti/
The code calls on members to behave with integrity at all times
She questioned his integrity as a councillor
He was a journalist of immense skill and integrity.
یکپارچگی (در ساخت) استحکام، انسجام
the state of being united as one complete thing
integrity /ɪnˈteɡrəti, ɪnˈteɡrɪti/
They do not independently check the integrity of the data that companies send to them.
The country is fighting to preserve its territorial integrity.
Nuclear weapons have the capability to destroy the physical integrity of the planet
The project threatens the integrity of one of the world’s most important wetlands.
We all have an interest in maintaining the integrity of the ecosystem
It’s up to the user to ensure the integrity of the data they enter.
شرافت کاری
professional integrity
Before turning to the individual arguments for teaching history it would be worthwhile emphasising the professional integrity of history teachers
شب زنده داری
a period of time, especially during the night, when you stay awake in order to pray, remain with someone who is ill, or watch for danger
vigil /ˈvɪdʒəl, ˈvɪdʒɪl/
I kept vigil at the bedside of my ailing mother.
تمام شب و کنار تخت مادر بیمارم بیدار بودم.
غوغا ، اشوب ، همهمه ، هیاهو
Ruckus /ˈrʌkəs/
rumpus /ˈrʌmpəs/
There’s a real rumpus going on upstairs.
پشیمانی، افسوس، ندامت
remorse /rɪˈmɔːrs/ غیرقابل شمارش
I felt guilty and full of remorse.
من احساس گناه داشتم و پر از عذاب وجدان بودم.
Throughout the trial, he had shown no remorse
Filled with remorse, Dillon decided to resign
I suffered no remorse
عذاب - درد (شدید)
agony
He was in agonies of remorse
He endured agonies of loneliness and misery.
They went through agony in the search for their missing relatives.
She mumbled an apology in an agony of embarrassment.
احساس شدید(درد،غم…)
pang /pæŋ/ [قابل شمارش]
She felt a sudden pang of guilt.
The photograph gave her a pang of homesickness
With a pang she recalled the last time she had seen him.
A sharp pang of guilt shot through him.
She felt a little pang of jealousy
a passing pang of regret
فرسودگی - خستگی شدید
extreme tiredness
exhaustion
Sheer exhaustion forced him to give up
Two of the horses collapsed with exhaustion.
there’s no end to my exhaustion.
fatigue /fəˈtiːɡ/
car accidents caused by driver fatigue
He’s suffering from physical and mental fatigue
گرمازدگی
heat exhaustion
Many runners were suffering from heat exhaustion
رعشه لرزه
quiver /ˈkwɪvə $ -ər/
I felt a quiver of excitement run through me.
The opening bars of the music sent a quiver of excitement through the crowd
shiver /ˈʃɪv.ər/ قابل شمارش
He felt a cold shiver of fear run through him
بیچارگی، درماندگی
helplessness /’helpləsnəs/
A feeling of utter helplessness washed over him.
گرداب
whirlpool /ˈwɜːlpuːl $ ˈwɜːrl-/
Whirlpools are normally caused by tides
جکوزی استخر آب گرم
whirlpool bath /ˈwɜːlpuːl $ ˈwɜːrl-/
A whirlpool bath and relaxing sun-beds are available for hire
قطع عضوی از بدن،
amputation /’æmpjə’teıʃən/
mutilation /’mju:tə’leıʃən/
تخریب - آسیب
damage or harm that is done to something
depredation /ˌdeprəˈdeɪʃ(ə)n/
The entire area has suffered the depredations of war.
Depredation of the environment is destroying hundreds of species each year.
بی میلی، اکراه، بیزاری،
reluctance /rɪˈlʌktəns/
I noticed a certain reluctance among the teachers.
His designs indicate a reluctance to conform to fashion.
She showed considerable reluctance to leave.
I can quite understand your reluctance to talk about what happened to you.
These political tensions explain the reluctance of financiers to invest in the region
With great reluctance, we have come to the decision to close the hospital
بیمه‌گر
insurer /ɪnʃˈʊɹɚ/ قابل شمارش
reluctance by insurers to keep paying out heavy claims
وهم، تصور، خیال واهی
illusion /ɪˈluʒən/
.My boss is laboring under the illusion that the project will be completed on time.
رئیس من با این وهم کار می‌کند که پروژه سر زمان تمام می‌شود.
The impression of calm in the office is just an illusion.
احساس آرامشی که در شرکت است، خیال واهی بیش نیست.
توهین اهانت
insult /ˈɪnsʌlt/
She was shouting insults at her boyfriend.
Their offer was so low I took it as an insult (=thought it was meant to be an insult).
that was one of the worst insults you can throw at somebody
Some advertising is an insult to our intelligence. توهین به شعور
They were hurling insults at the police.
I meant it as a bit of constructive advice, but he took it as a personal insult
I don’t mean this as an insult, but I think the team would play better without you
The king is unlikely to forgive the insult offered to his ambassador.
Foreigners have to suffer/endure constant insults from the local population.
It was an insult to his wife
offense =offence /əˈfens/
The problem was how to say ‘no’ to her without causing offence.
Don’t be upset by what he said; he meant no offence (=did not intend to offend anyone).
اسیب پذیری،
vulnerability /’vʌlnərə’bılıtı/
The gang had taken advantage of the immigrants’ vulnerability.
The earthquake highlighted the vulnerability of elevated highways.
بغض، بدخواهی، غرض، کینه
spite
She broke it just out of spite(=because of spite)
She killed her neighbour’s cow out of pure spite
grudge
Let us release our grudges, our anger and our pains, for these are nothing but binding chains.
بیایید کینه‌ها، خشم و دردهایمان را رها کنیم، زیرا اینها چیزی جز زنجیر بند نیستند.
چیز غول پیکر وگنده
colossus /kəˈlɒs.əs/
She has been described as the creative colossus of the literary world.
شباهت، همانندی،
likeness
There’s a definite family likeness around the eyes
The children all share a strong family likeness.
There’s a superficial likeness, but they’re really very different.
She bears a remarkable likeness to her grandmother.
I can’t see any likeness between her children
resemblance
similarity
پرتره
remarkable
That’s a remarkable likeness of Julia.
As a painter, he had the ability to produce a likeness in a single one-hour sitting.
به عنوان یک نقاش، او توانایی این را داشت که در عرض یک ساعت پرتره بکشد.
پاره، خرده، تکه، باقیمانده،
a small piece of something that has broken off or that comes from something larger
fragment /ˈfrægmənt/
The vase hit the wall and shattered into fragments.
Police found fragments of glass on his clothing.
ماهیت، گوهر، ذات،
essence /ˈesəns/
The essence of Arsenal’s style of football was speed.
She seems the very essence of kindness (=she seems very kind).
The essence of the problem is that there is not enough money available.
ماهیت مشکل این است که پول کافی در دسترس نیست.
ضمیمه پیوست، الحاقیه
appendage /əˈpendɪdʒ/ قابل شمارش
The committee is a mere appendage of the council and has no power of its own.
attachment
الت ذکور حیوان
pizzle [‘pɪz(ǝ)l]
رویداد غیرعادی
something in nature that is very unusual
freak of nature:
Due to some freak of nature, it snowed in June
کتیبه
inscription
additional details are found in monumental inscriptions
اثر تاریخی
monumental work /mɒnjəˈmentl /
The standard has been set by Penny’s monumental work, and he is to be heartily congratulated for his achievement.
مجسمه پیکر، تندیس
sculpture /ˈskʌlptʃər/ قابل شمارش
Tombs remain the most important monumental sculpture of this period.
آلت ابزار دستگاه
the set of tools and machines that you use for a particular scientific, medical, or technical purpose
apparatus /ˌæpəˈrætəs/ قابل شمارش
Astronauts have special breathing apparatus.
equipment
قدرت - اثرگذاری
the power that something has to influence people
potency /ˈpəʊtənsi $ ˈpoʊ-/ قابل شمارش
The myth of male superiority was losing its potency
He owed his popular support to the potency of his propaganda
This new drug’s potency is not yet known machine.
the ability of a man to have sex
potency /ˈpəʊtənsi $ ˈpoʊ-/ :
Consuming large amounts of alcohol can significantly reduce a man’s potency.
He is at the peak of his sexual potency
رستاخیز - تجدید حیات
resurrection /ˌrezəˈrekʃn/ غیرقابل شمارش
قدم، گام
stride
Paco reached the door in only three strides.
In one short stride, he reached the window.
He lengthened his stride to keep up with her.
He matched his stride to her slower pace
روایت سرگذشت
narrative /ˈnærətɪv/ قابل شمارش
Hall skillfully weaves the historical research into a gripping narrative.
نخ رشته، تار
thread /θred/
weaving the threads together
تقدیرگرایی-اعتقاد به سرنوشت،
fatalism /ˈfeɪtəlɪzəm/ غیرقابل شمارش
سوء مصرف مواد
substance/drug abuse
If a person has a substance abuse problem, he should be directed to a rehabilitative program
تسلیم
when someone calmly accepts a situation that cannot be changed, even though it is bad
resignation /ˌrezɪɡˈneɪʃn/ :
She gave a sigh of resignation
نفس راحت
a feeling of comfort after worrying about something
sigh of relief /sˈaɪ ʌv ɹɪlˈiːf/ قابل شمارش :
Residents in coastal areas are breathing a sigh of relief now that the storm has passed.
تندنویسی
a system of fast writing which uses lines and simple signs to represent words and phrases
shorthand
Her secretary was taking shorthand.
He took the speech down in shorthand.
Their conversations were taken down in shorthand by a secretary
آژیر
siren /ˈsaɪrən/ قابل شمارش
A police car raced past with its siren wailing.
یک خودروی پلیس در حال آژیر زدن با سرعت عبور کرد.
کار ماموریت
errand /ˈerənd/ قابل شمارش
I have to run a few errands for my mom.
باید چند تا کار برای مادرم انجام دهم.
Jerry will be back in a minute. I sent him out on an errand.
پادو شاگرد
errand boy /ˈɛɹənd bˈɔɪ/ قابل شمارش
شوخی خرکی
horseplay
فردی که به دنبال فرصتی برای انجام عملی غیرقانونی می‌گردد
a person who moves stealthily about or loiters near a place with a view to committing a crime
prowler
خوشه شاخه، دسته
a group of things that are fastened, held, or growing together
bunch
I’ll send her a bunch of flowers.
He had a bunch of keys on his belt.
خیلی
a large number of people or things, or a large amount of something
[ informal ]
bunch
There’s a whole bunch of places I want to visit.
I have a whole bunch of stuff to do this morning.
من امروز صبح خیلی کار برای انجام دادن دارم.
گروهی/تعدادی از چیزی/کسی
a bunch of something/somebody
We were a pretty inexperienced bunch of people really.
ما واقعا تعدادی آدم بی‌تجربه بودیم.
The ancient Egyptians were a clever bunch
گیاه دارویی
herb
Some special herbs can heel dangerous illnesses.
منتها درجه، اوج
peak
Hotel rooms are difficult to find at the peak of the holiday season
At his peak he was the best player in the world.
The share index rose to a new all-time peak of 2732
pinnacle /ˈpɪnəkəl/
He had reached the pinnacle of his military career.
If his capabilities had been appreciated, he would have reached the pinnacle of success in his own country.
اگر قدر قابلیت‌های او را دانسته بودند در کشور خودش به اوج موفقیت رسیده بود.
apex /ˈeɪpeks/
the apex of his career was in 1966
zenith /ˈzen.ɪθ/
His career reached its zenith in the 1960s.
culmination / kʌlmɪˈneɪʃən/ [uncountable]
This little book represented the culmination of 15 years’ work
The show marked the culmination of months of hard work.
The space race reached its culmination in the first moon walk
2001 saw the culmination of the project.
A decision will be taken at the culmination of the initial research.
acme/ˈækmi/
the acme of scientific achievement اوج دستاوردهای علمی
summit /ˈsʌmət/
His election as President represented the summit of his career
افت - افول
trough /trɔːf/ قابل شمارش
There have been peaks and troughs in the long-term trend of unemployment.
در روند بیکاری افت و خیزهایی بوده است.
قله
peak
Mount McKinley is Alaska’s highest peak
It is one of the most difficult peaks to climb.
آن یکی از سخت‌ترین قله‌ها برای صعود [کردن] است.
We looked up at the rocky peaks towering above us.
We saw climbers on the distant mountain peaks
summit
Many people have now reached the summit of Mount Everest
We estimated the summit of the mountain to be twenty thousand feet.
ما (ارتفاع) قله کوه را بیست‌هزار پا تخمین زدیم.
The climbers planted a flag on the summit
They reached base camp, 12,000 metres below the summit.
crest
We stood on the crest of the hill
It took us over an hour to reach the crest of the hill
بزنگاه، نقطه عطف
the most exciting or important part of a story or experience, which usually comes near the end
climax
The festival reaches its climax with the traditional boat-burning ceremony.
The climax came when the President ordered an air strike on the capital
This painting marked the climax of his career.
کولاک بوران (برف و باد شدید)
blizzard /ˈblɪzərd/
اجلاس سران
an important meeting or set of meetings between the leaders of several governments
summit
The 2004 summit will be hosted by Japan.
The two presidents agreed to hold a summit in the spring
These measures were decided at a summit in July
عهدنامه
treaty /ˈtriːti/ قابل شمارش
The two countries signed a peace treaty.
دو کشور عهدنامه صلح امضا کردند.
Two binding treaties were agreed at the summit.
دو عهدنامه لازم‌الاجرا در اجلاس سران مورد توافق قرار گرفت.
نوک، رأس
apex /ˈeɪpeks/
The king was at the apex of society
ridge
I could see a group of climbers high up on a ridge.
A bald eagle stood on the ridge of the tall office building.
یک عقاب سرسفید در نوک یک ساختمان اداری بلند ایستاده [نشسته] بود.
شتاب ، عجله
great speed in doing something, especially because you do not have enough time
haste
I soon regretted my haste
They left in haste, without even saying goodbye.
In his haste to leave, he forgot his briefcase.
She worked with frantic haste
hurry :
In my hurry, I left my coat behind.
انزجار تنفر شدید
revulsion /rɪˈvʌlʃən/ غیرقابل شمارش
تجدید دیدار
reunion /riːˈjuːnjən/
The reunion is held every two years.
Let’s have a party to celebrate our reunion.
At the reunion I met a friend I hadn’t seen for twenty years.
He had a tearful reunion with his family
پاتوق
hang-out
I chased him down (=to search for and find someone or something) at his old hangout.
دغدغه
a feeling of worry or embarrassment about something that you have
hang-up /ˈhæŋʌp/ [countable] informal :
She had cured him of all his hang-ups.
She’s got a real hang-up about her body.
درد شدید (جسمی یا روحی) رنج، عذاب
extreme unhappiness caused by physical or mental suffering
anguish /ˈæŋ.ɡwɪʃ/:
His anguish at the outcome of the court case was very clear.
In her anguish she forgot to leave a message.
she shut her eyes in anguish.
او چشمانش را با درد شدید بست.
The loss of a pet can cause some people real anguish.
He suffered the anguish of watching his son go to prison.
In her anguish, she turned to her father for help.
All the pain and anguish inside her rose like a tidal wave.
How could her parents survive the anguish of not knowing what had happened to her?
When she spoke, her voice was full of anguish.
Terror and anguish has gripped Ukraine and innocent people are being killed.
وحشت و اضطراب اوکراین را فراگرفته و مردم بیگناه دارن کشته میشن.
اضطراب تشویش، ترس هول و ولا
a strong feeling of worry and anxiety because you are worried about your life, your future, or what you should do in a particular situation
angst :
All my children went through a period of late-adolescent angst.
There was much angst about the decision.
علامت ایما، اشاره
cue
She stood in the wings and waited for her cue to go on.
او در گوشه‌های صحنه می‌ایستاد و منتظر علامتش بود تا بازی‌اش را ادامه دهد [تا روی صحنه برود].
زخم - جراحت
wound /wuːnd/
He died of gunshot wounds to the head.
A nurse cleaned and bandaged the wound.
It took several months for his wounds to heal
Several of the victims suffered severe stab wounds
He was treated in hospital for head wounds.
It will take much longer for the mental wounds to heal.
sore
all of us had sores and infections on our hands
They were starving and covered with sores
صومعه، خانقاه راهبان، دیر
Monastery /ˈmɒnəstri $ ˈmɑːnəsteri/
He lived in a monastery for most of his life.
convent /ˈkɑnvənt/
سهم سود
a part of the profits or advantages that come from an activity
a slice/piece of the action:
When it comes to lawsuits, everyone seems to want a piece of the action.
The inventor wanted a large piece of the action of the profits from the new computer that he had invented.
مخترع سهم عمده ای از سود کامپیوتر جدیدی که اختراع کرده بود خواست.
آسیب جبران‌ناپذیر
irreparable damage
راهنمایی ، نصیحت
tip
Here are some handy tips for buying a computer.
اینها راهنمایی‌هایی مفید برای خرید کامپیوتر هستند.
She gave me a useful tip for growing tomatoes.
او راهنمایی مفیدی برای پرورش گوجه‌فرنگی به من کرد.
We need some useful tips on how to save money.
ما راهنمایی‌هایی مفید درباره چگونه پول جمع کردن نیاز داریم.
نکات ایمنی
safety tips
Ensure the safety of your family with a few simple safety tips from the Fire Service.
از ایمنی خانواده‌تان با چندین نکته ایمنی ساده سازمان آتش‌نشانی اطمینان حاصل کنید.
نوک انگشت
tip of finger
The tips of your fingers are dirty.
نوک انگشتانت کثیف هستند.
نوک بینی
tip of nose
He kissed the tip of her nose.
او نوک بینی او را بوسید.
حکم مجوز
warrant /ˈwɒrənt $ ˈwɔː-, ˈwɑː-/ قابل شمارش
They had a warrant to search the house.
. آنها برای تفتیش خانه مجوز داشتند.
تار و پود
warp and weft /wˈɔːɹp ænd wˈɛft/
حواله، سند
an official document giving someone the right to do something, for example buy shares in a company
warrant: /ˈwɒrənt $ ˈwɔː-, ˈwɑː-/
The company issued warrants for 300,000 shares.
گواهی فوت
death warrant
The king refused to sign the death warrant for his old friend.
By indulging in casual sex, many teenagers could be signing their own death warrants
رضایت از خود (در مفهوم منفی)
complacency /kəmˈpleɪsənsi/ غیرقابل شمارش
success brings with it the danger of complacency
considering someone or something when doing something, and taking suitable action
with somebody/something in mind
With these aims in mind, the school operates a broad-based curriculum
تبریک، تهنیت، شادباش
congratulations
Thank you for your email and congratulations on your new job
May I offer my heartiest congratulations on your promotion?
Please give your parents my congratulations
Congratulations to Tony on his new job!
به منظور آماده سازی برای چیزی
in preparation for
The boxer exercised daily in preparation for(= in order to get ready for) the fight.
The prime minister has been briefed in preparation for his forthcoming visit to China
همه کاره، همه فن حریف
jack-of-all-trades
آراستگی پاکیزگی
neatness
a piece of cloth tied around your neck to support an injured arm or hand
sling
She had her arm in a sling
انتقاد شدید
Harsh criticisms, judgments, or personal attacks.
flak
He’s taken a lot of flak for his left-wing views.
او به خاطر دیدگاه‌های چپی خود مورد انتقاد شدید قرار گرفته است.
It drew/received/took a lot of flak from the disciplinary committee.
مورد انتقاد شدید کمیته انضباطی قرار گرفت.
slings and arrows
Now that you’re the boss, get ready to face the slings and arrows of unhappy customers and employees alike.
Unpleasant or difficult hardships.
slings and arrows
We’ve all suffered the slings and arrows of day-to-day living.
We’ve had our share of slings and arrows, but we’ve managed to build ourselves up into a stable business.
دسته دنده (خودرو)
gear lever
موجودی (انبار) ذخیره
a supply of a particular type of thing that a shop has available to sell
stock:
We have a huge stock of quality carpets on sale.
That particular model is not currently in stock.
آن مدل خاص در حال حاضر در انبار موجود نیست.
I’m sorry, that swimsuit is completely out of stock in your size
This store sells its old stock at a discount.
این فروشگاه موجودی قدیمی‌اش را با تخفیف می‌فروشد.
He keeps a stock of medicines in the cupboard.
The country has been building up its stock of weapons
بازار سهام
stock market
My father put all his money into stock market.
پدرم تمام پولش را وارد بازار سهام کرد.
تابوت
coffin /ˈkɑːfɪn/ قابل شمارش
A procession of mourners slowly followed the coffin.
دسته عزاداران به آرامی به دنبال تابوت حرکت کرد.
casket
شمع خودرو
he part of a petrol engine that makes a spark, which makes the petrol start burning
plug:
Change the plugs every 10,000 miles.
درپوش
an object or substance that is used to fill or block a hole, tube etc
plug
You can fill any holes with plugs of matching wood
فضای خالی، حفره
cavity
a hole or space inside something:
Put herbs inside the body cavity of the fish.
I have no cavities (=no holes in my teeth).
The gold was hidden in a secret cavity
چکیده، خلاصه
a short piece of writing, music etc taken from a particular book, piece of music etc
extract /ˈekstrækt
I’ve only seen short extracts from the film.
The extract is taken from a long essay.
They published an extract from his autobiography
عصاره اسانس
a substance obtained from something by using a special process
extract /ˈekstrækt
Add one teaspoon of vanilla extract
Add a few drops of vanilla extract.
The cream contained extracts of/from several plants.
conditioners made from natural plant extracts
استخراج
the process of removing something, especially by force
extraction /ɪkˈstræk.ʃən/
The extraction of minerals has damaged the countryside.
مجموع
aggregate /ˈæg.rɪ.gət/ :
The three smaller parties gained an aggregate of 25 per cent of the vote.
Manchester United won 2–1 on aggregate
accumulation
سرجمع
In the aggregate
In the aggregate , women outlive men by 7 or more years
in total
زمین (ناهموار)
terrain /təˈreɪn/
The car handles particularly well on rough terrain.
ماشین مخصوصا روی زمین پر دست انداز خوب کار می کند.
انگار
as though
I’m so hungry - I feel as though I haven’t eaten for days!
من خیلی گرسنه‌ام - انگار روزهاست غذا نخورده ام.
The house looks as though no one lives there.
خانه جوری به نظر می‌رسید که انگار هیچکس آنجا زندگی نمی‌کرد.
سخن یا نظر گستاخانه و توهین‌آمیز طعنه
an unkind remark intended to make someone seem silly
jibe /ʤaɪb/ :
She was tired of his jibe
Unlike many other politicians, he refuses to indulge in cheap jibes at other people’s expense.
گزیده گلچین
excerpt /ˈeksɜːrpt/
Read the following excerpt from one of Milton’s poems.
گزیده زیر را از یکی از اشعار میلتون بخوانید.
They only played a short excerpt.
آنها تنها گزیده کوتاهی از موسیقی را پخش کردند.
فریاد اعتراضی
outcry /ˈaʊtkraɪ/ قابل شمارش an outcry over the proposed change فریاد اعتراض به‌خاطر تغییر پیشنهادشده The new tax provoked a public outcry. 2 مالیات جدید منجر به اعتراض عمومی شد.
چهارراه فلکه ای
roundabout
Turn left at the first roundabout
تعهد، التزام
obligation /ˌɑb.ləˈgeɪ.ʃən/
If you have not signed a contract, you are under no obligation to pay them any money.
اگر قراردادی امضا نکرده‌ای، تعهدی نداری که به آنها پولی پرداخت کنی.
You have a legal obligation to ensure your child receives a proper education.
وظیفه قانونی توست تا اطمینان حاصل کنی که فرزندت تحصیلات مناسبی دریافت کند.
Tutors have a contractual obligation to research and publish
شخص متوفی، مرحوم
decedent [dɪ’si:d(ǝ)nt]
موافقت ، رضایت
consent /kənˈsent/
The chairman was elected by common consent (=with most people agreeing).
divorce by mutual consent (=by agreement between both the people involved)
permission to do something
consent /kənˈsent/ :
He took the car without the owner’s consent.
Her parents gave their consent to the marriage.
A patient can refuse consent for a particular treatment at any time.
Most owners are happy to have their names used for publicity if this is done with their prior consent.
Informed consent was obtained from all participants before the study began
معرفی رسمی، معارفه
the act of formally telling two people each other’s names when they first meet
introduction /ˌɪntrəˈdʌkʃən/:
Pete, are you going to make the introductions?
Our first contestant needs no introduction (=everyone already knows the person).
the introduction of new manufacturing methods
معرفی روش‌های جدید تولید
مقدمه بر چیزی
a written or spoken explanation at the beginning of a book, speech etc
introduction /ˌɪntrəˈdʌkʃən/:
In the introduction, he explains why he wrote the book.
Mr Brown gave a brief introduction to the course.
introduction to something
The book is a useful introduction to British geology.
این کتاب مقدمه مفیدی بر زمین‌شناسی بریتانیا است.
Can you write a brief introduction to the text?
می‌توانی یک مقدمه مختصر برای این متن بنویسی؟
عرضه (برای اولین بار)
the act of bringing something into use for the first time
introduction /ˌɪntrəˈdʌkʃən/:
the gradual introduction of modern farming methods into traditional societies
the introduction of a range of new products
With the introduction of independent taxation, a married woman’s position is much clearer.
We can now begin commercial introduction of the product into the United States.
حالا ما می‌توانیم تبلیغات عرضه این کالا را به ایالات متحده آمریکا شروع کنیم.
ابداع
the act of bringing something somewhere for the first time
introduction /ˌɪntrəˈdʌkʃən/:
the introduction of Buddhism to China nearly 2000 years ago
b) [countable] a type of thing that is brought somewhere for the first time:
The potato was a 16th-century introduction.
پیش گفتار - مقدمه سخنرانی
introductory remark
as the chairman said in his introductory remarks
سائیدگی
abrasion /əˈbreɪʒən/
Leather is strong, abrasion resistant and will conform to the shape of the foot
شوک - ضربه/آسیب
an unpleasant and upsetting experience that affects you for a long time
trauma ˈtrɔːmə, ˈtraʊmə $ ˈtraʊmə, ˈtrɒː-/ :
He had psychotherapy to help him deal with his childhood traumas
The phobia may have its root in a childhood trauma.
the trauma of being a young refugee
the emotional trauma of rape
a sudden attack on someone by people who have been hiding and waiting for them, or the place where this happens
ambush /ˈæmbʊʃ/ :
The ambush became a tragedy for those who attempted it because they were all killed.
The troops lay in ambush in the dense woods all through the night.
سربازان تمام شب را در جنگل انبوه کمین کرده بودند.
The soldiers were killed in an ambush.
In winter the danger of ambush is much reduced.
Armed police lay in ambush behind the hedge.
باسن
the part of the body you sit on
posterior /pɑːˈstɪriər/
If you would kindly move your posterior just a fraction to the right, I might get by
کسری - کمبود
the difference between the amount of something that you have and the higher amount that you need
deficit /ˈdefəsət, ˈdefɪsət/ [countable]
the country’s widening budget deficit
the US’s foreign trade deficit
a deficit of £2.5 million
The trade balance shows a deficit of two million pounds.
You cannot cut a budget deficit simply by raising taxes.
We will find it hard to make up this deficit.
United are hoping to overturn a two-goal deficit from the first leg.
The government was forced to sell state-owned companies to fund the budget deficit
a budget deficit running at 7% of GDP
The UK remained in deficit with all countries outside the EU.
His proposals have so far failed to eliminate the deficit.
shortfall
Parents have been asked to pay £30 each to cover the shortfall in the budget.
The drought caused serious shortfalls in the food supply.
an estimated shortfall of about £1 million
عدم موازنه تجارت خارجی، نقصان صادرات بر واردات
the difference between the amount of goods a country imports and the amount it exports
trade deficit
Last year the country had its largest trade deficit in recent history
خیانت
betrayal /bɪˈtreɪəl/
She felt a great sense of betrayal.
The business community regarded the measures as a betrayal of election promises.
The decisions were a betrayal of everything my father stood for.
ارتداد - سرسپردگی به جناح مخالف
the act of leaving a country, political party, etc. to go to another one
defection /dɪˈfek.ʃən/
His defection to the other side was the ultimate betrayal.:
Over the years there were hundreds of defections to the West/defections from the East.
Recent changes in policy have resulted in large-scale defection from the party.
شیر خشک
baby/infant formula /ˈɪnfənt fˈɔːɹmjʊlə/ قابل شمارش
کاهش بودجه
budget squeeze/crunch /ˈbʌʤɪt skwiz/
The budget squeeze hasn’t affect us yet.
کاهش بودجه هنوز تاثیری روی ما تاثیری نگذاشته است.
a job that you do because you feel it is your purpose in life and for which you have special skills
.
vocation /voʊˈkeɪʃən/ قابل شمارش
Mason regarded teaching as his vocation.
She believes she has found her true vocation in life
آموزش حرفهای
vocational training
شغل پیشه
occupation
The third son followed his father’s occupation
Approximately half the people interviewed were in manual occupations (=physical jobs).
Agricultural work is traditionally seen as a male occupation.
service occupations such as cleaning and catering
He gave up his occupation as a farmer and became a teacher.
The college provides training in a wide range of occupations.
Plumbing and carpentry are highly skilled occupations
Teaching is regarded as a middle-class occupation
profession /prəˈfeʃən/
Johnson was a barrister by profession
Why do you want to leave the profession?
She was shocked at her daughter’s choice of profession.
He reached the top of his profession in very little time.
She entered the legal profession after university
اشغال - تصرف
when a large group of people enter a place and take control of it, especially by military force
occupation
the German occupation of France
The area is under occupation (=controlled by a foreign army).
The invaders have given up occupation of large parts of the territories.
سکونت - سکنی
occupation
the conversion of big old buildings to multiple occupation
illegal occupation of the premises
He intends to remain in occupation of the building for as long as possible.
The flats will be ready for occupation by March.
The houses were judged to be unfit for human occupation.
اجاره‌نشینی
tenancy /ˈtenənsi/
You can only take up occupation once the tenancy has been signed.
The club occupies the land under a protected tenancy.
The tenancy is held in joint names.
The land was held on a yearly tenancy.
shorthold tenancy created by the Housing Act of 1980
رحم، بخشش
Mercy
God’s infinite mercy
The terrorists are completely without mercy
اسیر زندانی
captive
They showed no mercy to their captives.
بازپروری
the process of curing someone who has an alcohol or drugs problem
rehab /ˈriːhæb/:
a rehab program /clinic
I spent three months in rehab.
She’s just finished four months of rehab.
After his arrest in 1998, he checked himself into rehab to get over his heroin addiction.
زیروبم
in and out
I’ve been studying this material for weeks now, so I know it in and out.
تفریق - کسر
subtraction /səbˈtræk.ʃən/
The test involves simple calculations, such as addition and subtraction.
deduction /dɪˈdʌk.ʃən/ :
The interest I receive on my savings account is paid after the deduction of tax.
After deductions (= expenses on which tax does not have to be paid), his taxable income is $30 000.
After deductions for tax etc, your salary is about £700 a month
The company automatically makes tax deductions from your salary.
deductions for travel costs
deductions from his wages
monthly deductions for health insurance
استدلال استنتاج نتیجه‌گیری
the process of using the knowledge or information you have in order to understand something or form an opinion, or the opinion that you form
deduction /dɪˈdʌk.ʃən/ :
Children will soon make deductions about the meaning of a word.
We can make some deductions about the history of the ruins.
a detective with excellent powers of deduction
She arrived at the solution by a simple process of deduction.
She arrived at this conclusion by logical deduction
conclusion
ارفاق - آوانس
something that you allow someone to have in order to end an argument or a disagreement
concession /kənsˈɛʃən/
Both sides involved in the conflict made some concessions in yesterday’s talks.
He stated firmly that no concessions will be made to the terrorists.
تکه‌پاره خرده
a small piece of something that has broken off or that comes from something larger
Fragment:
Fragments of glass covered the floor near the broken window
Literary scholars are piecing together her last unpublished novel from fragments of a recently discovered manuscript.
fragments of broken pottery
They found fragments of bone
a situation in which someone is called to another person’s house or place of business to do repairs, help them etc
ˈcall-out [countable]:
The lifeboat has had ten call-outs
خلاصه (اخبار، وقایع مهم و …) چکیده
round-up
First, with a round-up of the day’s local news, here’s Paul Kirby.
کف دست
palm
He held up a palm for silence.
He spread his palms in a gesture of openness.
She slapped her palm against the desk in anger.
The metal felt hot against my palms.
She looked at the coins in her palm.
I pressed my palm to the wound to stop the bleeding
سنگ‌ریزه ریگ
pebble
He held the pebble in the palm of his hand
صمیمیت، رابطه نزدیک
intimacy /ˈɪntɪməsi/ غیرقابل شمارش
The old intimacy between them had gone for ever.
رابطه ی نزدیک و قدیمی آنها برای همیشه از بین رفته بود.
She isn’t capable of real intimacy.
He enjoys an intimacy with the prime minister.
He was prevented from declaring his love by his fear of intimacy
روده
intestine /ɪnˈtɛstən/ قابل شمارش
اجاره رهن
a legal agreement which allows you to use a building, car etc for a period of time, in return for rent
lease
He refused to sign the new lease because the rent was too high.
The landlord refused to renew his lease.
The 99-year lease expired in 1999.
Do you understand all the terms of the lease?
a six-month lease on a shop
رهن شش‌ماهه مغازه
The lease will run (=continues for a period of time) for 21 years
The organization has signed a lease agreement on a 50-acre site
The current lease still has 12 years to run.
Their lease runs out(=expires) in June.
Under the new lease, the rent would go up
The landlord may grant a lease for a short or long period
امیدی تازه به زندگی نگرشی نو به زندگی، شروعی مجدد
a new lease of life
Historic buildings can have a new lease of life through conversion.
an operation to give her a new lease of life
مالک اصلی
freeholder
A freeholder may grant a lease of any duration
مستأجر اجاره دار
tenant
Under the terms of the lease, the tenants have to pay for any repairs
leaseholder
واقعه
an event or a short period of time during which something happen
Episode /ˈepəsəʊd, ˈepɪsəʊd $ -soʊd/s:
He says he just wants to forget the whole unfortunate episode.
She decided she would try to forget the episode by the lake.
one of the most interesting episodes in his career
خصومت - پدرکشتگی
feelings of hate between people because of arguments in the past
bad blood :
There has been bad blood between the two families for years.
virulence /ˈvɪr.jʊ.lənts/
We are witnessing racism of a virulence that we haven’t seen in Europe since the 1940s
تناقض ، تضاد منافات مغایرت
inconsistency /ˌɪnkənˈsɪstənsi/ قابل شمارش
There were several glaring inconsistencies (=very noticeable differences) in his report.
Defense counsel looks for inconsistency between witness statements.
The program has found an inconsistency in the database files.
She was quick to spot the inconsistencies between his two reports.
Inconsistencies began to creep into his testimony
discrepancy /dɪˈskrepənsi/
Police found discrepancies in the two men’s reports.
There is a large discrepancy between the ideal image of motherhood and the reality.
How do you explain the apparent discrepancies between the money and the receipts?
Discrepancies occurred between the written and electronic records.
There were wide discrepancies in the evidence.
ضمیمه، ملحقه، اصلاحیه
amendment
The amendment will remove the inconsistency between the two laws.
مفسر
commentator /ˈkɑːmənteɪtər/ قابل شمارش
Commentators have pointed out the inconsistencies in the government’s financial policy
سند
script
The script is filled with logical inconsistencies.
نا سازگاری
the state of not being able to exist or work with another person or thing because of basic differences
incompatibility /ın’kɔmpətı’bılıtı/:
An incompatibility problem prevents the two pieces of software from being used together.
Technological incompatibility can render devices like your phone useless overseas.
They were agreed on only one thing: their incompatibility.
The problem was a basic incompatibility of Canadian and American regulations.
Critics of the new machine point to its incompatibility with other products on the market
incongruity /ˌɪnkənˈɡruːəti, ˌɪnkənˈɡruːɪti/
The incongruity of her situation struck Gina with unpleasant force.
He didn’t see the slightest incongruity between the idealism of his plays and his own morals.
عدم توازن - نابرابری
disparity /dɪˈspærəti, dɪˈspærɪti/
a disparity between the rates of pay for men and women
the disparity in their salaries
محفظه
a smaller enclosed space inside something larger
compartment :
The bag is divided into separate compartments.
She kept the money hidden in a secret compartment in her briefcase
محفظه
glove compartment
She got the revolver off the back seat and put it into the glove compartment with the cartridges
جعبه داشبورد
glove compartment
She got the revolver off the back seat and put it into the glove compartment with the cartridges
a serious, violent attack on someone
aggravated assault
He was charged with aggravated assault
خلاف، تقصیر، جرم، خطا، تعرض،
offence /əˈfens/
It is an offence to drive while using a mobile phone
His solicitor said he committed the offence because he was heavily in debt.
The offence is punishable by up to three months’ imprisonment.
Motorists may be fined on the spot for driving offences such as speeding
Possession of the drug is an offence punishable by up to one year’s imprisonment.
It is an offence to carry a weapon in a public place.
Lying in court is a punishable offense
felony /ˈfeləni/ قابل شمارش
Fewer than 25 percent of the people arrested on felony charges are convicted.
He committed a series of violent felonies.
ساقدوش یا ملازم عروس
Maid of honor
ارجاع مراجعه، رجوع
referral /rɪˈfɜːrəl/ قابل شمارش
Only 39 percent of patients were seen within four weeks of referral.
نشست/کنفرانس خبری
Press conference
the practice of pretending on social media to be someone different, in order to trick or attract another person
catfishing:
Is editing your profile pic to make yourself look better really so different from catfishing?
تعرض ، اذیت و آزار - مزاحمت
harassment /həˈræsmənt/ غیرقابل شمارش
She accused her boss of harassment.
او رییسش را به تعرض متهم کرد [او اتهام تعرض به رییسش وارد کرد].
African-Americans have been complaining about police harassment for years.
Political parties are banned, and harassment of dissidents is commonplace.
We need effective strategies to combat sexual harassment in the workplace.
She had been subjected to continual sexual harassment.
Online harassment has become one of the scourges of our new internet-oriented world.
آزار و اذیت آنلاین به یکی از معضل های دنیای جدید اینترنت محور ما تبدیل شده است.
زاهد تارک دنیا
Hermit /ˈhɜːrmɪt/ قابل شمارش
The hermit lived a simple life in a small cave in the forest.
زاهد در یک غار کوچک در جنگل زندگی ساده‌ای داشت.
گوشه عزلت، جای انزوا
Hermitage /ˈhɜːmətɪdʒ, ˈhɜːmɪtɪdʒ $ ˈhɜːr-/
There, in 612, he established his hermitage, which was soon a place of pilgrimage.
زیارت
pilgrimage /ˈpɪlɡrəmɪdʒ, ˈpɪlɡrɪmɪdʒ/
Presley’s home has become a place of pilgrimage
سرباز وظیفه
private /ˈpraɪvət/
بخش خصوصی (اقتصاد)
private sector
مقدمه - اقدام اولیه یا مقدماتی
preliminary /prɪˈlɪmənəri, prɪˈlɪmɪnəri $ -neri/
as a preliminary to resuming the peace talks.
After a few polite preliminaries (= introductions), we stated our main ideas and intentions.
the bombardment was resumed as a preliminary to an infantry attack
The French team finished first in the competition preliminaries (= the first part of the competition).
After the usual preliminaries the meeting began.
She began speaking intensely, without preliminaries.
حفاری، کاوش
an organized process of digging in order to find ancient objects for study
dig:
an archaeological dig
I went on an archaeological dig over the summer.
The dig revealed the site of a Roman villa.
نیش و کنایه
a joke or remark that you make to annoy or criticize someone
dig
They were having a little dig at her about the way she tells everybody else what to do.
I resisted the temptation to get in a sly dig at Fred
He couldn’t resist a dig at the referee.
Here was a chance to have a dig at trade unionists
کاغذ بازی، تشریفات اداری
paperwork
Police work involves so much paperwork these days.
I’m leaving the solicitors to sort out the paperwork.
I’ve got a lot of routine paperwork to get through.
The project involved an enormous amount of paperwork.
Have you done all the necessary paperwork for the sale?
سوءظن شبهه شک ظن گمان
suspicion /səˈspɪʃ(ə)n/
I can’t say for definite who did it, but I certainly have my suspicions
Our suspicions turned out to be groundless.
Their suspicions were further fueled when both men failed to turn up to the appointment
She was arrested on suspicion of murder
She felt that she ought to be above suspicion (=so honest that no one could think that she had done anything wrong).
She always treated us with suspicion.
People moving into the area are often regarded with suspicion
She was left with a sneaking suspicion (=a small suspicion) that Steven was not telling the truth
There is strong suspicion on both sides that information is being withheld
She confided her suspicions to no one but her diary.
The suspicion exists that Harries is stealing money from the company safe
Strong suspicion attached to the victim’s boyfriend.
They thought the head teacher was beyond suspicion.
Suspicions against the former prime minister remain
The finger of suspicion pointed to Gilbert Cash, a close friend of the victim
The police must have reasonable grounds for suspicion before they can get a search warrant
suspicion Boys were an immediate object of suspicion to her.
He ended his athletics career under a cloud of suspicion when he refused to take a drug test
a group of people who know each other and meet regularly, or who have similar interests or jobs
circle
He’s well-known in fashionable circles.
Johnson was part of the President’s inner circle (=the people who have the most influence).
She has a wide circle of acquaintances
He invited only a select circle of friends to the wedding.
They treat anyone outside their immediate circle with suspicion.
He’s joined the inner circles of the court early in his career
Michael built up a wide circle of customers and friends worldwide
Talk of religion was forbidden in the family circle
You need to widen your circle of friends
She moves in(=belong to ) the highest social circles
My brother and I move in completely different circles (= we have very different friends).
سخن چرند و بی پایه و اساس
crap
You don’t believe all that crap, do you?
That’s a bunch/load/pile of crap! I never said that.
He came out with a load of crap about how he’d tried to call me yesterday.
Greg’s full of crap (=often says things that are completely wrong
خرت و پرت
crap
What is all this crap doing on my desk?
موش خرما، راسو
ferret :
From what I could see he looked like a ferret
طفره رو، تعویق انداز
Procrastinator
طفره، تعویق
procrastination /prək’ræstə’neıʃən/
This is no time for procrastination - we need decisive action.
اشکال، گیر
a physical problem that makes speaking, hearing, or moving difficult
impediment /ɪmˈpedəmənt, ɪmˈpedɪmənt/:
a speech impediment
مانع
impediment /ɪmˈpedəmənt, ɪmˈpedɪmənt/:
War is one of the greatest impediments to human progress
There are no legal impediments to their appealing against the decision
The agreement is designed to remove impediments to trade between the two countries.
Their boycott of the talks constitutes a serious
impediment to peace negotiations.
In a number of developing countries, war has been an additional impediment to progress.
obstacle
They have created obstacles that will hinder my progress.
آنها موانعی ایجاد کرده‌اند که مانع پیشرفت من خواهد شد.
You must remove the obstacles that hinder our progress.
شما باید موانعی را که مانع پیشرفت ما می‌شوند را بردارید.
barrier, difficulty, hindrance snag,
encumbrance /ɪnˈkʌmbrəns/
Her cancer has not proved to be an encumbrance on her daily life.
stumbling block
The main stumbling block to starting new research is that we lack qualified people
obstruction /əbˈstrʌkʃən/
There’s some kind of obstruction on the railway tracks.
نوعی مانع روی ریل‌های راه‌آهن وجود دارد.
اسباب زحمت، گرفتاری
encumbrance /ɪnˈkʌmbrəns/
I felt I was being an encumbrance to them.
گرو
encumbrance /ɪnˈkʌmbrəns/
An encumbrance is a legal claim on a property that affects the owner’s ability to transfer the ownership of the property.
قالیچه فرش
rug
My dog loves lying on the rug in front of the fire.
سگ من دوست دارد روی قالیچه جلوی آتش دراز بکشد.
نقد (روزنامه) مقاله
a report or article that makes a judgment about something, such as a play or film
write-up /raɪt-ʌp/ قابل شمارش :
The paper didn’t give the show a very good write-up.
صاحبخانه
Homeowner
شرح، وصف، توصیف
description /dɪˈskrɪpʃən/
Police have issued a description of the gunman.
She was able to provide a description of the intruder
Berlin sounds fascinating from your description
The death and destruction were beyond description
People of all descriptions(= of every type) came to see the show.
‘Like a fish out of water’ was an apt description of how I felt in my new job.
شرح وظایف
job description
There was no mention of any cleaning in my job description.
استعاره (صنعت ادبی)
metaphor /ˈmɛtəfɔr/ قابل شمارش
The book is full of vivid metaphors and powerful images.
مشتری ثابت
regular customer
account
The agency has lost several of its most important accounts.
آن نمایندگی [آژانس] تعدادی از مهم‌ترین مشتریان ثابت خود را از دست داده است
If the advertising agency loses the United Beer account, it will make a big dent in their profits.
گزارش شرح
account
She gave me a detailed account of what happened at the meeting
I read a vivid account of his experiences in Egypt.
Dr Richards describes this very well in his account of the events
حساب (اعتباری) حساب نسیه
an agreement with a shop or company that allows you to buy things and pay for them later
account
Do you have an account at this store/with us, madam?
صورتحساب
record of money a business earns/spends
account
Your accounts will need to be submitted to the tax office.
The accounts are all in order
Try to keep accurate accounts
بنا به گفته خودش
according to what you have said, especially when you have admitted doing something wrong
by sb’s own account :
Bentley was, by his own account, over-sensitive to criticism
By his own account he had an unhappy childhood.
طبق گفته دیگران
according to what people say
by all accounts
I’ve never been there, but it’s a lovely place by all accounts.
concerning a particular situation
on this/that account:
There needn’t be any more worries on that account
موی کم پشت در حال کچلی
thin on top
He’s starting to get a little thin on top.
او کم کم مویش دارد کم پشت می‌شود.
به‌خاطر به‌دلیل
on account of
Our school was closed on account of bad weather.
مدرسه ما به‌خاطر هوای نامساعد (موقتاً) بسته شد.
نطق افتتاحیه، سخنرانی معارفه
inaugural lecture /ɪˈnɔːɡjərəl, ɪˈnɔːɡjʊrəl $ ɪˈnɒː-/
Professor Pearson gave the inaugural lecture in the new lecture theatre
ورودی سرپوشیده
an entrance covered by a roof outside the front door of a house or church
porch
She stood in the porch and rang the doorbell
سخنرانی
lecture
The fire bell went during his lecture
She referred to Professor Jones’s work in her lecture on Shakespeare’s imagery
a lecture entitled ‘How to Prevent Food Poisoning’
Mrs Robinson gave a fascinating illustrated lecture(=a lecture with pictures such as slides) on Spanish history.
حلقه
loop
A loop of wire held the gate shut.
A loop of rope was tied round their wrists.
حلقه‌ای طناب دور کمرهایشان بسته شده بود.
سخنرانی
lecture
The fire bell went during his lecture
She referred to Professor Jones’s work in her lecture on Shakespeare’s imagery
a lecture entitled ‘How to Prevent Food Poisoning’
Mrs Robinson gave a fascinating illustrated lecture(=a lecture with pictures such as slides) on Spanish history.
تمدید
an additional period of time allowed for something
extension :
She got an extension for writing her essay.
I’ve applied for an extension to my visa
Donald’s been given an extension to finish his thesis.
The pub’s got an extension tonight (=it will stay open longer than usual).
I need an extension on the payment terms
و ایضا
used when you want to mention something that is naturally related to something else
by extension :
My primary responsibility is to the pupils, and by extension to the teachers and parents.
The blame lies with the teachers and, by extension, with the Education Service.
توسعه، گسترش بسط
extension
This new job is a further extension of his role as a manager
The article is an extension of the ideas Professor Fox developed in an earlier book.
این مقاله بسط ایده‌هایی است که پروفسور “فاکس” در کتاب قبلی‌اش مطرح کرده بود.
نقدینگی
cash flow /ˈkæʃ floʊ/ غیرقابل شمارش
Many companies fail through poor cash flow.
بسیاری از شرکت‌ها به خاطر کمبود نقدینگی از بین می‌روند.
I know payment terms are usually 30 days, but we’re having some cash flow problems
ارزیابی برآورد
appraisal /əˈpreɪzəl/
A detailed appraisal of the scheme will now be carried out.
He was asked to give an independent appraisal. She made a quick appraisal of the other guests.
We are holding staff appraisal interviews.
نقدینگی
cash flow /ˈkæʃ floʊ/ غیرقابل شمارش
Many companies fail through poor cash flow.
بسیاری از شرکت‌ها به خاطر کمبود نقدینگی از بین می‌روند.
بجای، در عوض
in lieu (of something) /ljuː, luː $ luː/ : extra time off in lieu of payment The paintings were left to the nation by the Duke of Norfolk in lieu of inheritance taxes. The teachers have accepted longer workdays in lieu of a pay cut.
instead of
پیک، قاصد
a person or company that is paid to take packages somewhere
courier /ˈkʊriə $ -ər/
He has admitted to acting as a drug courier.
Urgent deliveries of medicine may be sent by motorcycle courier.
تصریح، شرط ضمن عقد
when someone says exactly how something must be done
stipulation /ˌstɪp.jʊˈleɪ.ʃən/ :
Is there any stipulation as regards qualifications?
The only stipulation is that candidates must be over the age of 35.
منشور (قانون)
a formal statement of the rights of a country’s people, or of an organization or a particular social group, which is agreed by or demanded from a ruler or government
.
charter /tʃˈɑːɹɾɚ/ قابل شمارش
Education is one of the basic human rights written into the United Nations Charter.
The Government have produced a Citizen’s/Parents’/Patients’ Charter
The charter clearly sets out children’s rights.
a national charter for the protection of animals
a charter of workers’ rights
the freedoms embodied in the UN charter
The company charter explained that all employees had to pay a tax.
در منشور شرکت توضیح داده شده که تمام کارکنان موظف هستند مالیات بپردازند.
ارزش احساسی [معنوی]
sentimental value
This ring has great sentimental value for me
منشور (قانون)
a statement of the principles, duties, and purposes of an organization
charter /tʃˈɑːɹɾɚ/ قابل شمارش
The charter clearly sets out children’s rights.
a national charter for the protection of animals
a charter of workers’ rights
the freedoms embodied in the UN charter
The company charter explained that all employees had to pay a tax.
در منشور شرکت توضیح داده شده که تمام کارکنان موظف هستند مالیات بپردازند.
دربرگیری - مشمولیت
the act of including someone or something in a larger group or set, or the fact of being included in one
inclusion
His inclusion in the team has caused controversy
we need to create a workplace charter to promote equality, diversity and inclusion.
آوردگاه محل (مسابقه و مراسم)
a place where an organized meeting, concert etc takes place
venue /ˈvenjuː/
The meeting will be held at a venue in the south of the city.
The musical has been packing out(to make a place very full) venues around the world.
The Holiday Inn provided the venue for this year’s conference.
The match will be played at a neutral venue.
With room for only 200 people, this is the most intimate venue the band has played for years
The first thing to do is book a venue.
She has performed in venues around Europe
The band will play (=perform at) as many venues as possible.
The hall is a popular venue for weddings
ناتوانی نقص، بی‌کفایتی
incompetence /ɪnkˈɑːmpɪtəns/
He seemed almost proud of his practical incompetence
سهم - مبلغ سرمایه‌گذاری شده
stake
He holds a 51% stake in the firm
She acquired a four per cent direct stake in the business.
شرط پول شرط‌بندی شده
stake
For a dollar stake, you can win up to $1,000,000
We’re playing for high stakes here
ادراک - تلقی
perception /pəˈsepʃən $ pər-/
We have to change the public’s perception that money is being wasted.
These photographs will affect people’s perceptions of war.
I was shocked to learn of the perception people have of me.
Drugs can alter your perception of reality
These developments hardly affected the public perception of the crisis.
We need to gain a clearer perception of how young people feel about the problem.
the public perception of the government’s performance
درایت نکته‌سنجی
the natural ability to understand or notice things quickly
perception /pəˈsepʃən $ pər-/ :
She has extraordinary powers of perception for one so young.
He’s not known for his perception
Ross shows unusual perception for a boy of his age.
ادراک - تلقی
perception /pəˈsepʃən $ pər-/
I was shocked to learn of the perception people have of me.
These developments hardly affected the public perception of the crisis.
We need to gain a clearer perception of how young people feel about the problem.
the public perception of the government’s performance
درایت نکته‌سنجی
the natural ability to understand or notice things quickly
perception /pəˈsepʃən $ pər-/ :
Ross shows unusual perception for a boy of his age.
حس ششم
extrasensory perception /ˈɛkstɹəzənsɚɹi pɚsˈɛpʃən/
الهام، وحی، القاء
inspiration
Mary Quant’s inspiration comes from the glam style of the seventies.
He had a sudden flash of inspiration
the spread of improved nursing under the inspiration of Florence Nightingale
الهام، وحی، القاء
inspiration /ˌɪnspəˈreɪʃən, ˌɪnspɪˈreɪʃən/
Mary Quant’s inspiration comes from the glam style of the seventies.
Her latest book owes its inspiration to childhood memories.
One day the inspiration just came.
Her inspiration comes from Asia.
I sought inspiration in medieval carvings
In a flash of sheer inspiration, I decided to paint the whole house white
He had a sudden flash of inspiration
the spread of improved nursing under the inspiration of Florence Nightingale
His latest album appears to lack inspiration.
علوفه‌ی خشک
hay
I need to buy some more hay for the horse to sleep on.
من باید مقداری علوفه خشک برای اسب بخرم تا رویش بخوابد.
The freshly harvested hay was taken into the big hay barn.
They make hay to feed the cattle in winter.
The children were playing in the hay
هرچیزی بجز….
anything but
She’s meant to be really nice but she was anything but nice when I met her
The boys knew they had broken the rules, and they were anything but happy when they were called to the office.
فوران طغیان
a sudden forceful expression of emotion, especially anger
outburst
He apologized for his outburst at rehearsal.
Her comments provoked an outburst of anger from the boss
سبعیت، بیرحمی، قساوت
atrocity /əˈtrɑːsəti/ قابل شمارش
A war crimes tribunal was set up to prosecute those charged with atrocities.
They’re on trial for committing atrocities against the civilian population.
These people are guilty of acts of great atrocity
هرچیزی بجز….
anything but
She’s meant to be really nice but she was anything but nice when I met her
اعتصاب
sit-in
Demonstrators taking part in a sit-in in front of the law courts were beaten up by police.
strike
The six-week strike by railway workers was finally over.
اعتصاب شش هفته‌ای کارکنان راه‌آهن بالاخره تمام شد.
20% of the workforce has joined a strike against the privatization plans announced yesterday.
20٪ از نیروی کار به اعتصاب علیه برنامه های خصوصی سازی که روز گذشته اعلام شده پیوستند.
a group of people who have come together in a religious building for worship and prayer
congregation /ˌkɑːŋ.ɡrəˈɡeɪ.ʃən/:
The priest asked the congregation to kneel.
تبعیض
discrimination
She told the tribunal that she was a victim of sex discrimination.
double standard
The prime minster was accused of engaging in a double standard regarding his foreign policy
جویبار، نهر
creek /kriːk/
وضعیت بغرنج شرایط دشوار، موقعیت سخت
up shit creek
I have no savings, so if I get fired from my job, I’ll be up shit creek without a paddle.
من هیچ پس‌اندازی ندارم، اگر از کارم اخراج شوم، در شرایط دشواری قرار می‌گیرم.
Shouldn’t we stop for gas? We’ll be up shit creek if the car dies on that desolate road ahead.
نباید برای بنزین توقف کنیم؟ اگر اتومبیل در آن جاده متروکه پیش رو خاموش شود، در وضعیت بغرنجی قرار می‌گیریم.
محراب
altar /ˈɔltər/
used to say that a situation is not exactly as you describe it, but the effect is the same as if it were
to all intents and purposes:
The war was, to all intents and purposes, over.
هدف گیری
aim :
Val’s aim was very good.
قصد و نیت
intent /ɪnˈtent/
She behaved foolishly but with good intent
Jones was found guilty of wounding with intent.
He is charged with possession of a gun with intent to commit a robbery
از هر نظر
used to say that a situation is not exactly as you describe it, but the effect is the same as if it were
to all intents and purposes:
The war was, to all intents and purposes, over.
whatever happens.
either way
Give me a call either way and let me know if you want to come with us.
گمانه زنی - شایعه
Speculation /ˌspekjəˈleɪʃən, ˌspekjʊˈleɪʃən/
There is speculation that the president is ill.
حدس و گمان هایی در مورد بیماری رئیس جمهور وجود دارد.
The witness’s statement was pure speculation
اظهارات شاهد حدس و گمان محض بود
There has been increasing speculation over the future of the monarchy
گمانه زنی ها در مورد آینده سلطنت افزایش یافته است
There was wild speculation among the students as to the reason for cancelling the lecture.
در بین دانشجویان گمانه زنی هایی در مورد دلیل لغو سخنرانی وجود داشت که احتمالا حقیقت ندارند
He was dropped from the team amid speculation that he was seriously ill.
او در میان حدس و گمان ها مبنی بر اینکه به شدت بیمار است از تیم کنار گذاشته شد.
Speculation was rife as to whom the prince might marry.
The precise nature of the deal is a matter for speculation.(=be unknown)
His role in the affair has been the subject of speculation (=be thought and guessed about) in the press.
سوداگری
try to make a large profit by buying goods, property, shares etc and then selling them
Speculation /ˌspekjəˈleɪʃən, ˌspekjʊˈleɪʃən/
property speculation
speculation in oil
speculation on the stock market
نادیده گیری/انگاری
when someone decides or says that something is not important, serious, or true
dismissal /dɪˈsmɪsəl/
I was angered by his dismissal of my worries.
من از دست او به خاطر نادیده گیری نگرانی‌هایم عصبانی شدم
سوء رفتار- رفتار نامناسب و خلاف قانون
misconduct
She is now faced with dismissal on the grounds of misconduct.
وقفه، فاصله
hiatus /haɪˈeɪtəs/
there was a brief hiatus in the war with France
Talks between the two countries have resumed after a six-year hiatus.
خواب زمستانی
hibernation /ˌhaɪbərˈneɪʃən/ غیرقابل شمارش
At the first cold of autumn, many insects go into hibernation.
The tortoise spends the winter months in hibernation.
grizzly bears need to prepare themselves for hibernation.
خرس‌های گریزلی [خاکستری] باید خود را برای خواب زمستانی آماده کنند.
همگام با
in step with
کشف مهم
an important discovery or achievement that makes progress possible, especially one that happens suddenly after a long period of trying
breakthrough:
The breakthrough in the investigation came when police found a stolen car.
This represents a major breakthrough in the search for a cure
The agreement was a historic breakthrough in political history
The crucial breakthrough came almost by accident.
نزدیک به، در شرف
to be very close to doing something
on the verge of
Einstein believed he was on the verge of a big breakthrough
یافته، اکتشاف
finding
Their findings led to a major technological breakthrough
درس‌خوان خرخوان
grind /ɡraɪnd/ قابل شمارش
بن‌بست تنگنا
stalemate/deadlock /ˈsteɪlmeɪt/ :
At that point the strike appeared to have reached a stalemate.
impasse /æmˈpɑːs $ ˈɪmpæs/ :
The continuing impasse over the budget.
The situation seemed to have reached an impasse.
deadlock
European agriculture ministers failed to break the deadlock over farm subsidies.
وزرای کشاورزی اروپایی نتوانستند بن بست ایجاد شده درباره سوبسیدهای مزارع را از بین ببرند.
the year-long political deadlock between the two parties
The negotiations ended in deadlock.
a rise to a higher level, rank, etc.
step-up:
This was the biggest step-up of his career.
a large increase
step-up:
a step-up in sth We have seen a step-up in profits
فراوانی، وفور
abundance /əˈbʌn.dənts/
There was an abundance of wine at the wedding.
Affluence /ˈæfluəns/
The last decade was an era of affluence.
plethora /ˈpleθ.ər.ə/ US /-ɚ.ə/ :
There’s a plethora of books about the royal family.
The plethora of rules and regulations is both contradictory and confusing.
The report contained a plethora of detail
plenitude /ˈplenɪtjuːd/
profusion /prəˈfjuː.ʒən/
The house was overflowing with a profusion of strange ornaments.
دارندگی - ثروت
the state of having a lot of money or owning many things
Affluence /ˈæfluəns/ :
What we are seeing increasingly is a society of private affluence and public squalor.
The nation’s affluence has made two- and even three-car families the norm.
People’s value is measured by their intellectual achievements rather than their affluence.
ارزش آدم‌ها با دستاوردهای فکری‌شان سنجیده می‌شود نه با ثروتشان.
تازه به دوران رسیده
nouveau riche /nuːvəʊ ˈriːʃ/
They have risen from poverty to affluence overnight. That’s the reason why they behave like the nouveau riche
آنها یک شبه از فقر به دارندگی رسیدن. به همین خاطر مثل تازه به دوران رسیده ها رفتار می کنن.
The restaurant is popular with the city’s nouveau riche
برتری
Ascendancy /əˈsendənsi/(noun)
Economic development occurs when gaining intellectual ascendancy takes priority over affluence.
رشد اقتصادی زمانی اتفاق می‌افتد که کسب برتری فکری نسبت به ثروت در اولویت باشد.
ظلم - ستم
oppression /əˈpreʃ.ən/
Every human being has the right to freedom from oppression.
War, famine and oppression have forced people in the region to flee from their homes.
ethnic minorities suffering oppression at the hands of occupying forces
فشار، افسردگی
oppression /əˈpreʃ.ən/
Several people had experienced the same feeling of oppression when they slept in that room
قیام شورش اغتشاش
uprising /ˈʌpˌraɪzɪŋ/
The uprising was ruthlessly suppressed.
قیام بی‌رحمانه سرکوب شد.
rebellion /rɪˈbeljən/
They staged a rebellion against British rule in Ireland.
The new taxes provoked the population to open rebellion
Rebellion broke out in the Rhineland
They are in rebellion against the conservative hierarchy of the Church.
The band refused to go on stage and rebellion began to stir in the audience
revolt /rɪˈvoʊlt/
The army quickly stopped the revolt
The prime minister is now facing a revolt by members of his own party.
Parliament came out in open revolt against the president
a revolt over the proposed spending cuts
French farmers are in revolt over cheap imports
Troops loyal to the President put down/crushed (=end it by force) the revolt
Revolt broke out (=started) when the government decided to raise the price of bread
He led a revolt against Constantine and acclaimed Maximus as emperor
She faced open revolt (=not hidden or secret) from her Cabinet colleagues
Opposition groups had called for a popular revolt (=one involving a lot of ordinary people) against the President.
unrest
They accused him of fomenting political unrest.
آنها او را به برپا کردن آشوب سیاسی متهم کردند.
There has been a lot of political unrest since the last election.
از انتخابات آخر به بعد اغتشاشات سیاسی زیادی به وجود آمده است.
خدمت سربازی سربازی اجباری
conscription /kənˈskrɪpʃn/ غیرقابل شمارش
The re-introduction of conscription sparked off a major rebellion.
رعیت روستایی دهاتی
peasant /ˈpeznt/ قابل شمارش
Peasant rebellions occurred throughout the 16th century.
This was the best-known peasant revolt in Soviet history
هیجان
Excitement
Excitement stirred inside her (=begin to feel it)
بی رحمی
ruthlessness
The revolt was suppressed with total ruthlessness.
دورهمی شبخواب - مهمانی شب‌ماندنی
sleepover /sliːpoʊvər/ قابل شمارش
Games, DVDs, and junk food are sleepover mainstays for both boys and girls.
بازی، دی‌وی‌دی و هله‌هوله عناصر اصلی مهمانی شب‌ماندنی هم برای دخترها و هم پسرهاست.
slumber party
خودکفایی
Self-sufficiency /selfsəˈfıʃənsi/
Attempts have been made to achieve economic self-sufficiency.
برای رسیدن به خودکفایی اقتصادی تلاش‌هایی شده است.
تقلید
Imitation /ɪmɪˈteɪʃən/
His style defies imitation.
سبک او غیر قابل تقلید هست.
خاطرات یادگاری‌ها یادبودها
memorabilia /ˌmɛmərəˈbiljə/
an auction of pop memorabilia
اشراف سالاری
Aristocracy /ærɪˈstɒkrəsi/
a person who regularly takes heroin (= a strong illegal drug)
smackhead (informal)/ˈsmæk.hed/
شایسته سالاری
Meritocracy /merɪˈtɒkrəsi/
The prime minister claims he wants to create a classless meritocracy in Britain
حکومت استبدادی
Autocracy /ɒːˈtɑːkrəsi/
بهبودی اصلاح
Amelioration /əˌmiːliəˈreɪʃn/
اصرار، پافشاری
Insistence
At the insistence of his father, he bought himself a new suit.
an insistence upon the highest standards of grammatical correctness
At her father’s insistence, she joined them for a drink.
پشتکار ، استقامت، ایستادگی
persistence /pəˈsɪstəns $ pər-/
Her persistence paid off when she was offered the job of manager.
He achieved success through dogged persistence
My persistence in demanding my rights finally paid off.
By sheer persistence, I eventually got her to change her mind.
تداوم
persistence
the persistence of high unemployment in the post-war years
تحمل
endurance /ɪnˈdʊrəns/ غیرقابل شمارش
She was pushed beyond her powers of endurance.
The marathon is a test of endurance
endurance sports/training
The astronauts will undergo a series of trials to test their physical and mental endurance in space.
She was almost at the limits of her endurance.
دندان نمایی - نیشخند
a wide smile
grin /ɡrɪn/
He gave the photographer a big grin.
I’ll soon wipe that silly grin off her face
تدبیر ملاحظه، درایت
tact
His tact was exemplary, especially considering the circumstances
The situation called for considerable tact.
Employees are trained to show tact and patience with difficult customers
The incident should have been handled with more tact by the police.
قطعنامه مصوبه
a formal decision or statement agreed on by a group of people, especially after a vote
resolution
The resolution was passed by a two-thirds majority.
a resolution calling for a ban on dumping nuclear waste
They have failed to comply with the resolution.
احساسات و عواطف
feelings
It makes no difference to my feelings for you.
Personal feelings don’t come into it
He’s considerate of other people’s feelings
I had mixed feelings about meeting them again.
She was lucky that she had suffered no more than hurt feelings.
I’m sorry if I’ve hurt your feelings
The debate aroused strong feelings on both sides.
It was the practical aspect of life that heightened her feelings of loneliness and loss.
a belief or opinion about something, especially one that is influenced by your emotions
feeling
It was a good feeling to be arriving home again.
I had a nagging feeling that I had forgotten something.
She has strong feelings on the issue of abortion.
a survey on people’s feelings about the candidates
His gut feeling (=opinion based on emotion) was that Burns was probably guilty.
I had this funny feeling (=not easily explained) that something was wrong.
My personal feeling is that not enough has been done.
Johnson underestimated the strength of public feeling against the war
My gut feeling was that we couldn’t trust her.
The general feeling of the meeting was against the decision.
She was left with the feeling that he did not care.
حس بد، حس منفی توام با ناامیدی
a sudden bad feeling that something was true
sinking feeling
Gary had a sinking feeling that he was making a mistake.
He suddenly had a terrible sinking feeling in the pit of his stomach
احساس
feeling
Harry had lost all feeling in his toes.
After the accident he lost all feeling in his legs
حس - حال و هوا
feeling
the town’s strong feeling of history
It gives a feeling of eating outdoors, without having to worry about being rained on
They have managed to recreate the feeling of the original theatre.
ضدیت، مخالفت
opposition
A plan to build on farm land aroused local opposition
ابتدا آغاز
outset /ˈaʊtset/ قابل شمارش
*A person with higher qualifications can get a better paid job at the outset of their career.
* It was clear from the outset that there were going to be problems.
*Problems arose at the very outset.
در همان ابتدا مشکلاتی پیش آمد.
It was clear from the outset that he could succeed
از اولش معلوم بود که میتونه موفق بشه.
اشتیاق، میل وافر
a strong feeling of wanting something or someone
longing :
She looked back with longing on the good old days.
enthusiasm
I can’t work up any enthusiasm for his idea
Enthusiasm is a vital ingredient in all human endeavour.
دورهمی های خانوادگی
family gatherings
I feel a terrible longing for family gatherings.
دلم برای دورهمی های خانوادگی بدجوری لک زده.
قدم زنی - پیاده روی
Stroll /stroʊl/
I feel a terrible longing for a stroll with you along the beach.
برای قدم زدن باهات تو ساحل دلم بدجوری لک زده.
مقدار کم ، اندک ذره
a small amount of something
Modicum /ˈmɒdɪkəm/
There’s not even a modicum of truth in her statement.
Anyone with a modicum of common sense could have seen that the plan wouldn’t work.
a suspicion of something :
Her remarks lacked even the faintest suspicion of humour.
His mouth quivered in the suspicion of a smile
I could see the faintest suspicion of a tear in her eyes
vestige /ˈvɛstɪdʒ/
The government has to remove any last vestiges of corruption.
I’m struggling to retain any vestige of belief in his innocence.
He showed no vestige of remorse for his crime
There’s not a vestige of truth in the story.
He looked at her without a vestige of sympathy
The new law removed the last vestiges of royal power
دست‌درازی، تعدی،تجاوز به حریم
encroachment /ɛnkɹˈoʊtʃmənt/ قابل شمارش
جرات - شهامت
courage
They sang and whistled as they marched, to bolster their courage(=make it stronger)
I was going to jump but my courage failed (=is not great enough to do something) at the last moment.
He lacked the courage to look her full in the face
It takes courage to make a big change in your life like that.
bravery :
He won a medal for bravery during the Iraq war.
guts (informal ): جربزه جگر خایه
It must have taken a lot of guts for him to say that.
It took guts to stand up and tell the boss how she felt.
در مقابل رییس ایستادن و احساسش را بیان کردن، جرات می خواست.
assertiveness /ə’sə:tıvnəs/
As the first woman to head the institute, she quickly gained a reputation for assertiveness.
دلاوری سلحشوری، رشادت
very great courage in a dangerous situation
heroism /ˈherəʊɪzəm $ -roʊ-/ :
The President praised the heroism of the firefighters.
intrepidity
valour
He showed valour and skill on the battlefield.
gallantry
a soldier who had demonstrated outstanding gallantry
نقطه قوت
Forte /ˈfɔːteɪ/(noun)
I specialized in law but later I realized it was not my forte.
من در حقوق تخصص گرفتم اما بعد متوجه شدم که نقطه قوت من نبود.
شرم و حیا
a feeling of shyness or embarrassment that stops you doing or saying what you really want
Inhibitions /ɪnhɪˈbɪʃənz/ :
She had no inhibitions about saying what she felt.
People tend to lose their inhibitions when they’ve drunk a lot of alcohol.
Shed your inhibitions شرم و حیا رو کنار بذار
Overcome your inhibitions and defend yourself against unfair criticisms.
به کمرویی غلبه کن و از خودت در برابر انتقادهای ناعادلانه دفاع کن.
The reason why people allow themselves to treat you inequitably is because you show inhibitions.
دلیل اینکه چرا مرد به خودشون اجازه می‌دن با تو ناعادلانه رفتار کنن این هست که تو کمرو هستی.
something that makes progress, movement, or completing something difficult or impossible
impediment /ɪmˈped.ɪ.mənt/ :
In a number of developing countries, war has been an additional impediment to progress.
a substance, such as a drug, that makes the mind or body more active
stimulant /ˈstɪmjələnt/
Coffee and tea are mild stimulants.
قهوه و چای محرک های ضعیفی هستند.
Nicotine, the drug found in tobacco, is a stimulant
Caffeine, which is found in coffee and tea, is a mild stimulant.
آفت - مرض
a disease that causes death and spreads quickly to a large number of people
plague /pleɪɡ/ :
drops in population levels due to plagues and famines
The plague caused 100,000 deaths in London alone in the 1600s.
A plague of squirrels(/ˈskwɜːrəl/سنجاب) is threatening our forests
Nearly a third of the population died in the Great Plague.
a decline in population following outbreaks of plague
The region has just suffered a plague of locusts(/ˈloʊkəst/ ملخ).
The population has been decimated by plague.
کشت و کشتار قتل‌عام، کشتار جمعی
carnage /ˈkɑːrnɪdʒ/ غیرقابل شمارش
How can we reduce the carnage on our roads?
چگونه می توانیم کشت و کشتار جاده ای مان را کم کنیم؟
The Battle was a scene of dreadful carnage
The foreign minister has asked ambassadors from several states to help end the carnage
slaughter /ˈslɔːtə $ ˈslɒːtər/
We were helpless to stop the slaughter.
سرباز مزدور، ادم اجیر
a soldier who fights for any country or group that will pay him
Mercenary /ˈmɜːsənəri $ ˈmɜːrsəneri/ :
an army of foreign mercenaries
لکنت زبان
speech impediment
stammer
Jeff spoke with a slight stammer.
جنون/دیوانگی انی، شوریدگی، شیدایی حاد
a state of great anxiety or excitement, in which you cannot control your behaviour
frenzy
Doreen had worked herself into a frenzy
Nationalist speeches worked the crowd up into a frenzy.
mania /ˈmeɪniə/
She had a mania for fast cars
بیانیه
a written statement of the beliefs, aims, and policies of an organization, especially a political party
manifesto /ˌmænɪˈfestoʊ/:
In their election manifesto, the Liberal Democrats proposed increasing taxes to pay for improvements in education.
We must all support the party manifesto.
The manifesto promised reform of the social security system.
The policy is outlined in the party’s election manifesto.
Labour won the election on this manifesto
استهلاک (اقتصاد) کاهش بها
depreciation
از خود گذشتگی، جانفشانی، ایثارگری ، فداکاری
sacrifice /ˈsakrɪfʌɪs/
She brought three children up single-handedly, often at great personal sacrifice.
The minister stressed the need for economic sacrifice
They will never appreciate your sacrifices
قربانی
sacrifice
In those days, an animal was offered as a sacrifice to God
Food and wine were offered as sacrifices to the gods
اسودگی
Comfort /ˈkʌmfət $ -ərt/
Comfort has been sacrificed for the sake of improved performance
عیب و نقص
Defect /dɪˈfekt/
Reduce the price to compensate for the defect
قیمتش رو کم کن جبرانِ عیبش بشه.
به هیچ وجه
In no way
The damage caused can in no way be compensated for.
خسارت وارده به هیچ وجه جبران نخواهد شد.
ضعف
Deficiency /dɪˈfɪʃənsi/(noun)
You must identify your deficiencies and compensate for them.
باید ضعف هاتو شناسایی و جبران کنی.
سادگی
plainness /plˈeɪnnəs/ غیرقابل شمارش
the quality of being simple, without decoration or without anything added:
There’s something about the plainness of the design which I like.
Richness of decoration becomes more effective when contrasted with plainness.
حکایت داستان قصه
tale /teɪl/ قابل شمارش
He was in the middle of telling me a long tale about how he once met the Redskins’ manager.
a cautionary tale داستان پندآموز
fairy tale داستان خیالی ، قصه جن و پری
folk tale قصه ی عامیانه
در مجموع روی هم رفته
taken together
Taken together, she is an awful human being.
در مجموع، او یک انسان بسیار بد است.
a series of bad things that happened to someone
tale of woe :
The England team’s tale of woe continued, and they lost the next three games
حکایت، روایت
a description of events in a story, especially in a novel
narrative /ˈnærətɪv/:
It’s difficult to construct a narrative out of a series of fast-moving events
The author interrupts her narrative to tell us that the idea for the book had not been well received.
At several points in the narrative the two stories cross.
The book is written in the style of first-person narrative
گویندگی ، داستانسرایی
narration /nəˈreɪʃən $ næ-, nə-/
Your method of narration is likely to be different in a short story.
عقده روحی، وسواس فکری ، مشغله ذهنی
an extreme unhealthy interest in something or worry about something, which stops you from thinking about anything else
obsession /əbˈseʃ.ən/ :
Gambling became an obsession, and he eventually lost everything.
He is concerned with money to the point of obsession.
تا سر حد وسواس فکر و ذکرش شده پول.
I don’t understand television’s current obsession with cookery programmes.
Sexual obsessions can take many forms
Cleanliness is her obsession.وسواس تمیزی داره.
The case became something of an obsession with him
ازخودگذشتگی فداکاری، ایثارگری
devotion /dɪˈvoʊʃn/ غیرقابل شمارش
She looked after him with a devotion bordering on obsession
His devotion to his wife and family is touching.
روان‌پریشی
Psychosis /saɪˈkəʊsɪs/
Your obsession is turning into psychosis.
وسواس شما داره به روان پریشی تبدیل میشه
وسیله / اسباب امرارمعاش، معیشت
Livelihood /ˈlaɪvlihʊd/
Our livelihood has become deeply ingrained in the Internet.
معیشت ما با اینترنت عجین شده است.
مردسالاری
Patriarchy /ˈpeɪtriɑːki/
Patriarchy has become deeply ingrained in our culture
مردسالاری با فرهنگ ما عجین شده است.
.
خوره (نوعی آفت)
something evil that spreads through a person’s mind, an organization or a society
canker
Poverty is a canker eating away at the heart of society.
خویشاوند سالاری پارتی بازی
nepotism /ˈnepətɪzəm/ غیرقابل شمارش
He was guilty of nepotism and corruption.
او متهم به خویشاوند سالاری و فساد بود.
Nepotism has become deeply ingrained in the employment system.
the canker of nepotism eats away at the heart of society
آفت پارتی بازی تار و پود جمعه را از هم می گسلد
بی‌عدالتی
Injustice /ɪnˈdʒʌstɪs/
Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere.
بی‌عدالتی در هر کجا، تهدیدی بر عدالت در همه جاست.
بیکاری ، بیهودگی
the fact of not having work or of not being in use
idleness /ˈaɪdəlnəs/ غیرقابل شمارش
After a period of enforced idleness, she found a new job.
تنبلی، بطالت
idleness /ˈaɪdəlnəs/ غیرقابل شمارش
It was sheer idleness that I never pursued this inquiry.
جسارت گستاخی
audacity /ɔːˈdæsəti/ غیرقابل شمارش
He doesn’t not have the audacity to carry out his threats.
این جرات را ندارد که تهدیدهاشو عملی کنه.
I can’t believe he had the audacity to ask me for more money!
سرنوشت
fate
God knows what fate awaits us.
خدا می‌دونه چه سرنوشتی در انتظارمونه.
You are the only person who can rescue you from this fate that you don’t deserve.
تو تنها کسی هستی که میتونی خودت را از این سرنوشتی که مستحق نیستی نجات بدی.
پیاده سازی، اجرا، عملی کردن
implementation
Detailed implementation of the plans was left to the regional offices.
The practical implementation of the regulations proved difficult.
We will consult widely to ensure smooth implementation.
To achieve implementation of the programme is a long, slow task.
The UN is to supervise the implementation of the peace treaty
The restructuring will take place in phases, to simplify the implementation process.
استقبال - پذیرش - پیشواز
reception
Southampton fans gave their former coach a hostile reception
His ideas met with a hostile reception.
ایده‌های او با استقبال خصمانه‌ای مواجه شدند.
نگرش
the opinions and feelings that you usually have about something, especially when this is shown in your behaviour
attitude /ˈætətjuːd, ˈætɪtjuːd $ -tuːd/:
As soon as they found out I was a doctor, their whole attitude changed.
There has been a marked change in attitude towards the European single currency
The experience changed his attitude to religion
She seems to have the right attitude for the job
طرز برخورد
attitude /ˈætətjuːd, ˈætɪtjuːd $ -tuːd/:
This sort of attitude exists among certain groups of people.
The general attitude of the public is sympathetic.
At school he was thought to have an attitude problem.
لجن
dirt, mud, or another sticky substance that makes something dirty
muck:
Come on, let’s wipe that muck off your face
پِهِن تپاله
waste matter from animals, sometimes put on land to make plants grow better
muck :
special machinery for spreading muck onto the fields
کود
manure /məˈnʊr/
فهم، قوه درک، عقل، خرد
the ability to understand things and to think intelligently
intellect /ˈɪntəlekt, ˈɪntɪlekt/
He enjoyed exercising his intellect in analysing the controversies of his day
Schools should nurture a child’s intellect
Rehnquist was a great scholar who possessed a formidable intellect
Our physical strength declines with age, but not necessarily our intellect
Joyce’s books seem designed to appeal to the intellect rather than the emotions.
وضعیت بی پولی
distressed circumstances :
a family living in distressed circumstances
جرعه لقمه
an amount of food or drink that you put into your mouth at one time
mouthful :
Michael told his story between mouthfuls.
Betty drank a mouthful of beer.
He took a mouthful of his pudding
She answered through a mouthful of cake
She took a large mouthful of bread and started to read the letter
بوی وسوسه‌انگیز
mouth-watering scent قابل شمارش
gravy
something good that is more than you expected to get
gravy
کار پر درآمد ولی بدون زحمت
gravy train /ˈgreɪvi treɪn/ قابل شمارش
For many years, his job was a real gravy train, but now the company has become very strict and will not pay
برای سال های بسیار، شغل او یک شغل پر در آمد و کم زحمت بود اما حالا شرکت بسیار سخت گیر شده و اضافه کاری نمی پردازد.
Six cents an hour, in Salvador, is considered the gravy train
معما
riddle
See if you can solve this riddle.
The police have been unable to solve the riddle of her disappearance
وانمودسازی، تظاهر
pretense /prɪˈtens $ ˈpriːtens/
John waited for her under the pretense of tying his shoelaces.
Maria had abandoned any pretense of having faith of any kind long ago.
It was all an elaborate pretense.
Abandoning any pretense at politeness, they ran for the door
She kept up the pretence that her husband had died in order to claim the insurance money
عامل تاثیرگذار
contributing factor
Stress is a contributing factor in many illnesses
کمک مالی
money given to a person or organization in order to help them achieve a particular goal
contribution /ˌkɑn.trəˈbjuː.ʃən/ قابل شمارش:
Funding would come from the state budget, but it could include private contributions and insurance money from contractors.
He raised $1.2 million in campaign contributions.
Contributions to charities are tax deductible
a generous contribution to charity
All contributions will be gratefully received.
We rely entirely on voluntary contributions.
donation
کمک
contribution /ˌkɑn.trəˈbjuː.ʃən/ قابل شمارش
Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize for his contribution to Quantum Theory.
نگهداری حفظ و حراست
upkeep /ˈʌpkiːp/ غیرقابل شمارش
Tenants are responsible for the upkeep of rented property.
مستأجرها مسئول نگهداری از ملک اجاره‌شده هستند.
valuable contributions towards the upkeep of the cathedral
maintenance
قدرالسهم پول
contribution /ˌkɑn.trəˈbjuː.ʃən/ قابل شمارش
pension contributions
National Insurance contributions
You can increase your monthly contributions to the pension plan.
Pension funds base retirement income on the level of contributions from employees and employers.
He should be investing at least 10% of his salary (including his employer’s contributions).
Her plan automatically increases her pension contributions each year
ادب نزاکت شرم
polite, honest, and moral behaviour and attitudes that show respect for other people
decency /ˈdiːsənsi/
The film was banned on the grounds of public decency.
Is there no sense of decency left in this country?
If they’re going to charge people a fee, they ought to at least have the decency to tell them in advance.
At least she had the decency to admit that it was her fault
etiquette /ˈetɪket/(noun)
Etiquette dictates that we wait.
ادب ایجاب میکنه منتظر بمونیم.
توهین اهانت
affront /əˈfrʌnt/
The comments were an affront to his pride.
He took his son’s desertion as a personal affront.
This remark caused affront to many people.
Your behaviour is an affront to public decency
He regarded the comments as an affront to his dignity.
insult /ˈɪn.sʌlt/
that was an insult to me and my family
$200 for all that work? It’s an insult.
Some advertising is an insult to our intelligence.
The king is unlikely to forgive the insult offered to his ambassador.
Foreigners have to suffer constant insults from the local population
Insults were flying back and forth
The steelworkers’ leader rejected the 2% pay-rise saying it was an insult to the profession
هرزگی، انحراف (اخلاقی)
depravity /dɪˈpræv.ə.t̬i/
her depravity is beyond imagination.
هرزگی او فراتر از تصور است.
مایه سرافکندگی/شرمندگی برای کسی/چیزی
something that should make a person, society etc feel bad or ashamed
a reproach to somebody/something :
These derelict houses are a reproach to the city.
بچه سر راهی
Foundling
مذاکره
negotiation
The bombings undermined several months of careful negotiations
اطمینان خاطر/قوت قلب
reassurance /ˌriːəˈʃʊrəns/ قابل شمارش
Parents are looking for reassurance about their children’s safety
They are offering practical help and reassurance
We have been given reassurances that the water is safe to drink
He glanced at her, seeking reassurance
We have had some reassurances from the council that the building will be saved.
He held onto her hand for reassurance
رقابت‌جویی
attempts to make yourself seem better than other people, no matter what they do
one-upmanship
بی‌اعتنایی ، بی‌توجهی
disregard /ˌdɪsrɪˈgɑrd/ غیرقابل شمارش
Poison gas was used, in flagrant disregard of the Geneva Convention
تحقیق - بررسی
inquest /ˈɪŋkwest/ غیررسمی
The Tories will hold a private inquest into why they were defeated.
an inquest into the team’s poor performance
inquiry : رسمی
Local people are calling for an inquiry into the accident.
An independent inquiry found serious shortcomings at the children’s home
investigation :
Following a major police investigation, two men were arrested.
The investigation into the causes of the air crash are continuing.
probe :
The TV show featured a probe into charges charged by high street banks
با این حال
even if what you say is true.
be that as it may
There has been some improvement in the economy in recent months, but, be that as it may, many people are still looking for work
اقتصاد پیشرفتهایی توی ماه های اخیر داشته، ولی با این حال، بسیاری افراد هنوز دنبال کار هستن.
I am sorry to hear about your troubles, but, be that as it may, you still must carry out your responsibilities.
سلامت عقلی، عقلانیت
sanity /ˈsæn.ɪ.ti/ US /-ə.ţi/
He’d been behaving so strangely that they began to doubt/question his sanity.
She wondered if she was losing her sanity.
Sanity appears to be returning to the stock market
I took a vacation to try to recover my sanity.
Getting away at weekends is the only way I can retain my sanity.
The pace of city life threatens our sanity.
Stock market trading slowly settled down as sanity returned.
I fear for her sanity if this continues much longer
کاردستی
Handiwork
She stood back and admired her handiwork
کار (به‌ویژه بد) عمل
something that someone has done or caused
handiwork :
The explosion looks like the handiwork of terrorists
خویشاوند - قوم و خویش
kindred قابل شمارش
Benjamin was returning to the land of his far-off (دوردست ) kindred.
a person who has the same opinions, feelings and interests as you
kindred spirit
We recognized each other as kindred spirits as soon as we met.
جزء / بخش اصلی، ویژگی اصلی
something that a particular type of thing is made of or based on
the stuff of sth :
Her appetite for shopping became the stuff of legend.
A thwarted love affair is the (very) stuff of fiction.
و چیزهایی از این قبیل
and stuff (like that)
They sell stationery and stuff like that.
آنها لوازم‌التحریر و چیزهایی از این قبیل می‌فروشند.
تکرار مکررات
writing or speech that uses old ideas as if they were new.
rehash : /ˈriː.hæʃ/
His new book is just a rehash (of his previous ones)
Don’t be deceived by the new cover – this is a rehash of old hits
ثمره - بازدهی - حاصل
the result of a set of actions, or an explanation at the end of something
payoff /ˈpeɪ.ɒf/ US /-ɑːf/ [INFORMAL] :
The payoff for years of research is a microscope which performs better than all of its competitors.
With electric cars there is a big environmental payoff
الفبا، اصول اولیه
Rudiments /ˈruːdɪmənts/
I am familiar with the rudiments of this job.
من با الفبای این کار آشنا هستم.
The educational system must give students instructions in the rudiments of life.
سیستم آموزشی باید در اصول اولیه زندگی به دانش آموزان تعلیم دهد.
You are not acquainted with even the rudiments of social relations.
شما حتی با اصول اولیه روابط اجتماعی هم آشنا نیستید.
عزت نفس
ego /ˈiːɡoʊ/ قابل شمارش
I have enough ego not to want to give up easily in any contest.
من به میزان کافی عزت نفس دارم که نخواهم در هیچ مسابقه‌ای تسلیم شوم.
self-esteem
آزمایش
a process of testing to find out whether something works effectively and is safe
trial:
A new stocktaking system is currently under trial at the supermarket
a new drug that is undergoing clinical trials
The trial showed a dramatic reduction in side effects.
He had a trial with Chelsea when he was young.
We’ve got this vacuum cleaner on ten days’ free trial
استفاده / اجرای آزمایشی
trial run
They are treating the trip as a trial run for their 500-mile sponsored ride later this month
دوره آزمایشی
trial period
The security system will be reviewed after a three-month trial period.
She agreed to employ me for a trial period
آزمون و خطا
trial and error /ˈtraɪəl ænd ˈɛrər/ غیرقابل شمارش
I learned most of what I know about gardening through trial and error.
We discovered the ideal mix of paint by trial and error.
Children learn to use computer programs by trial and error.
بچه‌ها با آزمون و خطا یاد می‌گیرند از برنامه‌های کامپیوتری استفاده کنند.
تهمت - افترا
libel /ˈlaɪbl/
He sued the newspaper for libel.
از روزنامه بابت توهین و افترا شکایت کرد.
اجرا
Implementation /ɪmplɪmenˈteɪʃn/
The reason for the implementation of this plan cuts no ice with me.
دلیل اجرای این طرح تو کت من نمیره.
نگرش
Attitude /ˈætɪtuːd/
Your hostile attitude cuts no ice with me.
نگرش خصمانه شما تو کت من نمیره.
قابلیت سوددهی، امکان عملی
the fact that something can be done and can be successful
viability /vaıə’bılətı/
Have you asked experts’ opinions about this plan’s viability?
آیا نظر متخصصین را درباره شدنی بودن این طرح پرسیده اید؟
She is very negative about the long-term viability of the project.
Once the railways had proved their viability expansion was rapid.
The company has questioned the commercial viability of the mine.
There are doubts about the commercial viability of the newspaper.
بررسی دقیق - کنکاش
scrutiny /ˈskruːtɪni/
The viability of this plan needs to undergo scrutiny.
شدنی بودن این طرح باید دقیقا بررسی شود.
جنبه
one part of a subject, situation, etc that has many parts
Facet /ˈfæsət/ :
She has many facets to her personality.
If you closely examine the facets of this plan, you will see it is far from viable.
اگر جوانب این طرح را دقیق بررسی کنید خواهید دید که اصلا شدنی نیست.
He has traveled extensively in China, recording every facet of life.
aspect
ضمیمه، الحاقیه، پیوست ، متمم
supplement /ˈsʌpləmənt/ قابل شمارش
You can use these books as supplements to the basic English course.
This document is a supplement to the main report
مکمل، افزودنی
supplement /ˈsʌpləmənt/ قابل شمارش
The farmer adds a supplement to the horse’s feed.
I take a vitamin supplement every day
an amount of money that is added to the price of a service, hotel room etc
supplement /ˈsʌpləmənt/ قابل شمارش
If you want to travel on a different day a flight supplement is payable
We charge a small supplement for this service.
Weekend flights carry a supplement
A balcony is available for a £20 supplement
Single rooms are available at a supplement.
a $20 supplement for each extra night
There is a supplement on rooms with a sea view.
روحیه
morale /məˈræl/ غیرقابل شمارش
After losing another game, the team’s morale was low.
پس از باخت در بازی دیگر، روحیه آن تیم پایین بود.
a terror attack intended to undermine the morale of citizens
something that often or naturally happens with something else
concomitant /ˌkɑnˈkɑmətənt/
Deafness is a frequent concomitant of old age.
Loss of memory is a natural concomitant of old age.
some of us look on pain and illness as concomitants of the stresses of living.
برخی از ما درد و بیماری را همراه استرس های زندگی، در نظر می گیریم.
وضعیت
State of affairs
Severe unemployment is concomitant with this unwise decision in this chaotic economic state of affairs.
He was vehement in his insistence on the amelioration of this state of affairs.
او در اصرارش به بهبود این وضعیت بسیار جدی بود.
This state of affairs galvanized me into thinking about emigration more seriously.
این وضعیت باعث شد که با جدیت بیشتری به مهاجرت فکر کنم.
وسیله امرار معاش
Means of livelihood /miːnz ˈlaɪvlihʊd/
Severe unemployment is concomitant with this unwise decision because it threatens people’s means of livelihood.
توجیه، دلیل اوری
Justification /dʒʌstɪfəˈkeɪʃən/
This decision is devoid of rational justification.
این تصمیم توجیه منطقی ندارد.
There is no justification for holding her in jail.
Hoggart felt, with some justification, that his colleagues had let him down.
استطاعت مالی
financial wherewithal /ˈwerwɪðɒːl/
The market for this kind of products is shrinking because people do not have the financial wherewithal to buy them
. بازار این نوع محصولات داره جمع میشه چون مردم استطاعت خرید آنها رو ندارند
پس‌انداز
savings /ˈseɪvɪŋz/
If you hadn’t spent your money wastefully, your savings wouldn’t have shrunk so much.
اگر اینطور ولخرجی نکرده بودی پس اندازت اینقدر کم نشده بود.
نکند، مبادا
lest (conj)
You are concerned lest your profits shrink.
شما نگرانید که نکند سودتان‌کمک شود.
قدرت خرید
purchasing power
Their purchasing power has shrunk.
قدرت خریدشان کم شده.
نام غلط - اسم بی مسمی-استفاده نادرست از یک واژه یا عبارت
a wrong or unsuitable name
Misnomer /mɪsˈnəʊmər/
It was the scruffiest place I’ve ever stayed in, so ‘Hotel Royal’ was a bit of a misnomer.
It’s something of a misnomer to refer to these inexperienced boys as soldiers.
It is a misnomer to call you a student
اشتباه است که به تو بگن دانشجو.
همراهی، مشایعت
accompaniment
‘Silent movie’ is a misnomer since the movies usually had a musical accompaniment
He plays folk music with guitar accompaniment
White wine makes an excellent accompaniment to fish.
They were exercising to the accompaniment of cheerful music.
آنها داشتند حین نواخته شدن آن موزیک فرحبخش تمرین می کردند
A group of children danced around to the accompaniment of drums and piano.
سلطه، چیرگی
dominance /ˈdɑːmɪnəns/
They are vying with each other for dominance over the housing market
آنها برای تسلط به بازار مسکن با هم رقابت می‌کنند.
Large gorillas hit their chests to express their dominance over others
قطع ارتباط
Severance of contact
After many years of being bosom friends, our vying to attract her attention led to the severance of our contact.
بعد از سالها دوستی صمیمانه رقابت ما برای جلب توجه او منجر به قطع ارتباطمان شد.
دوره آزمایشی
a period of time when people start to get used to a new arrangement and it becomes more effective
shakedown /ˈʃeɪk.daʊn/
The new administration is still in the shakedown period.
Recently, there have been signs that the romance market is in the process of a shakedown
Let’s take the new car out and give it a shakedown.
تفتیش - جستجوی کامل
a thorough search of a place or a person
shakedown /ˈʃeɪk.daʊn/
No firearms were found during the shakedowns at the prison, but guards did recover several knives.
اخاذی
when someone gets money from another person by using threats
shakedown /ˈʃeɪk.daʊn/
درز (خبر سری)
a situation in which secret information is deliberately given to a newspaper, television company etc
leak:
It became evident from the leaks that something important was going on
The leak could only have come from one source.
a security leak about a number of suspicious deaths among civil servants
a leak from the prime minister’s office
a leak of confidential material
The organization’s press secretary is thought to be the source of the leak
نشتی
an escape of gas or liquid through a hole in something
leak :
A gas leak caused the explosion
If you think there’s a gas leak, leave the house and call 911
Fortunately, we spotted the leak in time.
The plumber fixed the leak
Pollution inspectors were called to a leak from a chemical factory.
سوراخ - رخنه
a small hole that lets liquid or gas flow into or out of something
leak There is a leak in the ceiling. The boat had a small leak. I managed to plug the leak The boat had sprung a leak (=a hole had appeared in it).
خلق‌وخوی - حالت روحی
temper
The passing of the years had done nothing to improve his temper
پایان اتمام
passing
The old regime was defeated, and few people mourned its passing.
درگذشت - فوت
passing
Nothing could fill the gap in her life left by his passing
گذر زمان/سالها
the process of time going by
the passing of time/the years :
Most of the old traditions have died out with the passing of time
ضمانت نامه
a formal written promise to repair or replace a product if it breaks within a specific period of time
guarantee /ˌɡærənˈtiː/
a money-back guarantee
All our products carry/come with/ have a two-year guarantee.
warranty
The car is still under warranty
He took legal action against the company for breach of warranty.
ضمانت تعهد
a formal promise that something will be done
guarantee /ˌɡærənˈtiː/
I’m afraid there’s no guarantee of success.
There was no guarantee against misuse of the king’s power.
I cannot give a guarantee that there will be no redundancies.
The demonstrators were demanding guarantees for fair elections
Driving into town early is no longer a guarantee of getting a parking space.
اجازه /حکم قانونی
warrant/ˈwɒrənt $ ˈwɔː-, ˈwɑː-/
The magistrate issued a warrant for his arrest
They had a warrant to search the house
حواله، سند، رسید
an official document giving someone the right to do something, for example buy shares in a company
warrant/ˈwɒrənt $ ˈwɔː-, ˈwɑː-/ :
The company issued warrants for 300,000 shares
تار و پود
warp and weft
شیوع
epidemic /ˌepəˈdemɪk◂/
Britain is suffering an epidemic of petty crime
حماسه داستان و شعر حماسی
epic /ˈepɪk/ قابل شمارش
an epic about 13th-century Scottish hero William Wallace
It’s one of those old Hollywood epics with a cast of thousands.
اعتقاد راسخ
a very strong belief or opinion
conviction /kənˈvɪkʃən/
She is a woman of strong political convictions
The Dotens have a deep conviction that marriage is for life
It was a reasonable explanation, but his voice lacked conviction
It took her so much effort to speak that what she said carried great conviction (=showed she felt sure of what she said).
The ex-leaders share a deep conviction that their views on world matters are still vitally important.
Nothing could shake her conviction that ‘abroad’ was a dangerous place.
Her explanation failed to carry conviction in the face of the facts.
‘Not true!’ she said with conviction.
He had a strong personal conviction about the power of the printed word.
آرزو، دلخواست، کام، مراد دل، هدف یا چیز مورد دلخواه
sth you very much want to have/do
ambition /æmˈbɪʃən/
Her biggest ambition was to climb Everest
I have no ambition to go back there again.
At last he had realized his life’s ambition.
He felt great resentment at having his ambition frustrated.
Her lifelong ambitions had been thwarted again and again.
He had nursed an ambition (=have it for a long time, especially secretly) to become a writer for many years.
aspiration /æspɪˈreɪʃən/
I am steadfast in realizing my aspirations.
بلندپروازی - جاه طلبی
strong desire to be successful
ambition /æmˈbɪʃən/
She’s a woman of driving ambition
Ambition burned within her
Do not underestimate Ruth’s ambition to reach the summit of the acting profession.
She had always had an ambition to be a pilot.
An injury ended his ambitions of becoming a professional footballer.
مهر تایید - گواه
testament /ˈtestəmənt/
The aircraft’s safety record is a testament to its designers’ skill
طول عمر
lifespan /ˈlaɪfspæn/ قابل شمارش
Worms have a lifespan of a few months.
کرم‌ها طول عمری چند ماهه دارند.
زندگانی عمر
lifetime /ˈlɑɪf.tɑɪm/
A watch of this quality should last a lifetime.
ساعتی با این کیفیت، باید یک عمر دوام بیاورد.
I’ve never seen anything like it, in my lifetime.
در عمرم هیچ چیزی شبیه به آن ندیده‌ام.
اثر تاریخی - بنای یادبود
monument /ˈmɑn.jə.mənt/ قابل شمارش
The monument is a worthy testament to the courage of the men who fought in the war
دستور عمل
instruction
You should always read the instructions on medicines thoroughly.
He had specific instructions to check everyone’s identity cards
On the landlord’s instructions, the barmaid refused to serve him
The police were under instruction to fire if necessary
He gave her detailed instructions on the procedure to be followed.
instructions supplied with a product
Did it come with any instructions about assembling it?
instructions tell you where everything goes
I had to refer to the instruction booklet.
Microwave ovens should be serviced according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
It tells you in the instructions not to let the machine get too hot.
The jockey followed his trainer’s instructions to the letter
آموزه - تعلیم
instruction
religious/driving instruction
The school gives instruction in first aid.
چشم‌انداز تصور
an idea of what you think something should be like
vision
He had a clear vision of how he hoped the company would develop.
The President outlined his vision for the future
The company needs to develop a global vision
They share a common vision for the development of health services.
He outlined his vision for the new economic order
دید بینایی
vision
Ted had perfect vision, and that helped to make him a good baseball player.
. “تد” بینایی بسیار خوبی داشت و این کمک کرد که او بازیکن بیسبال خوبی شود.
With the aid of the binoculars, my vision improved enough to see the entire vicinity.
با کمک دوربین دوچشمی دید من به اندازه کافی خوب شد تا بتوانم تمام اطراف را ببینم.
The eye test shows she has perfect vision.
The rain prevented her having clear vision of the road ahead.
The high driving position gives excellent all-round vision
The tears blurred her vision.
دوراندیشی تدبیر، آینده‌نگری
vision
We need a leader with vision and strong principles
وحی، الهام
vision
The idea came to her in a vision
She had a vision in which Jesus appeared before her.
in a vision
He became a monk after seeing Saint Apollinaris in a vision.
A young girl in the village experienced a prophetic vision.
an apocalyptic vision of the end of civilization
As he approached, the vision faded and there was no one there.
گستره دید
field of vision
She was aware of shapes moving across her field of vision.
نمای کلی ، رئوس مطلب
the main ideas or facts about something, without the details
outline
an outline of world history خلاصه تاریخ جهان
This is a brief outline of the events.
این خلاصه کوتاهی از وقایع است.
Here’s the plan in outline
The first chapter provides an outline of the theory of evolution
The leaflet gives you an outline of the Party’s main policies
طرح کلی، شکل اجمالی
a line around the edge of something which shows its shape
.
outline
It was dark, but we could see the outline of the castle.
هوا تاریک بود، اما ما می‌توانستیم شکل کلی قلعه را تشخیص دهیم
The outlines of animals were cut into the rock
The sharp outline of the island had become blurred.
The children made an outline of their hands.
I could just make out the dim outlines of the house in the mist.
an outline map of the island
Once I am happy with the outline sketch, I start painting.
the most important parts or facts of something without any detail
the bare bones:
We have outlined only the bare bones of the method.
حقیقت محض
a statement that tells someone only what they need to know, with no additional details
the bare facts :
The newspaper had simply published the bare facts.
تغییر، اصلاحیه
a small change, improvement, or addition that is made to a law or document, or the process of doing this
amendment /əˈmendmənt/
A major amendment was introduced into the legislation.
The committee does not adequately consult others when drafting amendments
She withdrew her amendment and left the meeting
Parliament accepted the amendment and the bill was passed. On a free vote, the amendment was carried by 292 votes to 246.
The programme is subject to amendment.
The new clause was accepted without amendment.
an amendment to the Clean Water Act
تغییر، اصلاحیه
a small change, improvement, or addition that is made to a law or document, or the process of doing this
amendment /əˈmendmənt/
A major amendment was introduced into the legislation.
The committee does not adequately consult others when drafting amendments
She withdrew her amendment and left the meeting
Parliament accepted the amendment and the bill was passed. On a free vote, the amendment was carried by 292 votes to 246.
The programme is subject to amendment.
The new clause was accepted without amendment.
an amendment to the Clean Water Act
ترفند حقه دوز و کلک
something that is done or said in order to get an advantage, often dishonestly
ploy
His usual ploy is to pretend he’s ill.
He praises my cooking but it’s just a cynical ploy to get me to make his meals
It was all a ploy to distract attention from his real aims.
اینها همه دسیسه‌ای بود که توجه‌ها را از اهداف واقعی او منحرف کند.
There are various ploys we can use if necessary.
چندین ترفند وجود دارد که اگر ضروری بود، می‌توانیم استفاده کنیم.
subterfuge /ˈsʌbtərfjuːdʒ/ قابل شمارش
It was clear that they must have obtained the information by subterfuge.
Journalists often use subterfuge to obtain material for stories.
روزنامه نگارها معمولا برای به دست آوردن موضوع برای داستانهایشان از حقه استفاده می کنند.
بدبینی
cynicism /ˈsɪnɪsɪzəm/
A wave of cynicism pervaded the whole country.
موجی از بدبینی تمام کشور را گرفت.
Cast aside cynicism and think positively.
بدبینی را کنار بگذار و مثبت فکر کن.
pessimism /ˈpesɪmɪzəm/
- Your undue pessimism made us lose this opportunity.
- There is deep pessimism about the future
حضور در همه جا در ان واحد
omnipresence /ˌɒm.nɪˈprez.ənts/ US /ˌɑːm-/
the omnipresence of the secret police
قدرت تام، قدرت مطلق
omnipotence
دانش بی پایان، علم لاینتاهی
omniscience
دشمن
foe
She is an implacable foe of reforms.
او دشمن سرسخت اصلاحات است.
He is considered one of the foes of progress and development.
She was unsure as yet whether he was friend or foe
an opponent or enemy that is likely to be impossible for you to defeat, or a situation that is likely to be impossible for you to deal with
nemesis /ˈnɛməsɪs/
In the final he will meet his old nemesis, Roger Federer.
حریف - رقیب
a country or person you are fighting or competing against
adversary /ˈædvərseri/ :
The British considered him a worthy adversary.
The two of them were old adversaries.
When he retired, he was replaced by his old adversary.
He made the fatal mistake of underestimating his adversary
opponent
ساده‌لوحی
gullibility /ˌɡʌləˈbɪləti, ˌɡʌlɪˈbɪləti/
People mistake your kindness for gullibility.
مردم لطف تو رو با ساده‌لوحی اشتباه می‌گیرن.
آستانه در - درگاه
Threshold /ˈθreʃhəʊld/
She stood hesitating on the threshold
She opened the door and stepped across the threshold.
He hesitated before stepping across the threshold.
She stood on the threshold, unsure whether to enter
سرحد
the level at which something starts to happen or have an effect
Threshold /ˈθreʃhəʊld/:
Eighty percent of the vote was the threshold for approval of the plan.
The creature is on the threshold of extinction
The number of people with the disease is reaching a critical threshold.
They earn wages below the decency threshold set by the EU.
Below a certain threshold level a person will not be able to detect sound.
Her wages are below the income tax threshold.
the demand to lower the retirement threshold to 60
They should raise the threshold to at least £245 a week
خستگی (فکری و روحی)، بی‌حوصلگی
boredom /ˈbɔrdəm/ غیرقابل شمارش
She loves challenges and admits she has a low boredom threshold.
I started to eat too much out of boredom.
در نتیجه ملالت [از روی بی‌حوصلگی] شروع به زیاده‌روی در خوردن [زیادی خوردن] کردم.
هتک حرمت، بی ادبی، عدم احترام، بیحرمتی
the quality of not showing the expected respect for official, important, or holy things
Irreverence /ɪˈrevərəns/
irreverence towards politicians
The film has a healthy dose of irreverence towards the relationship between the two characters.
راهرو
hallway /ˈhɔːlweɪ/ قابل شمارش
His room is along the corridor.
اتاق او در امتداد راهرو است.
corridor /ˈkɔrədər/ قابل شمارش
Her office is at the end of the corridor.
دفتر او در انتهای راهرو است.
There’s a connecting corridor between the buildings.
یک دالان [راهروی] اتصالی بین دو ساختمان وجود دارد.
اقدام احتیاطی، پیشگیری، محکم‌کاری
precaution /priˈkɔʃən/ قابل شمارش
Fire precautions were neglected
The traffic barriers were put there as a safety precaution
تقدم ، اولویت ، ارجحیت
precedence /ˈpresədəns, ˈpresɪdəns/ [uncountable]
Guests were seated in order of precedence.
The French kings claimed precedence over those of Spain
The order of precedence for titled nobility in Britain is duke, marquis, earl, viscount, baron
priority /praɪˈɔːrəti/
Their immediate priority was to find somewhere to sleep that night.
The reduction of inflation must be the Government’s overriding priority(=the most important one)
After several burglaries in the area, security is now a high priority
With so little money available, repairs must remain a low priority
The customer is high on our list of priorities.
primacy /ˈpraɪ.mə.si/ :
The government insists on the primacy of citizens’ rights.
the primacy of the family
به ترتیب اولویت
in order of priority
List your tasks in order of priority
They asked voters to list issues in order of priority.
ستوان
lieutenant /luːˈtenənt/ قابل شمارش
سابقه - سنت قبلی
something of the same type that has happened or existed before
precedent /ˈpresɪdənt/ قابل شمارش
There’s not much precedent for men taking leave when their baby is born.
Such protests are without precedent in recent history.
این نوع اعتراض‌ها در تاریخ معاصر سابقه‌ای ندارند.
The achievements of this period were without precedent in history.
Would it be breaking with precedent for the bride to make a speech
روال
an action or official decision that can be used to give support to later actions or decisions
precedent /ˈpresɪdənt/ قابل شمارش
UN involvement in the country’s affairs would set a dangerous precedent
This case could could serve as a precedent for others against the tobacco companies
This lowering of standards sets a dangerous precedent for future developments
Many precedents can be found for this decision
The decision is important as it could set a legal precedent for other similar cases
If we allow this once, it will create a precedent.
Now he is following a precedent set by military leaders around the world.
There are several legal precedents for this.
یقین خاطرجمعی
sureness /ˈʃʊrnəs/ غیرقابل شمارش
She has an enviable sureness of touch (= she deals with things confidently and well).
فریاد، عربده
howl
His comments were met with howls of outrage.
.He let out a howl of anger
زوزه ، ضجه
howl
.He let out a howl of anger
باد و بوران، تند باد
gale
The ship was drifting towards the shore in a howling gale
عادت بد اخلاق زشت، رفتار غیراخلاقی
vice غیرقابل شمارش
Smoking is my only vice.
سیگارکشیدن تنها عادت بد من است.
مفاسد / جرایم اخلاقی
vice غیرقابل شمارش
The police have smashed a vice ring (=a group of criminals involved in vice) in Chicago
the fight against vice on the streets
الگو سرمشق، نمونه ی کامل
paragon /ˈpærəɡən $ -ɡɑːn/
I make no claim to be a paragon
تقوا، پرهیزکاری، پاکدامنی، عفت
moral goodness of character and behaviour
virtue /ˈvɜːrtʃuː/
It would have taken a paragon of virtue not to feel jealous
مزیت، حسن، فضیلت ، ویژگی مثبت
a particular good quality in someone’s character
virtue /ˈvɜːrtʃuː/ قابل شمارش
women of easy virtue (= with low standards of sexual morality)
Among her many virtues are loyalty, courage, and truthfulness
Adam Smith believed in the virtues of free trade
There is no inherent virtue in having read all the latest books.
He understands the traditional virtue of hard work.
advantage
merit
بوسیله - به سببِ
by virtue of something :
She became a British resident by virtue of her marriage.
by means of something
استادی - مهارت
a very high degree of skill in performing
virtuosity /ˌvɜːrtʃuˈɑːsəti/ غیرقابل شمارش
a performance of breathtaking virtuosity
The technical virtuosity of the paintings is such that you can almost smell the flowers.
Audiences were stunned by the dazzling virtuosity of his dancers.
Dexterity /dekˈsterɪti/(noun)
Everybody marvelled at his verbal dexterity.
همه از مهارت زبانی او حیرت زده شدند.
کار بیش از حد
overwork /ˌoʊvərˈwɜːrk/ قابل شمارش
a heart attack brought on by overwork
He was made ill by overwork (= working too much).
کمک مالی/وام دولتی
bailout /ˈbeɪlaʊt/ قابل شمارش
The airline was saved by a government bailout.
شرکت هواپیمایی توسط کمک مالی دولت نجات یافت.
Three years of huge losses forced the bank to seek a government bailout.
The administration assembled the $50 billion emergency bailout package to ease a financial crisis in Mexico.
محدود سازی - اشکال تراشی
the quality of trying to stop someone from doing something by causing problems for them
obstructiveness /əbˈstrʌk.tɪv.nəs/ :
She met the usual obstructiveness whenever she asked for anything.
The obstructiveness of some of the staff makes shopping there unpleasant.
لجاجت لجبازی، یک‌دندگی
the quality of being unreasonably determined, especially to act in a particular way and not to change at all, despite what anyone else says
obstinacy /ˈɒb.stɪ.nə.si/ US /ˈɑːb.stə.nə.si/ :
I stayed until the end out of sheer obstinacy.
the obstinacy of the human spirit
Cease obstinacy.دست از سماجت بردار.
stubbornness /ˈstʌbərnnəs/ غیرقابل شمارش
She is refusing to help out of sheer stubbornness.
او تنها از روی کله‌شقی محض نمی‌خواهد کمک کند.
ته‌ریش
stubble /ˈstʌbl/ غیرقابل شمارش
He had a two-day growth of dark stubble on his chin.
او ته‌ریش سیاه دو روز اصلاح نشده‌ای روی چانه‌اش داشت.
انسداد ، راه‌بند، سد معبر
when something blocks a road, passage, tube etc, or the thing that blocks it
blockage:
obstruction
She had to have surgery to remove an obstruction from her throat.
Police can remove a vehicle that is causing an obstruction
The lorry had been parked on the pavement, causing an obstruction.
جلوگیری، ممانعت، کارشکنی
when someone or something prevents or delays a legal or political process
obstruction
the obstruction of vital legislation
He was found guilty of obstruction of justice.
The asylum seekers had to contend with continued bureaucratic obstruction
پول بادآورده
an amount of money that you get unexpectedly
windfall /wˈɪndfɔːl/ :
his £2 million windfall in the lottery
She had an unexpected windfall of a thousand pounds when a cousin died.
Investors each received a windfall of £3000.
The government is hoping to collect a windfall tax (= extra tax on a large unexpected company profit) from British Electric.
آسیاب بادی
windmill /ˈwɪndmɪl/
Once the grain has been threshed it will be turned into flour in the windmill.
زمانی که گندم درو می شود در آسیاب بادی تبدیل به آرد می شود.
فرصت مناسب
window of opportunity
شیشه پنجره
windowpane /ˈwɪndoʊpeɪn/
Rain was beating against the windowpanes.
باران به شیشه‌های پنجره می‌زد.
شیشه جلو (اتومبیل)
windshield /ˈwɪnd.ʃiːld/
A rock cracked my windshield as I was driving home.
در حالی که به سمت خانه رانندگی میکردم یک سنگ شیشه جلوی مرا ترک داد.
مطابقت، همرنگی با جماعت، انطباق
behaviour that obeys the accepted rules of society or a group, and is the same as that of most other people
an emphasis on conformity and control
conformity /kənˈfɔːməti, kənˈfɔːmɪti $ -ɔːr-/
We must act in conformity with local regulations
We work to ensure conformity with the customer’s wishes
to achieve conformity between all the schemes
عدم انطباق
the quality of living and thinking in a way that is different from other people
non-conformity:
Her clothes were an immediate signal of her nonconformity.
هم ایندی ، همزمانی، همرویداد
when two things happen at the same time, in the same place, or to the same people in a way that seems surprising or unusual
coincidence /koʊˈɪn.səd.əns/ قابل شمارش
What a happy coincidence to meet you at the airport just when I wanted to see you.
‘I’m going to Appleby tomorrow.’ ‘What a coincidence! I’m going there too.’
It was sheer coincidence that we were staying in the same hotel.
It was pure coincidence that we met.
Just by coincidence I met my old friend and classmate again fifty years later.
They met through a series of strange coincidences.
Remarkable coincidences do happen in real life.
by an unfortunate coincidence, their house was burgled on the day he lost his job.
بی طرفی - رعایت انصاف
equal treatment of all rivals or disputants; fairness.
impartiality /ɪmˌpɑː.ʃiˈæl.ɪ.ti/ US /-ˌpɑːr.ʃiˈæl.ə.ţi/
The state must ensure the independence and impartiality of the justice system.
اسم مستعار تخلص
pseudonym /ˈsuːdənɪm/ قابل شمارش
entries had to be submitted under a pseudonym to ensure impartiality in the judging process
طبقه اشراف، اشراف‌زاده
gentry قابل شمارش
The methods they employed were heavily biased in the gentry’s favour.
راستی، صحت
the fact of being true or correct
veracity /vəˈræsəti, vəˈræsɪti/
Has anyone checked the veracity of these allegations?
Doubts were cast on the veracity of her alibi after three people claimed to have seen her at the scene of the robbery.
officials expressed doubts concerning the veracity of the story
truth
اوباش
mob
The usual mob of teenagers were standing on the corner
They were immediately surrounded by the mob.
The leadership had been criticized for giving in to mob rule (=when a mob controls the situation rather than the government or the law).
باقی مانده - بقیه
remainder /rɪˈmeɪndə/
He spent the remainder of his police career behind a desk.
The remainder must be paid by the end of June
Fifteen divided by four gives you a remainder of 3.
He divided the remainder into two piles.
We will then be in a position to pay you the remainder of the fees owing
Kathy spent the remainder of the afternoon working on a book of crossword puzzles
remnant /ˈremnənt/
The remnants of a meal stood on the table
The museum is one of the last remnants of the 17th-century palace.
faint remnants of the city’s glorious past
the remnants of last night’s meal
remnants of the city’s former glory
a woman under the patronage, protection, or care of someone interested in her career or welfare
protégé (protegee)/ˈprɒtəʒeɪ,ˈprəʊtəʒeɪ/
Ruskin submitted his protégé’s name for election
امید به زندگی
the length of time that a living thing, especially a human being, is likely to live
life expectancy :
Life expectancy in Europe increased greatly in the 20th century.
دست بالا - موقعیت برتر
high ground
used negotiations as a way to gain the psychological and intellectual high ground
تقاضا
a request that is urgent or full of emotion
plea
Hospital visiting hours were extended in response to pleas from patients.
Despite pleas from his mother, the gunman refused to give himself up
The president’s plea to release the captives was denied by the enemy.
. درخواست رئیس‌جمهور برای آزاد کردن اسیرها توسط دشمن رد شد.
ماکت مدل آزمایشی (هم‌اندازه نمونه واقعی)
mock-up
دوره ازمایشی
a period of time in which you must improve your work or behave well so that you will not have to leave your job
probation:
I’m afraid I have no choice but to put you on probation.
Some people are appointed on probation
He joined the company on six months’ probation.
apprenticeship
trial
هر چیز ناتمام یا انباشته
a large amount of work that you need to complete, especially work that should already have been completed
backlog
a backlog of requests
It’s going to take us months to clear the backlog
We are faced with a backlog of orders we can’t deal with.
A huge backlog of work had built up.
I’ve got a huge backlog of work to do.
تعداد ورودی (دانشجویان، کارمندان و …) ورودی
the number of people who join a school, profession etc at a particular time
intake
an intake of around 120 students each year
The school has an annual intake of 20 to 30
Intake in universities is down by 10%.
تعداد (دانشجویان) ورودی دانشگاه‌ها 10% کاهش یافته است.
مصرف (مواد غذایی)
the amount of food, drink etc that you take into your body
intake
Try to reduce your intake of fat.
a high intake of carbohydrates
Sickness may develop from inadequate fluid intake.
Make sure you have a balanced intake of vitamins A, B, C and D.
You should maintain a low intake of fat.
You need to watch your alcohol intake.
One of the best ways to get to your ideal size is to cut fat intake right down
نوسازی بازسازی
refurbishment
اتحاد
alliance
They broke off the alliance with Sparta
The organization is a broad alliance of many different groups.
a loose alliance of opposition groups
The uneasy alliance between such different people just cannot last.
The government, in alliance with the army, has decided to ban all public meetings for a month.
old alliances against enemies no longer exist
آتش‌بس - ترک مخاصمه
truce /truːs/ قابل شمارش
It was an uneasy truce, however, and tension was never far from the surface
جشن تکلیف (یهودیان) مراسم تایید و تثبیت
Confirmation
ریا ، تزویر، غل وغش، عدم خلوص نیت
Disingenuousness /’dısın’dʒenjuəsnəs/
Her excuse was rather disingenuous
insincerity /ˌɪnsɪnˈserəti/
hypocrisy /hɪˈpɒkrəsi, hɪˈpɒkrɪsi $ -ˈpɑː-/
It would be sheer hypocrisy to pray for success, since I’ve never believed in God.
تزریق
when one thing is added to another to make it stronger or better
infusion /ɪnˈfjuː.ʒən/ :
An infusion of $100 000 into the company is required.
intravenous infusion تزریق درون‌وریدی
جوشانده دمنوش
infusion /ɪnˈfjuː.ʒən/ :
She drinks an infusion of herbs (= a drink made by leaving herbs in hot water).
خلاقیت، ابتکار
ingenuity /ɪnʤəˈnuəti/ غیرقابل شمارش
Getting out of this mess was going to require a fair degree of ingenuity.
The children showed a lot of ingenuity
Considerable ingenuity is needed to minimize costs.
It didn’t take much ingenuity to transform the door into a table.
They adapted the available materials with great ingenuity.
We have to admire his ingenuity in redesigning the machinery
فهم - درک
knowledge about something, based on learning or experience
understanding of
According to my understanding of the letter, it means something quite different
How does this add to our understanding of the problem?
If you know the neighbourhood, you have an understanding of what the children are like.
How can we gain an understanding of other cultures?
Over time, you will get a far better understanding of the job.
Success depends on a clear understanding of the problem.
a basic understanding of AIDS prevention
The idea of eternity is beyond our full understanding.
توافق
understanding (informal )
We had an understanding that Jean-Claude should never be mentioned
Jack lent Sarah the money on the understanding that she would pay it back next month.
I thought you gave me the book on the understanding that I could keep it.
I thought you gave me the book on the understanding that I could keep it.
agreement
توافقی ضمنی
tacit agreement/understanding
By tacit agreement, the subject was never mentioned again.
با توافقی ضمنی، دیگر هیچوقت به آن موضوع اشاره ای نشد.
a tacit understanding on the need for a pay rise
تفاهم
ability to feel sympathy and trust
understanding
He didn’t show much understanding towards her when she lost her job
Greater contact between the two groups should lead to a better mutual understanding
After spending a month living together, they have gained in understanding of each other
بی‌مورد ، غیر ضروری
undue /ˌʌnˈdjuː◂ $ -ˈduː◂/
Exercise gently and avoid putting yourself under undue strain.
The kick should be taken without undue delay
امر حکم فرمان
decree قابل شمارش
The government had the power to legislate by emergency decree independently of Parliament
The president issued a decree prohibiting trade unions.
10,000 demonstrators defied the decree and gathered in the square.
The general will rule by decree until a general election
mandate /mænˈdeɪt/
Matters debated in meetings do not become a mandate automatically.
She has received a clear mandate for educational reform.
They accused him of acting without a mandate
The party was elected with a mandate to reduce the size of government.
They ruled the country under a United Nations mandate.
The mandate ran until 1947.
It is undemocratic to govern an area without an electoral mandate
گردهمایی تظاهرات
rally /ˈræli/ قابل شمارش
In an emergency decree, the government banned all rallies.
اسیر
someone who is kept somewhere and not allowed to go free, especially in a war or fighting.
captive :
Their objective was to disarm the enemy and release the captives.
She was held captive (=kept as a prisoner) in the jungle for over three years.
علم حقوق
the study of law and the principles on which law is based
jurisprudence /dʒʊərɪsˈpruːdəns $ ˌdʒʊr-/
دکه کیوسک، غرفه
stall /stɔːl $ stɒːl/
In the village market, the stalls are piled high with local vegetables.
در بازار روستا، دکه‌ها انباشته [پر] از سبزیجات محلی هستند.
آخور اسطبل
an enclosed area in a building for an animal such as a horse or cow
stall /stɔːl $ stɒːl/
Of primary importance, a stall must provide a safe and functional environment for the horse .
در درجه اول، یک آخور باید محیطی امن و کارآمد را برای اسب مهیا کند.
کابین (در رختکن یا توالت عمومی) اتاقک
stall /stɔːl $ stɒːl/
عدم پذیرش، روگردانی، ابا، امتناع، استنکاف، خود داری
refusal /rɪˈfjuːzl/ قابل شمارش
What shocked me was his complete refusal to admit his mistake.
چیزی که من را شوکه کرد مخالفت کامل او بر اعتراف کردن به اشتباهش بود.
Discussions were effectively stalled by the union’s refusal to participate.
His refusal to pay the fine got him into even more trouble.
flat/blunt/point-blank refusal (=an immediate direct refusal)
His request was met with a blunt refusal.
They couldn’t understand her refusal of a scholarship to Yale.
Her appeals for funds to support the cause were met with blank refusal.
He declared his refusal on religious grounds to perform military service
rebuff /rɪˈbʌf/
He received a humiliating rebuff from his manager
Her efforts were met with a sharp rebuff.
My father was too proud to risk a rebuff, so he simply did not ask her.
He avoided speaking to her, expecting a rebuff
In a rebuff to the president, Congress voted against the bill.
She suffered a rebuff from her manager when she raised the matter.
نفوس بد
a strong feeling that something bad is going to happen soon
foreboding /fɔːˈbəʊdɪŋ $ fɔːrˈboʊ-/ noun [uncountable]:
She waited for news with a grim sense of foreboding.
بدبینی
cynicism /’sını’sızəm/
He spoke in a tone of weary cynicism.
There was not a trace of cynicism in his voice.
She viewed his new interest in her with cynicism
There is now widespread cynicism about the political system.
a short period of running or moving very fast
sprint :
He made a desperate sprint for the train.
جاعل - جعل کننده
someone who illegally copies official documents, money, artworks etc
forger :
a forger who fooled museum curators
counterfeiter :
Counterfeiters in Colombia are printing almost perfect dollar bills
گردهمایی
a large public meeting, especially one that is held outdoors to support a political idea, protest etc
rally:
About 5,000 people attended a rally calling for peace.
The government closed the schools and banned all rallies.
The rally dispersed peacefully after six hours.
The next evening he addressed a large anti-government rally (=speak to the crowd at a rally)
A rally organized by democratic movements was broken up by soldiers.
About 1,000 people attended the rally in Hyde Park.
We decided to hold a rally to put pressure on the government.
a mass rally (=large rally) in support of the pay claim
He was shot dead while addressing an election rally.
جرات دلیری رشادت شجاعت شهامت
bravery /ˈbreɪv.ə.ri/ غیرقابل شمارش
He was awarded a medal for his bravery in battle.
مدالی [نشانی] برای شجاعتش در جنگ به او اعطا شد.
courage
بهداشت شخصی
personal hygiene
She wasn’t very fastidious about personal hygiene.
او خیلی درباره بهداشت شخصی جزئی‌نگر نیست.
محظوریت /نهی اخلاقی
a strong belief about what is right or wrong that governs your actions
scruple /ˈskruːpəl/:
He has scruples about going out with his students.
They made thousands of families homeless without scruple
He is a man without scruple - he has no conscience.
رخداد یا خبر غیر منتظره و غافلگیرکننده
a bolt from the blue
Her dismissal came as a bolt from the blue.
برکناری او، رخدادی [عملی] غیر منتظره و غافلگیرکننده بود.
نقطه حادثه خیز
a black spot
There is a black spot on the way home, be careful.
در راه خانه یک نقطه پر تصادف هست، مراقب باش.
وابستگی اتکا
reliance /ɹɪlˈaɪəns/ غیرقابل شمارش
the country’s reliance on imported oil
the country’s heavy reliance on trade
Too heavy a reliance on a particular market may be dangerous for the company.
the means by which individuals might reduce or eliminate reliance on the state
They believe that modern farming techniques encourage an excessive reliance on harmful chemicals
آدم غیر متخصص شخص عامی
layman /ˈleɪmən/
To the layman all these plants look pretty similar.
جربزه
courage and determination to do something even when it is very difficult
mettle /ˈmetl/
He is a man of great mettle.آدم خیلی با جربزه‌ایه.
He doesn’t have the mettle. جربزه شو نداره.
An opportunity has arisen for you to show your mettle
یک فرصتی برات پیش آمده که جربزه‌تو نشان بدی.
.
شایعات بی اساس ، اراجیف
information that is passed from one person to another about other people’s behaviour and private lives, often including unkind or untrue remarks
gossip
I despise gossip.از خبرچینی بیزارم.
Here’s an interesting piece of gossip about Mrs Smith.
What’s the latest gossip?
Do you want to hear some juicy gossip?
She had no time for idle gossip.
You miss a lot of office gossip when you have a day off work.
On Sundays all the men gather in the square to exchange local gossip.
چاپلوسی
flattery /ˈflætəri/
Salespeople are often accused of using artificial flattery.
She falls for his flattery every time
He thinks he can get his way through flattery.
She persuaded him with flattery
گیرنده
the person to whom sth is sent
consignee /ˌkɒn.saɪˈniː/ US /ˌkɑːn-/
noun [C] FORMAL
Goods must be signed for by the consignee (= ).
مرسوله بار، محموله ارسالی
consignment /kənˈsaɪn.mənt/
The most recent consignment of cloth was faulty
اطاعت، فرمانبرداری، حرف شنوی
Obedience /oʊˈbiːdiəns/
Don’t expect unquestioning obedience from me
از من انتظار اطاعت بی چون و چرا نداشته باش.
He lived in obedience to the church’s teachings
With blind obedience, I allowed my father to organize my life.
He demands absolute obedience from his men.
compliance /kəmˈplaɪəns/
He changed his name to Lee in 1815 in compliance with his uncle’s will
وی در سال 1815 با رعایت وصیت نامه عموی خود نام خود را به لی تغییر داد
وضعیت کنونی
Status quo /steɪtəs ˈkwəʊ/(noun)
The unquestioning acceptance of the status quo is very difficult.
پذیرش بی چون و چرای وضعیت کنونی سخت است.
He emphasized the need to maintain the status quo.
فرمانبرداری از سر اجبار، اطاعت صرف
passive obedience
She acted in passive obedience to her boss’s directions.
پاسخ همراه با طعنه و خشونت
a short angry or humorous reply
Retort /rɪˈtɔːrt/
He was about to make a sharp retort
This telling retort served him right.
این‌جواب دندان شکن حقش بود.
He didn’t expect such a telling retort from you.
انتظار چنین پاسخ دندان شکنی رو ازت نداشت.
Their criticism met with a telling retort
جواب دندان شکنی به انتقاد آنها داده شد.
اخطار، تذکر ، هشدار
notice
These rules are subject to change without notice
They closed the factory, giving the workers only a week’s notice.
Firefighters were prepared to rush out at a moment’s notice.
The company has issued warning notices saying that all water should be boiled
The notice about his resignation went up this morning.
There are notices about where to park
اطلاعیه، اعلان
notice
When you’re on the mailing list, you’ll receive advance notice of upcoming events
The bank requires three days’ notice
They cut off the electricity without notice
A landlord must give reasonable notice of his intention to inspect the property
We received an eviction notice today
ما امروز اخطاریه تخلیه منزل دریافت کردیم.
You must give one month’s notice.
شما باید اخطاریه یک‌ماهه بدهید.
I’m giving my two weeks’ notice.
دارم اخطاریه دوهفته‌ای استعفایم را می‌دهم.
His landlord gave him two months’ notice to quit
She’s on a week’s notice, which doesn’t give her long to find another job
نقد ادبی
a statement of opinion, especially one written for a newspaper or magazine, about a new play, book, film etc
notice
The new play got mixed notices (=some good, some bad) in the newspapers.
review
توجه - اعتنا
notice
The change was too subtle to attract much notice
رفع تکلیف
a form of protest in which employees do exactly what is stated in their contracts, and nothing more, in order to slow down production
work-to-rule :
A work-to-rule is seen as a way to protest against low pay or bad working conditions.
دوخت و دوز
sewing
I’m not very good at sewing
تمرین (تئاتر وکنسرت و مراسم خاص)
rehearsal /rɪˈhɜːsəl $ -ɜːr-/
We only had one full rehearsal.
How did the rehearsal go?
He apologized for his outburst at rehearsal
run-through
Can we have just one more run-through?
آیا می‌توانیم فقط یک بار دیگر تمرین داشته باشیم؟
We’ve got time for one more run-through before the concert.
برای یک بار دیگر تمرین قبل ز کنسرت، وقت داریم.
فاز. حس و حال
the mood or character of a place, situation, or piece of music
vibe:
The music has a soothing vibe.
I didn’t like the place - it had bad vibes.
خلوص، صفا، رک گویی
the quality of being honest and telling the truth, even when the truth may be unpleasant or embarrassing
candor /ˈkændə $ -ər/ [uncountable] :
She spoke with candour about her life.
جانشین نایب معاون قائم‌مقام
deputy /ˈdepjuti/ قابل شمارش
.I’m acting as deputy till the manager returns.
پشتکار - همت
determination to keep trying to achieve something in spite of difficulties
diligence /’dılədʒəns/
She hoped that her diligence would be noticed at work.
The exhibition has been researched with extraordinary diligence.
His diligence motivates others to give a little more.
This is a matter that requires the utmost diligence.
They carry out their duty with diligence and care.
perseverance /ˌpɜːsəˈvɪərəns / [uncountable]
It took perseverance to overcome his reading problems.
Reaching this standard of musical skill requires incredible perseverance
Does she have the perseverance to finish the work?
He showed great perseverance by staying in the job.
His perseverance with the new technique paid off
tenacity /təˈnæs.ə.t̬i/:
He clung to power with a remarkable tenacity.
When fighting cancer, Tsongas showed the same tenacity he displayed in politics.
راستی آزمایی
reasonable steps taken by a person to avoid committing a tort or offence
due diligence
a comprehensive appraisal of a business undertaken by a prospective buyer, especially to establish its assets and liabilities and evaluate its commercial potential.
زوال عقل
dementia /dɪˈmɛnʃiə/
The most common form of dementia is Alzheimer’s disease.
قسط
one of a series of regular payments that you make until you have paid all the money you owe
installment :
She’s paying for her new car in monthly installments They’re letting me pay for the washing machine by monthly installments.
The next installment is not due until July.
We offer an installment plan.
The amounts are repayable by installment
a loan repaid in equal annual installments
She sold the car before she had paid the installments
دیون/بدهی های معوقه
money that is owed and should already have been paid
arrears /əˈrɪrz/
The tenants agreed to pay off the arrears in installments.
He ran into difficulties with his mortgage, building up more than £18,000 arrears.
The government is committed to the full and timely payment of its public debt and arrears.
one of the parts of a story that appears as a series of parts, especially in a magazine, newspaper etc
installment :
the first installment of a science fiction trilogy
Don’t miss next week’s installment.
بخش [برنامه] هفته بعد را از دست ندهید.
The paper published his letters in weekly installments.
آن روزنامه، نامه‌های او را در بخش‌های هفتگی چاپ کرد.
خبرچین
snitch
He didn’t want to be a snitch, and besides, Kevin was his friend
new information about someone or something, especially information that not many people know
dope :
What’s the dope on the new guy?
دور نما، چشم انداز، امیدانجام چیزی
a particular event which will probably or definitely happen in the future – used especially when you want to talk about how you feel about it
prospect
Now they face the prospect of unemployment.
I dread the prospect (=feel very worried about it)
of staying here while you’re away
The prospect of marriage terrified Alice.
Greeks face the prospect of new general elections next month.
She wasn’t exactly overjoyed at the prospect of looking after her niece.
This position offers a good starting salary and excellent promotion prospects
Getting the right qualifications will enhance your employment prospects
Their prospects of employment look better than last year
Long-term prospects for the economy have improved
لذت
relish
I ate with great relish, enjoying every bite
وقار - متانت
poise
She never lost her social poise, however awkward the situation.
She hesitated briefly but quickly regained/recovered her poise.
موش آزمایشگاهی
guinea pig /ˈɡɪni pɪɡ/
Dealers used their clients as guinea pigs for their untried techniques
They’re looking for volunteers to act as guinea pigs for a new AIDS vaccine
My guests are guinea pigs for all the new dishes I try out
They’re asking for students to be guinea pigs in their research into the common cold
اسکله
waterfront
The hotel is down on the waterfront.
زیربغل
armpit
sweaty/hairy armpits
a place that is the ugliest or worst place in a particular area
armpit
The small city is the armpit of the country and nobody wants to go there to work.
سرود مذهبی
hymn
The service began with a hymn.
مراسم کلیسا با سرودی مذهبی آغاز شد
اعمال - بکارگیری
exercise
the exercise of political leadership
کمرویی - خجالت
shyness
Conquer your shyness به کمرویی‌ت غلبه کن.
شعار
motto /ˈmɑːtoʊ/(noun)
This is my motto “Seize the day.”
این شعار منه. در لحظه زندگی کن.
slogan :
advertising slogans
Protesters were shouting anti-government slogans.
The crowd began chanting anti-government slogans
حرف تکراری
a phrase that is boring and no longer original because people use it a lot
cliché :
The phrase ‘at the end of the day’ has become a real cliché.
There is some truth in the old cliché that time is a great healer
It has become a cliché to say that Prague is the most beautiful city in Europe
فقر گسترانی - فرایند فقیرشدن
the act of making someone very poor
Impoverishment /ɪmˈpɑːvərɪʃmənt/:
The drought reduced many farmers to impoverishment.
Progress has meant continued impoverishment and a growing contrast between the wealth of the few and the poverty of the many.
middle-class Americans still face impoverishment following a serious illness.
زوال - نزول کیفی
Impoverishment /ɪmˈpɑːvərɪʃmənt/:
The overuse of chemical fertilizers has caused impoverishment of the soil.
The intellectual impoverishment of politics in this country is shameful.
Cultural impoverishment is fundamentally the root of all social harms.
فقر فرهنگی اساسا ریشه بسیاری از آسیب‌های اجتماعی است.
They ascribe cultural impoverishment to improper upbringing.
آنها فقر فرهنگی را از تربیت نادرست ناشی می‌دانند.
poverty
His work displays a poverty of imagination
The novel shows a surprising poverty of imagination
تنگدستی - نداری - عسرت - محرومیت - فقر
the state of being without money, food, a home, or possessions
destitution /ˌdes.tɪˈtʃuː.ʃən/ US /ˌdes.təˈtuː.ʃən/ :
Destitution has become a major problem in the capital.
They both died in poverty and destitution.
The government’s actions will not prevent destitution.
Many people were in a state of utter destitution.
Now the workers face destitution.
poverty
Two million people in the city live in abject (= very great) poverty.
Our priority is to tackle poverty(=take action to reduce the amount of poverty) and global inequality
By the end of the war, millions of people had been reduced to poverty(=become very poor)
The money should be spent on fighting poverty
What has the West done to alleviate poverty (=make it less severe) in the world?
also helps to reduce environmental destruction.
We need an effective strategy to fight poverty.
hoping to eradicate urban poverty
indigence [‘ɪndɪdʒ(ǝ)ns]
There is a reason you see someone riding a second-rate bike, and it’s not indigence.
He claimed indigence and is being .
It was a time not so much of poverty but of real indigence.
.Most economists believe that the best way to prevent indigence is to expand employment opportunities
Social insurance programmes have protected millions and millions of Americans from indigence in old age and when facing health care emergencies.
He brought up his family in chronic indigence caused by his financial incompetence.
penury /ˈpenjəri, ˈpenjʊri/ با شدت زیاد
He died in penury in 1644
تله فقر
a situation in which a poor person without a job cannot afford to take a low paying job because they would lose the money they receive from the government
poverty trap
Caught in the poverty trap, they are unable to save money for business ventures
فقر همیشگی
a situation in which people are extremely poor over a long period
grinding poverty
Most of the population lives in grinding poverty.
He was brought up in grinding poverty.
He emigrated to Australia to escape the grinding (= very great) poverty of his birthplace.
خط فقر
the poverty line
families living on incomes below the poverty line
breadline قابل شمارش
the family is hardly on the breadline
مستمند تهیدست، مفلس آس‌وپاس
poverty-stricken
تار و پود
Fabric /ˈfæbrɪk/(noun)
Cultural impoverishment destroys the fabric of society.
فقر فرهنگی تار و پود جامعه را از بین‌می‌برد.
انحطاط اخلاقی
moral ruin.
It will spell moral ruin.
انحطاط اخلاقی را به دنبال خواهد داشت.
تبعیض جنسیتی
gender discrimination
This event spells the end of gender discrimination.
این اتفاق از پایان تبعیض جنسیتی حکایت می‌کند.
حد بخور و نمیربرای زندگی
the condition of only just having enough money or food to stay alive
subsistence /səbˈsɪstəns/ غیرقابل شمارش:
Many of the families are forced to live at the subsistence level.
They were living barely above the level of subsistence.
She had no means of subsistence and was dependent on charity.
How can I maintain a family when my means of subsistence is not assured?
The land provided subsistence and little more
Many families are living below the level of subsistence.
کمک هزینه معیشتی
money that is paid to someone so that they can buy meals, pay for a place to stay etc
subsistence allowance
They provide people with subsistence allowance so that they do not encounter difficulties in maintaining their families.
آنها برای مردم کمک هزینه معیشتی فراهم می‌کنند تا اینکه آنها در دادن خرج خانواده با مشکل مواجه نشوند.
نگهداری مواظبت سرویس
maintenance /ˈmeɪnt.ən.əns/ غیرقابل شمارش
Old houses require too much maintenance.
خانه های قدیمی به نگهداری زیادی نیاز دارند
We carry out routine maintenance of the equipment.
We provide a maintenance service on all our products.
The caretaker is responsible for the maintenance of the school buildings.
The theatres were closed on Saturday and Sunday for routine maintenance.
Engineers are carrying out essential maintenance work on the main line to Cambridge.
The power station has been shut down for essential maintenance
The engine is designed for easy maintenance.
This type of garden requires minimal maintenance
حفظ و ابقای شرایط فعلی
the act of making a state or situation continue
maintenance
The purpose of the UN is the maintenance of international peace and security.
The maintenance of a firm currency plays an important part in the battle against inflation.
نفقه
money paid by someone who is divorced to their former wife or husband
maintenance :
They have to find the fathers who abandon their children and make them pay maintenance
He was jailed for failing to pay maintenance arrears.
He pays £1,000 a month in child maintenance
alimony /ˈæləˌmoʊni/
he is said to have paid $300000 alimony to his first wife.
او گفته است که 300000 دلار به همسر اولش نفقه پرداخت کرده است.
محرومیت
a lack of the basic things that are necessary for an acceptable standard of living
privation /praɪˈveɪ.ʃən/ :
Economic privation is pushing the poor towards crime.
Several villages suffered serious privations during their long isolation during the war.
خلع ید - سلب مالکیت
dispossession
He said that the country was founded on the dispossession and slaughter of the land’s indigenous inhabitants.
Her main theme is the dispossession of ancient Aboriginal lands by white settlers.
گدا تهیدست
beggar /ˈbɛgər/ قابل شمارش
تمرین
an activity or process that helps you practise a particular skill
relaxation exercises
role-play exercises
طرفدار دوآتشه
fanatic /fəˈnætɪk/
He is a sport fanatic
حضور ذهنی - آمادگی ذهنی
the ability to remain calm and take quick, sensible action
presence of mind
he had the presence of mind to record the scene on video
someone’s hand
used when you are annoyed or angry
paw
Take your filthy paws off my nice clean towel!
پنجه چنگ چنگال
an animal’s foot that has nails or claws
paw
The dog hurt its paw.
His front paws are white.
وسیله کمکی
something you use to influence a situation to get the result that you want
lever :
Rich countries use foreign aid as a lever to achieve political aims.
If this allegation is true, it will give us a useful lever against him.
This could serve as a powerful lever for peace
نگاه تحقیرآمیز
a look of contempt
He gave her a look of contempt that made her want to hit him
خیانت
betrayal /bɪˈtreɪ.əl/
I felt a sense of betrayal when my friends refused to support me.
This was the first in a series of betrayals.
طرز گفتار - تلفظ
the act of making a sound or of speaking words
articulation
چاپلوسی - پاچه خواری
ass-kissing
Enough with the ass-kissing—just tell me what you really think.
چاپلوسی را تمام کن؛ فقط بگو نظرت واقعاً چیست.
ته دنیا آخر دنیا، جای فوق‌العاده دورافتاده
the ass end of creation
I don’t know what they were thinking building the stadium in the ass end of creation.
نمی‌دانم به چی فکر می‌کردند که آن استادیوم را ته دنیا ساختند
افراط - زیاده روی
more of something than is necessary or desirable
overkill:
More television coverage of the election would be overkill.
Should I add an explanation, or would that be overkill?
مهمونی - پارتی
bash
They’re throwing a big bash to celebrate their anniversary.
شعر کلام منظوم
verse
The play is written in verse.
نمایشنامه به‌صورت شعر نوشته شده است [منظوم است].
جانی، لات ، گردن کلفت
thug /θʌɡ/
A gang of thugs had attacked him with sticks
مدرک، دلیل
a fact or situation that shows or proves very clearly that something exists or is true
testimony /ˈtestɪmoʊni/:
These results are a testimony to the coach’s skill and hard work.
رنج - کار پر زحمت
toil
His thick, swollen fingers bore testimony to a lifetime of toil.
After years of toil, scientists disclosed that they had made progress in controlling the dreaded disease.
بعد از سالها کار پر زحمت دانشمندان کشف کردند که در درمان بیماری هولناک پیشرفت کرده‌اند.
Despite all his toil, Fred never succeeded in reaching his goal.
. علیرغم تمام رنج (کشیدن)ها “فرد” هرگز در رسیدن به هدفش موفق نشد.
موشکافی، بررسی دقیق
scrutiny /ˈskruːtəni/ غیرقابل شمارش
Such arguments do not bear / stand up to careful scrutiny(=be found to have faults when examined)
Careful scrutiny of the company’s accounts revealed a whole series of errors.
The company is under scrutiny by the Inland Revenue.
All the accounts are subject to scrutiny by auditors.
Government actions should be more open to public scrutiny
The way in which the courts handle such claims has been the subject of close scrutiny.
How does he cope with the intense media scrutiny?
رشوه
bribe /brʌɪb/
He paid out millions of dollars in bribes
رشوه‌خواری رشوه‌دهی
bribery /ˈbraɪbəri/ غیرقابل شمارش
The organization was rife with bribery and corruption
We tried everything – persuasion, bribery, threats.
He was found guilty of bribery and corruption
قرابت وقوع
the state of being likely to happen very soon, or coming very soon
imminence [‘ɪmɪnǝns]:
the imminence of danger
The team needs to assess the imminence and likely impact of the next review.
Despite the imminence of her departure, a successor has not yet been named.
There was a sense of the imminence of some natural disaster.
A storm seemed to be brewing but the sky cleared and the sense of imminence ended abruptly.
عقل سلیم - شعور - بینش - بصیرت
common sense /ˈkɑmən sɛns/ قابل شمارش
.I’ve decided based on my common sense.
بر مبنای عقل سلیمم [شعورم] تصمیم گرفتم.
good sense
insight
The article gives us a real insight into the causes of the present economic crisis.
The research provides new insights into the way we process language.
The objective of the research is to gain a better insight into labour market processes.
With a flash of insight, she found the solution to the problem.
sound judgement
wisdom
wit
حماقت، نادانی، بیخردی
folly /ˈfɒli $ ˈfɑːli/
It would be sheer folly to reduce spending on health education
These facts demonstrate the folly of the policy
They have finally seen the folly of their ways.
To sign away (با امضا منتقل کردن) his rights to the book would have been the height of folly.
asininity
سردخانه
mortuary /ˈmɔːrtʃueri/ قابل شمارش [جمع: mortuaries]
They put the body in the hospital mortuary.
آنها جسد را در سردخانه ی بیمارستان گذاشتند.
پاسخگویی
accountability /əˌkaʊntəˈbɪlɪti/
This process of centralization further weakens accountability.
police should ensure accountability to the public
lack of accountability has corroded public respect for business and political leaders
دل گرفتگی ، غم، اندوه
heavy heart
We left the school on the last day with a heavy heart.
ما مدرسه را روز آخر با دلی گرفته ترک کردیم.
sadness
unhappiness
gloom
She was in deep gloom because not even a postcard had arrived from Ricky
The nation was deep in gloom
She felt gloom descend on her shoulders
Their gloom deepened as the election results came in.
despondency /dɪspˈɑːndənsi/ غیرقابل شمارش
She felt useless, and this contributed to her despondency
هشیاری (وضعیت مقابل مستی)
sobriety /səˈbrʌɪəti/
John had periods of sobriety, but always went back to drinking
جدیت
sobriety /səˈbrʌɪəti/ Her sobriety astounded me. جدیت او مرا مبهوت کرد. His daughter had always been a model of sobriety. دختر او همیشه الگویی از جدیت بوده است.
seriousness
solemnity /səˈlem.nə.t̬i/
The monument was unveiled with great solemnity
آرامش متانت
sobriety /səˈbrʌɪəti/
“she speaks with such sobriety, it’s clear she speaks the truth”
Jason believed that maintaining his sobriety in times of crisis was the key to success in life.
“جیسون” معتقد بود که حفظ آرامشش در مواقع بحران، کلید موفقیت در زندگی است.
بازپروری توان‌بخشی
the process of helping someone to stop taking drugs or alcohol
rehab /ˈriːhæb/ غیرقابل شمارش:
She’s just finished four months of rehab.
a rehab clinic
After his arrest in 1998, he checked himself into rehab to get over his heroin addiction.
I spent three months in rehab
پاپوش پرونده‌سازی
set-up /ˈset ʌp/ قابل شمارش
How do I know this isn’t a set-up?
مصادره - سلب مالکیت
expropriation /ɛkspɹˌɑːpɹɪˈeɪʃən/ غیرقابل شمارش
وجه مشترک وجه تشابه
common ground
There is much common ground between the two writers.
وجه مشترک زیادی بین آن دو نویسنده وجود دارد.
جنس، کالا
commodity /kəˈmɑːdəti/
he country’s most valuable commodities include tin and diamonds.
باارزش‌ترین محصولات کشور شامل قلع و الماس است.
ارتحال درگذشت وفات
demise /dɪˈmaɪz/ غیرقابل شمارش
the mystery surrounding Elena’s untimely demise (=when death happens sooner than is normal or expected)
نابودی - پایان
the end of something that used to exist
demise /dɪˈmaɪz/ غیرقابل شمارش
The war brought about the industry’s sudden demise.
The demise of the company was sudden and unexpected
توصیه‌نامه رضایت‌نامه
a formal written statement describing someone’s character and abilities
testimonial /ˌtestəˈməʊniəl, ˌtestɪˈməʊniəl $ -ˈmoʊ-/
Candidates were asked to send in their applications with testimonials to Mr. Leech, the secretary.
بزرگداشت
something that is given or done to someone to thank or praise them, or show admiration for them
testimonial /ˌtestəˈməʊniəl, ˌtestɪˈməʊniəl $ -ˈmoʊ-/ :
a testimonial dinner in honour of Senator Frank Flint
a dinner was planned as a testimonial in her honor
a day when you celebrate something special such as a birthday
festive occasion
tomorrow is a festive occasion
حال و هوای جشن و سرور
festive mood
John was obviously in a festive mood.
The whole town is in festive mood
لبخند رضایت
appealing smile
‘Are you sure it’s okay?’ she said with an appealing smile.
آرمان - ایده‌آل - کمال مطلوب
ideal
Are our ideals of beauty changing?
رابطه عاشقانه کوتاه - عشق و عاشقی زودگذر
fling /flɪŋ/ قابل شمارش
We had a brief fling, but it’s over now.
ما یک رابطه عاشقانه کوتاه داشتیم، اما الان دیگر تمام شده است.
شخص تارک دنیا / منزوی
a person who lives alone and apart from the rest of society, especially for religious reasons
hermit /ˈhɜː.mɪt/ US /ˈhɝː-/
Similarly, becoming a hermit and avoiding contact with other people would be considered deviant behaviour but it is not criminal.
منع ممنوعیت
ban
The IWC voted to uphold the ban on commercial whaling.
There should be a ban on talking loudly in movie theaters.
باید ممنوعیتی برای بلند صحبت کردن در سالن سینما وجود داشته باشد.
a blanket advertising ban on tobacco
ممنوعیت کلی(عمومی) تبلیغ تنباکو
a nuclear test ban treaty
بازیابی پس‌گیری، بازیافت
retrieval /rɪˈtriːvl/ غیرقابل شمارش
آسانی - سهولت
ease
I was impressed by the ease with which the information could be retrieved
It emphasizes the software’s convenience and ease of use
I was amazed by the apparent ease with which she got through the security system
Most modern laptops can store large amounts of data with comparative ease
The bowl is removable for ease of cleaning.
I was surprised at the apparent ease with which he had got into the building
The back of the garment is split for ease in walking
The whole machine is designed for ease of use
The car brings ease of access to the countryside
آرامش
the ability to feel relaxed or behave in a natural relaxed way
ease
He had a natural ease which made him very popular
a comfortable life, without problems or worries
a life of ease
پیامد منفی نتیجه زیان‌بار
the adverse results of a situation or action.
fallout /ˈfɔːlaʊt/
The political fallout of the revelations has been immense.
As a fallout of Watergate, many people lost their faith in the government.
The political fallout of the affair cost him his job.
He’s prepared to take calculated risks regardless of political fallout.
. او آماده است که علیرغم پیامد منفی سیاسی، ریسک‌های محاسبه‌شده بکند.
implication /ˌɪmpləˈkeɪʃən/ قابل شمارش
We need to discuss the implications of the new law.
باید پیامدهای این قانون جدید را مورد بحث قرار دهیم.
consequence
aftermath
Many more people died in the aftermath of the explosion.
corollary /ˈkɔːr.ə.ler.i/
Unfortunately, violence is the inevitable corollary of such a revolutionary change in society.
backwash
The economic and political backwash of the war is still being felt.
after-effects
Headaches are an aftereffect of this sort of accident.
حوزه تخصص/مسئولیت
an area of special expertise or responsibility.
department
I’ll see what I can do, but it’s not really my department.
A moment or action that is very important in making someone successful in their job or in deciding how they will be remembered
career-defining :
The movie features Bruce Willis in his career-defining role.
امکانات - تجهیزات
rooms, equipment, or services that are provided for a particular purpose
facilities /fəˈsɪləti, fəˈsɪlɪti/:
All rooms have private facilities (=private bathroom and toilet).
The hotel has its own pool and leisure facilities
a hotel with only basic facilities
We are looking to upgrade the existing facilities.
The railway station was criticized for its lack of disabled facilities.
I made full use of the computing facilities
Facilities include a large indoor pool, jacuzzi and sauna.
The school has no facilities for the teaching of music.
The hotel provides excellent facilities for children.
a place or building used for a particular activity or industry, or for providing a particular type of service
facility /fəˈsɪləti, fəˈsɪlɪti/:
the finest indoor sports facility in the US
کل دستمزد پرداختی
the total amount of wages paid to all the people working in a particular company or industry
payroll:
the annual payroll was $88 million
With debts of $4 million and a monthly payroll of $1.2 million, the venture is clearly heading for trouble
فهرست حقوق بگیران
payroll :
The company now has 350 people on the payroll
عقب نشینی
withdrawal /wɪðˈdrɔːəl, wɪθ- $ -ˈdrɒːəl/
The party is calling for the phased withdrawal of troops from the island.
the withdrawal of UN forces
the army’s withdrawal from the occupied territories
large-scale troop withdrawals
پیشنهاد
proposition /ˌprɒpəˈzɪʃən $ ˌprɑː-/
The offer of two tickets for the price of one makes it a very attractive proposition
The book puts forward a number of extreme propositions about the nature of language
It doesn’t sound like a very viable proposition to me
A complete ban on strikes is not a practical proposition.
اصل ، قضیه
a statement that consists of a carefully considered opinion or judgment
proposition /ˌprɒpəˈzɪʃən $ ˌprɑː-/
Most people accept the proposition that we have a duty to protect endangered animals.
The theory is founded on two basic propositions.
پیشنهاد (در مزایده و مناقصه)
bid
They put in a bid for the house
We’ve made a bid of nearly £400 million for the company
At the auction, the highest bid for the picture was £200.
در مزایده، بالاترین قیمت پیشنهادی برای عکس 200 پوند بود.
We got bids from three moving companies and chose the cheapest one.
ما از سه شرکت حمل و نقل پیشنهاد داشتیم و ارزان‌ترین را انتخاب کردیم.
پیشنهاد تصاحب
an offer to buy another company
a takeover bid
A takeover bid for the airline was launched today
تعداد زیادی از چیزی
a large amount of something
weight of something:
The weight of evidence is that unemployment leads to all sorts of health problems.
The weight of public opinion is behind the teachers.
They won the battle by sheer weight of numbers (=very large numbers of people).
خبرچین
a person who tells someone in authority about something illegal that is happening, especially in a government department or a company
whistle-blower /ˈwɪs.əlˌbləʊ.ər/ US /ˈwɪs.əlˌbloʊ.ɚ/
دستکاری
manipulation /məˌnɪpjʊˈleɪʃ(ə)n/
People think that the investigation was independent, but in fact a lot of political manipulation went on.
The government has disguised the true situation by clever manipulation of the figures
the format allows fast picture manipulation
There was no deliberate manipulation of visitors’ emotions
تجدید خاطره، یاداوری
the action or faculty of remembering or recollecting something.
recollection /ˌrɛkəˈlɛkʃ(ə)n/
The place brought back painful recollections
“to the best of my recollection no one ever had a bad word to say about him”
I have no recollection of how I found my way there in the dark
To the best of my recollection, she drives a Mercedes.
Noone, to my recollection, gave a second thought to the risks involved.
I have only a vague recollection of sunshine and sand.
I have absolutely no recollection of the incident.
پاکسازی تطهیر
cleansing /ˈklɛnzɪŋ/
پالایش تصفیه گندزدایی
the act of removing harmful substances from something
purification /’pjuərəfə’keıʃən/
عزت نفس
self-worth /sɛlf-wɜrθ/ غیرقابل شمارش
self-esteem
ارزش
worth
It is difficult to estimate the current worth of the company
Study has an intrinsic worth, as well as helping you achieve your goals
Some experts doubt the economic worth of the project.
The insurance company agreed to pay the car’s current market worth.
They don’t appreciate her true worth.
She knows her own worth.
He never contributed anything of worth to the conversation
This necklace isn’t worth anything in money terms, but its worth to me is incalculable
They don’t appreciate her at her real worth.
They are looking for a new sales manager of proven worth.
She has no sense of her own worth.
سوءتفاهم
a problem caused by someone not understanding a question, situation, or instruction correctly
misunderstanding /mɪsˌʌn.dərˈstændɪŋ/ :
There must have been some misunderstanding. I didn’t order all these books.
I am anxious to avoid any possible misunderstanding.
Somehow a misunderstanding arose.
about There was considerable misunderstanding about the aim of the project
a slight misunderstanding over the terms of the contract
بگومگو
an argument or disagreement that is not very serious
misunderstanding /mɪsˌʌn.dərˈstændɪŋ/
Terry had a little misunderstanding with the police last night
There must have been some misunderstanding between the minister and his secretary
exchange
a quiet exchange between the judge and the clerk
The DJ was fired after a heated exchange (=a very angry conversation) on air with a call-in listener.
Opposition MPs were involved in heated exchanges with the prime minister
they had verbal exchanges about the problem of unemployment
There were bitter exchanges between them outside the court room
The proposed bill provoked some sharp exchanges in the House of Commons
There followed a brief exchange between Mitti and Helga in German
گستره حوزه، حیطه دامنه
scope
It is beyond the scope of this essay.
آن، فراتر از حیطه‌ی این مقاله است.
The police are broadening the scope of their investigation.
پلیس دارد حوزه بررسی‌اش را وسیع‌تر می‌کند.
These issues were outside the scope of the text.
این مسائل خارج از حیطه متن است.
Leave no scope for misunderstandings of any type.
معاوضه - تبادل
the act of giving someone something and receiving something else from them
exchange
an exchange of political prisoners
I’ve offered to paint the kitchen in exchange for a week’s accommodation.
Four of my cassettes for your Madonna CD is a fair exchange
The organization is dedicated to the free exchange of information
Kate’s in New York on an employee exchange so she can get some more training.
She considered free language lessons a fair exchange for free accommodation
. We get together once a month for a mutual exchange of ideas.
She had a full and frank exchange of views with her boss before resigning.
Woollen cloth and timber were sent to Egypt in exchange for linen or papyrus.
There were exchanges of goods between the two regions
The staff exchange programme allows the company to share personnel with partner institutions abroad.
تعویض جنس خریداری شده
the act of giving something you have bought back to the store where you bought it, for example because it does not work, fit etc, and taking something else instead
exchange :
The store’s policy is not to allow returns or exchanges.
a process in which you change money from one currency to another
exchange :
We have seen wide fluctuations in rates of currency exchange this year
What’s the current exchange rate between the dollar and the euro?
Most capital cities have extensive exchange facilities
بجای کس دیگری
on an exchange (with somebody)
She is in France on a student exchange
I’m here for one term, on an exchange with Dr. Fisher.
money in the currency of a foreign country, that a country gets by selling goods abroad
foreign exchange
Timber is a vital source of foreign exchange earnings for the country.
علیه کسی/چیزی
in opposition to someone or something, as in a contest.
up against someone or something
(*Typically: be ~; come ~; go ~; run ~; team ~.)
Let’s team up against Paul and Tony in the footrace. We came up against a very strong team.
The practice of not disclosing important or vital information by members of a group, as due to the threat of violence, reprisal, being branded as a traitor, or an inherent sense of honor.
code of silence
There are parts of the city where the code of silence is so strong that police don’t even bother questioning the residents there.
قلدری - زورگویی
bullying
an attempt to tackle the problem of bullying in schools
حقانیت - حق به جانبی
righteousness /ˈrʌɪtʃəsnəs/
“we had little doubt about the righteousness of our cause”
She is completely convinced of her own righteousness.
چریک پارتیزان
guerrilla /gəˈrɪlə/
there was fierce fighting between guerrillas and government troops.
مبارزه شدیدی بین چریک‌ها و نیروهای دولتی در جریان بود.
مدرک گواه
evidence which confirms or supports a statement, theory, or finding
corroboration /kəˌrɒbəˈreɪʃ(ə)n/
“there is no independent corroboration for this”
She accused him without corroboration of any kind.
درون‌مایه موضوع مضمون
the main subject or idea in a piece of writing, speech, film etc
theme /θiːm/:
Your homework is to write a two-page theme on pollution
The same themes run through all her novels
The book’s theme is the conflict between love and duty.
Several familiar themes emerged from the discussion.
Campbell has made health care a central theme in his campaign.
Nature is a recurrent theme (=a theme that appears repeatedly) in Frost’s poetry.
Most of Kurt’s other pictures were variations on the same theme.
North American literature is the main theme of this year’s festival.
ادبیات آمریکای شمالی درون مایه اصلی جشنواره امسال است.
The naked male figure was always the central theme of Greek art.
مجسمه مرد برهنه همیشه درون مایه اصلی هنر یونانی بوده است.
سبک و استایل
theme
Her bedroom is decorated in a Victorian theme
The film’s haunting musical theme stayed in my head for days.
Most of her short stories are variations on the theme of tragedy (=things with a similar basic subject, style etc)
Most of the essays appear to be variations on a few central themes
بیگانگی - حس عدم تعلق
the feeling of not being part of society or a group
alienation /ˌeɪliəˈneɪʃn/ غیرقابل شمارش
Unemployment may provoke a sense of alienation from society
His later novels develop the theme of alienation.
Many immigrants suffer from a sense of alienation.
The new policy resulted in the alienation of many voters.
پس رفت
fallback /ˈfɔːlbak/
the offering will hit the market after a fallback from record highs
ذخیره، یدک ، پشتیبان
an alternative plan that may be used in an emergency.
fallback /ˈfɔːlbak/:
It’s wise to have an extra video player as a fallback.
Do you have a fallback option?
backup
the most important or basic parts of something
guts
the guts of the problem
واکنش اولیه و غریزی عکس‌العمل غریزی
a reaction or feeling that you are sure is right, although you cannot give a reason for it
gut reaction /gʌt riˈækʃən/ غیرقابل شمارش:
He had a gut feeling that Sarah was lying
در هنگام وقوع
in the event of
An airbag could save your life in the event of an accident.
یک کیسه هوا می‌تواند زندگی شما را در هنگام وقوع تصادف نجات دهد.
آفتاب‌زدگی گرمازدگی
sunstroke /ˈsʌnstroʊk/ غیرقابل شمارش
Someone who is suffering from sunstroke feels dizzy and has a high temperature, but does not sweat
چتر آفتابگیر چتر ساحلی
sunshade /ˈsʌnʃeɪd/ قابل شمارش
This prompted purchase of a garden sunshade and sunhat.
این موضوع باعث شد یک چتر آفتابگیر و کلاه حصیری آفتابگیر بخریم.
فهرست محموله یا مسافران (کشتی یا هواپیما)
manifest /ˈmænɪfest/
جلوه - قابلیت شهود
manifestation
Unlike acid rain or deforestation, global warming has no visible manifestation .
استنتاج استنباط، برداشت (منطق)
inference /ˈɪnfərəns/ قابل شمارش
the doctor’s inference appears legitimate
استنتاج آن پزشک به نظر درست می‌رسد.
What inferences have you drawn from this evidence?
He was portrayed as a hero and, by inference, Thompson as the villain
شیفتگی شیدایی، دلباختگی
infatuation /ɪnˌfætʃuˈeɪʃn/ قابل شمارش
It isn’t love, it’s just a passing infatuation.
این عشق نیست، فقط یک دلباختگی زودگذر است.
My infatuation with her continued to grow.
شیفتگی من به او همچنان ادامه داشت.
His infatuation with Diane seemed to be growing.
She hoped that his ridiculous infatuation would soon wear off.
خیانت/بی‌وفایی در زناشویی
infidelity/ˌɪn.fɪˈdel.ə.ti/ US /-fəˈdel.ə.ţi/
She could not forgive his many infidelities.
There had been rumours for a long time of Clinton’s marital infidelity.
تاثیر نامحسوس
subtle effect
تیزبینی
the natural ability to understand or notice things quickly
subtlety /ˈsʌtlti/
Listening to the interview, I was impressed by the subtlety of the questions.
She argued her case with considerable subtlety.
perception /pərˈsɛpʃən/ :
Ross shows unusual perception for a boy of his age
جزئیات ریز و مهم
the quality that something has when it has been done in a clever or skilful way, with careful attention to small details
subtlety /ˈsʌt̬.əl.t̬i/
Her dancing has great subtlety
Some of the subtleties of the language are lost in translation.
All the subtleties of the music are conveyed in this new recording.
تکبر - غرور
unfriendly behaviour that shows you consider yourself better than other people
haughtiness /ˈhɑː.t̬i.nəs/ :
Griffin’s haughtiness alienated people.
I hired her in spite of her haughtiness and self-importance.
بازجویی، بازپرسی، سین‌جیم
inquest /ˈɪŋkwest/ قابل شمارش
The court ordered a fresh inquest into the tragedy.
The inquest heard that she died from multiple injuries
An inquest found that the deceased had died of a drugs overdose.
A verdict of suicide was recorded at the inquest
At the inquest they heard that the car had driven off after the accident.
در جریان بازجویی آنها شنیدند که بعد از تصادف راننده فرار کرده است.
interrogation /ɪnˌtɛrəˈgeɪʃən/
He claims he was tortured during his interrogation.
Police interrogation methods have been questioned.
The committee has no power of interrogation.
Under interrogation, he refused to say anything at first.
همدست شریک جرم
accomplice /əˈkɑːmplɪs/ قابل شمارش
an accomplice to murder شریک جرم قتل
The police suspect that he had an accomplice.
پلیس مظنون است که او همدست داشت.
She revealed the name of her accomplice during interrogation.
She became his unwitting(ناآگاه بی‌اطلاع) accomplice in the robbery
اضافه حقوق
a regular increase in the amount of money someone is paid
increment /ˈɪŋkrəmənt, ˈɪŋkrɪmənt/ noun [countable]:
a salary of £18,000, with annual increments of 2.5%
one of a series of amounts that increase a total
increment /ˈɪŋkrəmənt, ˈɪŋkrɪmənt/ noun [countable]:
She was in the habit of saving in small increments each week.
You will receive annual salary/pay increments every September
بی‌اعتقادی ناباوری، شکاکی
a feeling that you cannot believe something
incredulity / ɪnkrɪˈdjuːləti $ -ˈduː-/ قابل شمارش:
When she told her family she was gay, they reacted with a mixture of shock and incredulity
He felt a sense of incredulity, anger, and pain at the accusation made against him.
A lot of people expressed incredulity that somebody of her age would want to die.
disbelief
هوس، ویر، وسوسه، میل
a sudden strong desire to do something without thinking about whether it is a sensible thing to do
impulse (to do something) /ˈɪmpəls/
Gerry couldn’t resist the impulse to kiss her.
On impulse, I picked up the phone and rang her.
She gave in to an impulse and took the money.
Acting on impulse, he picked up the keys and slipped them into his pocket.
Impulses that are repeatedly denied can arise in other forms.
On an impulse, I went into the shop and bought a box of chocolates.
She admitted that the necklace had been an impulse buy
urge
a short electrical signal that travels in one direction along a nerve or wire
impulse /ˈɪmpəls/ :
The eye converts light signals to nerve impulses.
Nerve impulses are transmitted to the brain.
Radio waves are converted into electrical impulses.
عامل برانگیزاننده - نیروی محرکه
impulse /ˈɪmpəls/ :
the impulse that prompted economic change
the impulse behind a concept
the impulse for social reform
the political impulses towards joining a trade union
وقاحت گستاخی
impudence
He stared at me with a mixture of impudence and hostility.
بی‌نزاکتی، بی‌احترامی،بی‌ادبی
discourtesy /dɪskˈɜːɾəsi/ غیرقابل شمارش
بی احتیاطی، بی تدبیری، نابخردی، بی مبالاتی
imprudence /ɪmpɹˈuːdəns/ غیرقابل شمارش
The board hopes these decisions will expose any imprudence or dishonesty.
He believes that a time of surplus is a time of greater government imprudence.
صدای تالاپ/تلپ - گرمب
thud /θʌd/ قابل شمارش
The book hit the floor with a thud.
کتاب با یک صدای تالاپی به زمین افتاد
ناخالصی آلودگی، ناپاکی
impurity قابل شمارش
گفتمان مباحثه، گفتار
serious conversation or discussion between people
discourse /ˈdɪskɔrs/ قابل شمارش:
Candidates should engage in serious political discourse
a discourse on/upon the nature of life after death
بدنامی رسوایی، بی‌آبرویی
disrepute /ˌdɪsrɪˈpjut/ غیرقابل شمارش
This theory is now in disrepute
disgrace
dishonor
به نویی و تمیزی روز اول - در بهترین شرایط
in mint condition /ɪn mɪnt kənˈdɪʃən/
A copy in mint condition would fetch about £2,000.
یک نسخه (کتاب) به نویی و تمیزی روز اول حدود 2،000 پوند می‌ارزد.
با نظر به اینکه - با در نظر گرفتن
in light of
In light of the problems we’re having, we have no choice but to close the business.
نظر به مشکلاتی که داریم، ما هیچ انتخابی جز بستن شرکت تجاری نداریم.
در ازای - به جای - در عوض - در قبال
in lieu of /ɪn lˈuː ʌv/
پول پیش پیش‌پرداخت پیش‌قسط
down payment /ˌdaʊn ˈpeɪmənt/ قابل شمارش
We are saving for a down payment on a house.
. ما داریم برای پول پیش خانه پول جمع می‌کنیم.
خزانه
the money that an organization has in its bank accounts and available to spend
coffers /ˈkɒf.əz/ US /ˈkɑː.fɚz/ plural noun
The money from the exhibition should swell the hospital’s coffers a little
They are trying to bring more money into the coffers of the government.
آنها در تلاشند پول بیشتری به خزانه دولت وارد کنند.
Ask for expert’s opinion to boost the coffers.
برای پر کردن خزانه از متخصص نظر بخواهید.
بدجنسی کینه‌توزی سوءنیت
the quality of causing or wanting to cause harm or evil
malice /ˈmælɪs/ It was no doubt out of malice and hatred. بی شک از روی کینه‌ورزی و تنفر بود. He sent the e-mail out of malice. او، آن ایمیل را از روی بدجنسی فرستاد.
malevolence /məˈlev.əl.əns/ :
It was an act of great malevolence.
Her eyes flashed pure malevolence.
سوء عمل، عملکرد نادرست
malfunction /mˌælfˈʌŋkʃən/ قابل شمارش
آیندگان نسل‌های آینده، نوادگان
all the people in the future who will be alive after you are dead
posterity /pɒˈsterəti, pɒˈsterɪti $ pɑː-/
a priceless work of art that must be kept for posterity
Nothing is left for posterity anymore.
دیگه چیزی برای آیندگان نمانده.
Live a life posterity will be proud of.
طوری زندگی کن که آیندگان (بهت) افتخار کنن.
Posterity will not consign his sacrifices to oblivion.
آیندگان فداکار‌های او را فراموش نخواهند کرد.
بیسوادی
illiteracy /ɪˈlɪtərəsi/
Illiteracy was widespread at that time
Illiteracy rates have fallen in recent years.
تسلط
command
She has an excellent command of French.
They marveled at his command of English.
آنها از تسلط او به انگلیسی حیرت کردند.
خویشتنداری
stoicism /ˈstəʊɪsɪzəm/(noun)
I marveled at his stoicism.
از خویشتنداری او حیرت زده شدم.
متلک
taunt
Your taunts show your malice
متلک‌هات بدجنسی تو نشون میده.
He had to endure the racist taunts of the crowd.
wisecrack /ˈwaɪz.kræk/
He made some wisecrack about my lack of culinary ability(توانایی آشپزی)
توطئه، دسیسه
conspiracy /kənˈspɪrəsi/
He was charged with conspiracy to commit criminal damage
There were many conspiracy theories surrounding Princess Diana’s death.
I suspected that he was involved in the conspiracy.
This action was part of a conspiracy to deceive the public.
Party officials have exposed/uncovered a conspiracy to discredit the prime minister
There is a conspiracy of silence about the killer (= nobody will say what they know).
The charges against him relate to an alleged conspiracy.(=that people say exists but that is not yet proved to exist)
He was convicted of conspiracy to carry out terrorist acts
Three men have been convicted on fraud and conspiracy charges.
intrigue /ˈɪntriːɡ/
It’s an exciting story of political intrigue and murder.
a web of intrigue (=complicated set of secret plans)
the political intrigues of the capital
ایام خوب گذشته
halcyon /ˈhælsiən/
your halcyon days are over. you should now buckle down to your studies
مغز متفکر
rocket scientist
you don’t need o be a rocket scientist to figure this out
لازم نیست مغز متفکر باشی تا بفهمی موضوع چیه
پیمان معاهده عهد
pact
The two countries signed a non-aggression pact.
He made a pact with the devil
نگاه تحقیرآمیز
a contemptuous glance /kənˈtemptʃuəs/
سخن یا عمل محبت‌آمیز
endearment
no word of endearment would cross his lips
یه حرف محبت آمیز از دهنش در نمیاد که
کار نمایشی ، شیرین‌کاری
stunt
She arranged a publicity stunt to make the public aware of the product.
Todd flew over the city in a hot-air balloon as a publicity stunt
Their marriage was just a cheap publicity stunt.
They jumped off London Bridge as a publicity stunt.
بدل‌کاری
stunt
It’s a typical action film with plenty of spectacular stunts.
الم شنگه، داد و قال
palaver /pəˈlɑːvər/
this matter could have been resolved without palaver
این مسئله رو میشد بدون قیل و قال حل کرد
پوچی - چرندی - نامعقولی
absurdity :
Duncan laughed at the absurdity of the situation
There are all sorts of absurdities (= things that are ridiculous) in the proposal.
things that happen that are ridiculous or unreasonable
the absurd
The whole situation borders on the absurd.
She has a keen sense of the absurd
اصلیت ، اعتبار ، سندیت ، صحت
the quality of being real or true
authenticity /ˌɔːθenˈtɪsəti, ˌɔːθenˈtɪsɪti, /
There has been some debate over the authenticity of his will.
Despite its certificate of authenticity, the painting was found to be a fake.
آینده شغلی
career prospects
this scandal blighted his career prospects
توفیق اجباری
blessing in disguise
Losing that job was a blessing in disguise really.
یادگیری طوطی وار
Rote learning
Rote learning is a memorization technique based on repetition
Rote learning has become deeply ingrained in our education system.
یادگیری طوطی وار با سیستم آموزشی ما عجین شده است.
مبادا
lest
She worried lest he should tell someone what had happened.
وقفه … ساله
A break of … years
Having returned to studying after a break of 10 years , I am finding difficult to remember important facts from my course
شکست مفتضحانه
a complete failure, especially because of bad planning and organization
Debacle /dɪˈbɑː.kəl/
He should take responsibility for the debacle and resign.
او باید مسئولیت این رسوایی را قبول کند و استعفا بدهد.
The collapse of the company was described as the greatest financial debacle in US history.
If you hadn’t been remiss, we wouldn’t have faced such a debacle.
اگر شما سهل‌انگاری نکرده بودین ما با چنین افتضاحی مواجه نمی‌شدیم.
fiasco /fiˈæskoʊ/
The conference degenerated into a complete fiasco.
شرمساری شرمندگی، شرم
mortification /ˌmɔː.tɪ.fɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/ US /ˌmɔːr.ţə-/
To the mortification of the show’s organizers, the top performers withdrew at the last minute.
مصیبت ها
big problems or troubles
woes /wəʊ $ woʊ/
The country has been beset by economic woes for the past decade.
Unusually poor harvests have added to the country’s woes.
اندوه پریشانی، غصه
extreme sadness
woe /wəʊ $ woʊ/
Her face was lined and full of woe
شرح مصیبت - قصه بدبختی
tale of woe
He told me a real tale of woe about how he had lost both his job and his house in the same week.
He launches into a tale of woe every time he sees me
هر وقت منو میبینه داستان بدبختی هاشو برام تعریف می کنه
توقع - انتظار
expectation
I don’t think a tranquil life is a high expectation.
من فکر نمی‌کنم که یک زندگی آرام انتظار زیادی باشد.
بنا به توصیه کسی
On sb’s recommendation
I chose to study this major on my father’s recommendation
خلق‌وخوی منش، فطرت طبع مزاج
temperament /ˈtemprəmənt/ قابل شمارش
Jill has such a lovely relaxed temperament.
He doesn’t have the right temperament for the job.
He’s given to displays of temperament (= he often behaves in an emotional way).
اعتدال میانه روی
the habit or practice of avoiding extremes of behavior, esp. not drinking too much alcohol
temperance /ˈtɛmpərəns/ غیرقابل شمارش
wisdom is required to inform self-discipline or temperance.
After a period of complete temperance, her father began to drink absinthe
طوفان شدید
a violent storm
tempest /ˈtɛmpəst/
the fleet was dispersed by tempests
tornado
typhoon
نگاه اجمالی
glance
The brothers exchanged glances (=looked at each other quickly).
Thompson identified the burglar at first glance at the photograph in the police station.
از روی ناچاری - ناچاراً
Out of desperation /despəˈreɪʃən/
I accepted his offer out of desperation.
من از روی ناچاری پیشنهاد او را پذیرفتم.
I left my country out of desperation.
از روی ناچاری کشورم را ترک کردم.
I sold my car at a lower price out of desperation.
از روی ناچاری ماشینم رو به قیمت پایین‌تر فروختم.
نقطه عطف
Turning point
That decision was a turning point in my life
بخش قابل توجهی/اعظمی
for the most part
The contributors are, for the most part, professional scientists.
شرکت‌کنندگان، بیشتر دانشمندان حرفهای هستند.
طبق گفته مردم
According to what people say
By all accounts
The mountain villages are really worth visiting, by all accounts
اتفاق - پیشامد - رویداد تصادفی
Coincidence /koʊˈɪnsɪdəns/
Our encounter was a mere coincidence.
ملاقات ما یک اتفاق بیشتر نبود.
شهرت، آوازه
Reputation /repjʊˈteɪʃən/
He has developed a reputation for being intelligent.
او به باهوشی مشهور است.
بی‌کفایتی
Ineptitude /ɪˈneptɪtjuːd/
They have developed an international reputation for ineptitude.
آنها به بی کفایتی در حد بین‌المللی معروف هستند.
دروغ گویی
falsehood.
He has developed a reputation for falsehood
او به دورغ‌گویی معروف است
چشم وهم چشمی
rivalry /ˈraɪvlri/
Sibling rivalry impelled us to become alienated from each other.
رقابت خواهر برادری میانه‌ی ما را به هم‌زد.
تهدید - ارعاب
menace /ˈmenəs, ˈmenɪs/
Shop owners are struggling to combat the menace of armed robbery.
He was charged with demanding money with menaces.
There was menace in his voice.
There was a air/sense of menace as the sky grew darker.
It’s the only way to deal with the menace of drug dealing.
He’s a menace to society
The torrents of rain were a menace to the farmers’ crops.
بارش‌های سیل‌آسای باران برای محصولات کشاورزان تهدید محسوب میشد.
threat
intimidation,
غیظ، اوقات تلخی
dudgeon /ˈdʌʤən/
After waiting over an hour for them, he drove off in high dudgeon
سخنرانی طولانی و شدیداللحن
a long angry speech criticizing someone or something
tirade (against sb/sh) /taɪˈreɪd/
She launched into an angry/furious tirade about how she had been unfairly treated
صرفه جویی - کم خرجی
Frugality /fruˈɡæləti/
My wife always complains about my frugality.
همسرم همیشه از صرفه جو بودن من شاکیه.
They intend to promote frugality among people
آنها قصد دارند صرفه‌جویی را در میان مردم ترویج بدهند.
شکنندگی - تردی
fragility /frə’dʒılətı/
Given the fragility of his health, he was relieved of this responsibility.
با توجه به ضعف سلامتی او این مسئولیت از دوش او برداشته شد.
عامل موثر
contributory factor
Alcohol is a contributory factor in 10% of all road accidents.
الکل در 10% تمام تصادفات جاده‌ای یک عامل مؤثر است.
سوء مدیریت
Mismanagement /mɪsˈmænɪdʒmənt/
Some ascribe this situation to mismanagement.
بعضی‌ها این وضعیت را ناشی از سوء مدیریت می‌دانند.
تحریم
Sanction /ˈsæŋkʃən/
They ascribe all these problems to sanctions.
آنها همه‌ی این مشکلات را ناشی از تحریم‌ها می‌دانند.
ضربه‌ی روحی
Trauma /ˈtrɑːmə/(noun)
Doctors ascribe his behaviour to childhood traumas.
پزشکان رفتار او را ناشی از ضربه‌های روحی دوران کودکی می‌دانند.
سادگی
Simplicity /sɪmˈplɪsɪti/
The beauty of his style consists in its simplicity.
زیبایی سبک او در سادگی‌اش است.
استراق سمع
eavesdropping /’i:v’zdrɔpıŋ/
I had no scruples about eavesdropping
وثیقه
collateral /kəˈlætərəl/
We had put our house up as collateral for our bank loan.
ما مجبوریم خانه هایمان را به عنوان وثیقه ی وام بانکی مان بگذاریم.
شرایط فعلی، وضع موجود
the present situation
status quo /ˌsteɪ.t̬əs ˈkwoʊ/:
Certain people always want to maintain the status quo.
معاوضه پایاپای
something that is given to a person in return for something they have done
quid pro quo /kwɪd proʊ kwoʊ/:
The government has promised food aid as a quid pro quo for the stopping of violence.
“the pardon was a quid pro quo for their help in releasing hostages”
در خلال/حین
amid /əˈmɪd/
The dollar has fallen in value amid rumors of weakness in the US economy.
پیشبرد، تحقق بخشی
the act or process of helping something progress or be done
Furtherance /ˈfɜːrðərəns/
They hindered the furtherance of our goals.
آنها مانع پیشبرد اهداف ما شدند.
Staff are encouraged to use information resources in furtherance of their own professional interests.
جدا سازی - تفکیک
segregation /ˌseɡrɪˈɡeɪʃən/
They have requested the segregation of smokers and non-smokers in the workplace.
آنها درخواست تفکیک سیگاری‌ها و غیر‌سیگاری‌ها در محل کار را کرده‌اند.
The system of racial segregation that used to exist in South Africa was called apartheid.
The community fought to end segregation in schools and housing.
the segregation of employment by gender
Partitions provided a segregation between the smoking and non-smoking areas of the canteen
تفکیک جنسیتی
Gender segregation
There has been much debate regarding the impact of gender segregation.
در خصوص تاثیر تفکیک جنسیتی بحث زیادی وجود داشته است.
تفکیک نژادی
Racial segregation /ˈreɪʃəl/
Racial segregation is illegal in schools.
تفکیک نژادی در مدارس غیر قانونی است.
ادغام
integration
We are working to bring about closer political integration in the EU.
they proposed measures to promote the social integration of mentally handicapped people
شم تجاری
Business acumen/ˈækjʊmən/
Frugality is not a way to become rich. You need to have business acumen.
صرفه‌جویی راهی برای ثروتمند شدن نیست. باید شم تجاری داشته باشید.
بد خلقی
the quality of being easily annoyed and quick to complain
grouchiness /ˈɡraʊ.tʃi.nəs/:
Did your boyfriend get annoyed at your grouchiness?
I’m generally prone to grouchiness when I’m tired or hungry.
طفولیت
infancy /ˈɪnfənsi/
In the past, many children died in infancy.
someone who has a higher rank or position than you, especially in a job
superior:
He had a good working relationship with his immediate superior (=the person directly above him).
The form has to be signed by your immediate superior.
توصیه نامه
letter of recommendation
We will need a letter of recommendation from one of your superiors.
ما به یک از یکی از افراد مافوق شما نیاز خواهیم داشت.
پز الکی
empty/idle/vain boast
‘Making knowledge work’ is the university’s phrase, and it is no idle boast (=not a boast, but true).
نصیحت پند، اندرز
exhortation
Despite the exhortations of the union leaders the workers voted to strike.
The book is essentially an exhortation to religious tolerance.
کاهش حقوق
pay cut
A strike over pay cuts will happen soon.
اعتصابی برای کاهش حقوق به‌زودی رخ خواهد داد.
ضربه
strike
His spectacular strike in the second half made the score 2–0.
ضربه تماشایی او در نیمه دوم نتیجه را دو به هیچ کرد.
رفیق روزهای خوش
someone who can be depended on only when everything is going well
fair-weather friend
عملیات اکتشاف
the discovery of something valuable under the ground
strike:
Do you remember the Lena goldfields strike of 1912?
آیا کشف زمین‌های طلای “لینا” در سال 1912 را به خاطر دارید؟
وقفه، توقف
standstill /ˈstændstɪl/ غیرقابل شمارش
Traffic came to a complete standstill.
ترافیک به توقف کامل رسید.
تفاهم - سازگاری
a good understanding of someone and an ability to communicate well with them
rapport /ræpˈɔːr/
We’d worked together for years and developed a close/good rapport.
She has an excellent rapport with her staff.
He had an excellent rapport with his patients
She felt an instant rapport between them
He had enjoyed a personal rapport with the former president.
تازگی - بداعت - نوآوری
the quality of being new, unusual, and interesting
novelty /ˈnɑvəlti/ غیرقابل شمارش:
The car still sells well, though the novelty value(=the extra interest that something receives because it is new) has worn off.
I have much sympathy with those who warn against precipitate novelty in the food industry.
the novelty of the ideas
Many toys have no attraction beyond their novelty value.
It was fun for a while, but the novelty wore off (=it became boring).
The sheer novelty of the band’s performance won them many fans.
پرتگاه - سراشیبی تند
a very steep side of a high rock, mountain, or cliff
precipice /ˈprɛsəpəs/:
A loose rock tumbled over the precipice.
وضعیت خطرناک
a dangerous situation in which something very bad could happen
precipice /ˈprɛsəpəs/:
The stock market is on the edge of a precipice
تعارض منافع
conflict of interest
رابطه نزدیک ، کشش، علاقه
sympathy for someone or something
affinity /əˈfɪnəti/
.Sam was born in the country and had a deep affinity with nature
his remarkable affinity with animals
It’s important that you share an affinity with your husband.
شباهت زیاد
affinity /əˈfɪnəti/
There are several close affinities between the two paintings.
A house design should have some affinity with the surrounding architecture
مزیت - امتیاز
privilege /ˈprɪvɪlɪdʒ/
You will enjoy some privileges for supporting a particular political party.
شما به خاطر حمایت از یک حزب سیاسی خاص از امتیازهایی بهرمند خواهید شد.
Free university education should be a right not a privilege.
آموزش رایگان دانشگاهی باید یک حق باشد نه یک امتیاز.
They have been granted special privileges.
به آنها امتیاز‌های ویژه‌ای اعطا شده است.
If you don’t have any privileges, you will be treated like an ordinary person.
اگر شما هیچ امتیازی ندارید مانند یک شخص عادی با شما رفتار خواهد شد.
فرجه - وقفه
the period of time between two events, activities etc
interval /ˈɪntəvəl $ -tər-/
The phone rang at regular intervals all afternoon.
The interval between arrest and trial can be up to six months
We got a drink in the interval.
She ruled for ten years, except for a brief interval.
The intervals between his various illnesses grew shorter and shorter.
At intervals a bell rings and workers stop for a drink.
Antivirus software must be updated at regular intervals
وهله بار، دفعه
occasion
I had heard this story on at least four separate occasions.
.We met on several occasions to discuss the issue.
ما در چندین وهله ملاقات داشتیم تا آن مسئله را مورد بحث قرار دهیم
I’ve seen Jana with them on several occasions
He’s missed meetings on a number of occasions.
او چندین بار جلسات را از دست داده است.
I have stayed there on a number of occasions.
It was the first of many such occasions
The police were called out on 24 separate occasions
On this occasion we were sitting in a park in Madrid
On one occasion he even rang me in the middle of the night.
She has been late on numerous occasions
Only on rare occasions did she ever receive a letter
زمان مناسب
occasion
Last year we had occasion to visit relatives in Cornwall.
کودک آزاری
child abuse
تضمین - ضمانت
assurance /əˈʃʊr.əns/
Despite assurances from the government, the chemicals are known to be dangerous
Can you give us a categorical assurance that no jobs will be lost?
We now have a firm assurance of support from the government.
They accepted his assurance that patients would be treated as soon as possible
an assurance about the safety of this equipment
اطمینان خاطرجمعی
a feeling of calm confidence about your own abilities, or that you are right about something
assurance /əˈʃʊr.əns/
Jack will never agree to that,’ he said with assurance
Even at a very young age she showed a great deal of assurance.
تیری در تاریکی
leap in the dark
leap of faith
موجود فانی
mortal being
We are mere mortal beings.
ما موجوداتی فانی بیش نیستیم.
رساله ، پایان نامه
dissertation /ˌdɪsəˈteɪʃən $ ˌdɪsər-/
He wrote his Master’s dissertation on rats.
Candidates are required to present a dissertation of between 8,000 and 12,000 words.
thesis /ˈθiːsəs, ˈθiːsɪs/
He’s doing a doctoral thesis on the early works of Shostakovich.
بیمه
insurance /ɪnˈʃʊərəns $ -ˈʃʊr-/
How much is the insurance on your car?
The company maintains liability insurance for its directors and officers
The insurance doesn’t cover household items.
این بیمه، وسایل خانه را تحت پوشش قرار نمی‌دهد.
We can probably claim the damage on our insurance.
My brother works in insurance
I haven’t paid the insurance yet this month
We claimed for the car repairs on the insurance.
Does your personal accident insurance cover mountain rescue?
insurance cover for bodily injury to third parties
If you make more than two claims in any period of insurance you may lose your no claim bonus
She set fire to her house and then claimed insurance
امکان پذیری
feasibility
a drilling project to assess the feasibility of bringing the water four miles into the village
Some of them doubted the feasibility of the proposal.
The local council called for a feasibility study into the new road scheme.
کمک هزینه
grant
I have applied for an educational grant.
من درخواست کمک هزینه تحصیلی کرده‌ام.
Since he was incredibly talented he was awarded a grant.
چون بسیار با استعداد بود به او کمک هزینه اعطا شد.
They have allocated a meager grant to the improvement of the facilities.
آنها کمک هزینه‌ی ناچیزی را به بهبود امکانات اختصاص داده اند.
نیروی محرکه
the motive power /force
Water provided the motive power for the mill
آب نیروی محرکه آسیاب را تأمین می کرد
اثرگذاری - عملکرد صحیح
Effectiveness /ı’fektıvnəs/
The exam results demonstrated the effectiveness of personal tuition
The drugs work well at first but gradually lose their effectiveness.
They’re doing tests to evaluate the effectiveness of this herb as an antiseptic
the effectiveness of penicillin in controlling bacterial infection
انگیزه پنهانی
ulterior motive
It’s not the kind of thing he’d do unless he had an ulterior motive
این نوع کارهایی نیست که انجام دهد مگر اینکه انگیزه نهانی داشته باشد
She must have some ulterior motive for being nice to me—what does she really want?
خیانت در امانت
breach of trust /bɹˈiːtʃ ʌv tɹˈʌst/ قابل شمارش
رفیق روزهای خوش
someone who can be depended on only when everything is going well
fair-weather friend
someone who is willing to listen to your problems and give you sympathy, emotional support, and encouragement
A shoulder to cry on
I wish you’d been here when my mother died and I needed a shoulder to cry on.
Janine needed a shoulder to cry on after she lost her job, so she came over to my apartment.
هتک حرمت ، عدم احترام، بی حرمتی
the quality of not showing the expected respect for official, important, or holy things
irreverence /ɪˈrev.ər.əns/ US /ɪˈrev.ɚ.əns/:
The book is written with good humour and irreverence.
Such behaviour is typical of the cheeky irreverence the band display onstage.
سرایدار - مستخدم
custodian /kʌˈstoʊdiən/
سرپرستی - حضانت
custody /ˈkʌstədi/
The court awarded/granted/gave custody of the child to the father.
The mother got/received custody of the child.
The parents were given joint custody.
دارائی، سرمایه
asset /ˈæset/
The company’s net assets are worth millions.
He transferred all his assets into his wife’s name
The courts can order a company’s assets to be frozen
دارایی نقدی
Liquid assets
Liquid assets can be sold more quickly
دارایی سرمایه ای، دارایی که برای دراز مدت سرمایه گذاری شده
capital assets
The business disposed of all its capital assets.
اظهار نظر - سخن
remark
His remarks drew an angry response from Democrats.
اظهارات وی با واکنش عصبانی دموکرات ها روبرو شد.
In his closing remarks, the chairman thanked everyone who had helped out.
رئیس در سخنان پایانی خود از همه کسانی که کمک کرده اند تشکر کرد.
سود سهام
dividend /ˈdɪvɪdend/
As director and principal shareholder, he receives a substantial annual dividend from the company.
او به عنوان مدیر و سهامدار اصلی سود سالانه قابل توجهی از شرکت دریافت می کند.
آداب و رسوم
something that you must do as a formal or official part of an activity or process
formality /fɔrˈmæləti/:
the formalities necessary for a valid marriage
Your acceptance into the club will be a mere formality.
تشریفات (اداری و …)
something you must do even though it has no practical importance or effects
just/only/merely etc a formality
formality /fɔrˈmæləti/:
Getting a gun license here seems to be just a formality.
It only took a few minutes to complete the legal formalities.
the interview is a mere formality.
رسمیت
formality /fɔrˈmæləti/:
There is always some degree of formality when one speaks to a stranger.
The loan was arranged with little formality.
آسان گیری - پشت گوش اندازی
laxity /ˈlæk·sɪ·t̬i/ (also laxness, US/ˈlæk·snəs/)
Laxity in enforcing safety regulations can cost lives.
بی بند و باری اخلاقی
Moral laxity /ˈlæksəti/
Their moral laxity impelled the boss to dismiss them.
بی‌بندوباری اخلاقیِ آنها رئیس را مجبور کرد که اخراجشان کند.
از هر جهت(نظر)
By all accounts
By all accounts, this city is a great place that is truly not like anywhere else
بلندی از سطح دریا
Altitude /ˈæltəˌtud/
We’re flying at an altitude of 40,000 feet
تکه - خرده - جزء کوچکی از چیزی
scrap /skræp/
She scribbled the address on a little scrap of paper
Every scrap of land in the town has been built on
ته مانده و باقیمنده غذا
pieces of food that are left after you have finished eating
scrap /skræp/
My mother fed the dog on scraps to save money
اسقاط - ضایعات
materials or objects that are no longer used for the purpose they were made for, but can be used again in another way
scrap /skræp/ :
The equipment was sold for scrap
She creates sculptures out of scrap materials.
a short fight or argument
scrap /skræp/ :
He’s always getting into scraps with other dogs
someone who is willing to listen to your problems and give you sympathy, emotional support, and encouragement
A shoulder to cry on
I wish you’d been here when my mother died and I needed a shoulder to cry on.
Janine needed a shoulder to cry on after she lost her job, so she came over to my apartment.
رفیق روزهای خوش
someone who can be depended on only when everything is going well
fair-weather friend
سرایدار - مستخدم
custodian /kʌˈstoʊdiən/
خودستایی
self-praise /sˈɛlfpɹˈeɪz/
دارایی - مال
asset /ˈæset/
to freeze a country’s assets مسدود کردن دارایی‌های یک کشور
تخلف، نقض مقررات
infraction /ɪnˈfræk.ʃən/ :
Any attempt to influence the judges will be seen as an infraction of the rules.
violation /ˌvaɪ.əˈleɪ.ʃən/
It was clear that they had not acted in violation of the rules.
The school is upgrading its alarms and correcting other fire code violations.
Troops crossed the border in violation of the agreement.
Several soldiers were suspected of committing human rights violations
Each side accused the other of ceasefire violations
infringement /ɪnˈfrɪndʒ.mənt/
Even minor infringements of the law will be severely punished.
کلیشه
stereotype /ˈstɛriəˌtaɪp/
The movie perpetuates stereotypes of small-town life
فقط بخاطر چیزی/کسی - صرفا بدلیل…
in order to help, improve, or please someone or something
for the sake of somebody/something (also for sb’s/sth’s sake):
They are keeping up appearances for the sake of their children.
آنها به خاطر بچه‌هاشون دارن با سیلی صورتشون رو سرخ نگه می‌دارن.
He moved to the seaside for the sake of his health.
I only went for Kay’s sake.
I hope he’s told the truth for his own sake (=because it will be good for him).
امتیاز، حق ویژه
privilege
He was accused of abusing his diplomatic privileges.
They have been granted special privileges.
به آنها امتیاز‌های ویژه‌ای اعطا شده است.
I had the great privilege to play for Yorkshire
You will enjoy some privileges for supporting a particular political party.
شما به خاطر حمایت از یک حزب سیاسی خاص از امتیازهایی بهرمند خواهید شد.
He was deprived of his privileges because of his remarks.
او به خاطر اظهاراتش از امتیازهایش محروم شد.
They have been unfairly given some privileges.
به آنها به طور غیرمنصفانه امتیازهایی داده شده است.
سوء مدیریت
Mismanagement /mɪsˈmænɪdʒmənt/
Some ascribe this situation to mismanagement.
بعضی‌ها این وضعیت را ناشی از سوء مدیریت می‌دانند.
ضربه‌ی روحی
Trauma /ˈtrɑːmə/
Doctors ascribe his behaviour to childhood traumas.
پزشکان رفتار او را ناشی از ضربه‌های روحی دوران کودکی می‌دانند.
فضولات خانگی
household waste
رد اثر
trail
There was a trail of blood across the floor
The trails are well marked, but carrying a map is a wise precaution.
سفر زیارتی
a journey to a holy place for religious reasons
pilgrimage /ˈpɪlɡrəmɪdʒ, ˈpɪlɡrɪmɪdʒ/ :
the annual pilgrimage to Mecca
a long and carefully organized journey, especially to a dangerous or unfamiliar place
expedition :
Scott’s expedition to the Antarctic
a military expedition
a short journey by a group of people to visit a place, especially while they are on holiday.
excursion :
We went on an excursion to the Pyramids.
a long journey over the sea
voyage /ˈvɔɪ-ɪdʒ/:
MacArthur’s epic round-the-world voyage
a short journey by boat from one piece of land to another
crossing :
A 30-minute ferry crossing takes you to the island.
a journey by boat for pleasure
cruise :
a Mediterranean cruise
a cruise down the Nile
a short journey in a car, or on a bicycle or horse
ride
It’s a twenty-minute taxi ride to the station.
کالای بنجل
Shoddy goods
He has developed a reputation for persuading the customers to buy the shoddiest goods.
او معروف است به اینکه مشتریان را به خرید بنجل ترین کالاها راضی کند.
کلمات قلمبه سلمبه
Cumbersome words
a new plan or process to achieve something or solve a problem
initiative /ɪˈnɪʃ.ə.t̬ɪv/ :
The peace initiative was welcomed by both sides.
fresh initiatives to find a peaceful end to the conflict
The research initiative is being undertaken by a group of environmentalists
The government has launched a new policy initiative.
Ten schools have been involved in the initiative.
ابتکار عمل
the ability to make decisions and take action without waiting for someone to tell you what to do
initiative /ɪˈnɪʃətɪv/
He acted on his own initiative او به ابتکار خودش عمل کرد
I wish my son would show more initiative.
Don’t keep asking me for advice. Use your initiative.
شهربازی
Amusement park
اصول اخلاقی
moral principles
تبعه
expat /ɛksˈpat/
a British expat who’s been living in Amsterdam for 14 years
دلداری، دلگرمی، مایه ی تسلی
consolation /ˌkɒn.səˈleɪ.ʃən/ US /ˌkɑːn-/
If it’s (of) any consolation (to you), you’re not the only one he was rude to.
I didn’t know what to say - I just offered a few words of consolation.
کارگر
a worker, especially a factory worker – used in business
operative /ˈɒp(ə)rətɪv/:
the company’s overseas operatives
مامور نفوذی
a person who works secretly for an organization
operative /ˈɒp(ə)rətɪv/:
a CIA operative
واژه کلیدی
the operative word /ˈɒp(ə)rətɪv/
The new system offers fast solutions. Fast being the operative word.
رد صلاحیت
disqualification /dɪˌskwɒl.ɪ.fɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/ US /-ˌskwɑː.lə-/
The fans’ bad behaviour has resulted in the disqualification of their football team from the championship.
انحراف مسیر
diversion /dʌɪˈvəːʃ(ə)n,dɪˈvəːʃ(ə)n/
The pilot set the aircraft up for a diversion to the nearest suitable airfield.
the diversion of funds into the military budget
راه جایگزین (هنگام بسته بودن راه اصلی)
diversion /dʌɪˈvəːʃ(ə)n,dɪˈvəːʃ(ə)n/
The main road is now closed and diversions are in operation.
temporary A temporary diversion has been set up to take traffic away from the accident site.
آب‌انبار آبگیر خزینه
reservoir /ˈrɛzəˌvwɑr/
the diversion of water from the river into the reservoir
عامل حواسپرتی یا عامل عدم تمرکز
something that stops you from paying attention to what you are doing or what is happening
diversion /dʌɪˈvəːʃ(ə)n,dɪˈvəːʃ(ə)n/:
Two prisoners created a diversion to give the men time to escape.
The fire was started to create a diversion, allowing some prisoners to escape
تفریح - سرگرمی
diversion /dʌɪˈvəːʃ(ə)n,dɪˈvəːʃ(ə)n/
The party would make a pleasant diversion in his rather dull social life
Nowadays, my only diversions are writing and walking.
- این روزها تنها سرگرمی من نویسندگی و راهپیمایی است.
شیفتگی شیدایی، دلباختگی
infatuation /ɪnˌfætʃuˈeɪʃn/ قابل شمارش
It isn’t love, it’s just a passing infatuation.
این عشق نیست، فقط یک دلباختگی زودگذر است.
My infatuation with her continued to grow.
شیفتگی من به او همچنان ادامه داشت.
دوخت و دوز
stitching /ˈstɪtʃɪŋ/
She’d been trained to do embroidery and hand stitching.
The cloth-making, cutting and stitching is done by others.
حرف پوچ و بیمعنی
nonsense
If you ask me, these modern teaching methods are a load of nonsense (=a lot of nonsense).
He was talking utter nonsense as usual.
she’s a strong woman who stands no nonsense
قد و قامت ، هیکل
stature /ˈstatʃə/
Bernard was short in stature, with a large head.
The statue shows King Richard in full stature beside his horse.
The president lacks physical stature
Despite his lack of stature, he became a successful footballer.
Both her parents are fairly small in stature
He was a man of great stature
مقام، قدر وقیمت
stature /ˈstatʃə/
She has grown in stature since winning the Tchaikovsky Piano Competition
The election result enhanced the party’s stature
Her reputation has risen to world stature.
معتاد به کار - پرکار
workaholic /ˌwɜːrkəˈhɑːlɪk/
A workaholic is a person who works most of the time and finds it difficult to stop.
یک معتاد به کار فردی است که بیشتر وقتش را کار می‌کند و دست برداشتن از کار برایش دشوار است.
something that is likely to make someone upset or angry when you talk about it
sore point/spot/subject (with somebody) :
Just don’t mention it – it’s always been a sore point with him
افسوس - پشیمانی
regret
I never learned to play an instrument and that’s a matter of some regret.
She enjoyed living alone, but felt a tiny pang of regret for her mother’s cooking
I decided with some regret that it was time to move on.
It is with great regret that I must decline your offer.
I lost touch with her, much to my regret.
To my regret, I lost touch with her years ago
She thought of them without regret.
Her biggest regret was that she had never had children
عذرخواهی آبکی
lame excuse
فیس و افاده، غرور، تظاهروتکبر
snobbery /ˈsnɑː.bɚ-/ (ALSO snobbishness) She accused me of snobbery because I sent my sons to a private school
آشنایی
acquaintance /əˈkweɪnt(ə)ns/
I wasn’t sure about Darryl when I first met her, but on further acquaintance I rather like her.
وقتی اولین بار “دریل” را دیدم زیاد مطمئن نبودم [زیاد از او خوشم نیامد]، اما با آشنایی بیشتر از او خوشم آمد.
They developed an acquaintance over the Internet
You can’t judge her on such short acquaintance (=when you have not known her long).
Most people are nicer than you think on first acquaintance.
someone you know, but who is not a close friend
acquaintance /əˈkweɪnt(ə)ns/ :
She was a casual acquaintance of my family in Vienna.
He’s just a business acquaintance.
او فقط یک آشنای کاری است.
He was greeted as an old acquaintance.
He introduced me to a lady of his acquaintance
I bumped into an old acquaintance on the train
He heard about the job through a mutual acquaintance
شناخت
acquaintance /əˈkweɪnt(ə)ns/ :
The practice of a lawyer requires acquaintance with court procedures
مناظره بحث
debate /dɪˈbeɪt/
A fierce debate raged over which artist’s work should be chosen for the prize.
What topics are under debate in Congress this week?
Debate in the U.S. Senate lasted for five days
The new drug has become the subject of heated debate within the medical profession
It would have been better to hold the debate during the day.
There has been widespread public debate over the introduction of genetically modified food.
There was much lively debate about whether women should spend more time in the home.
Whether that would have made any difference is open to debate
چرخه معیوب
vicious circle /ˈvɪʃəs ˈsɜrkəl/ قابل شمارش
جاذبه / گیرایی جنسی
sex appeal
نفع شخصی سود شخصی
the act of considering the advantage to yourself when making decisions, and deciding to do what is best for you
self-interest :
The company’s donation was surely motivated by self-interest, as it attracted a lot of media attention.
اقدام عاجل
immediate/prompt/swift action
The public wants immediate action to stop the terrorists.
اقدام - راهکار
course of action
I think the best course of action would be to write to him.
من فکر می‌کنم بهترین اقدام این باشد که به او نامه بنویسی.
بازتاب انعکاس
reflection
Can you see your reflection in the glass?
تعمق - تامل - اندیشه زیاد
careful thought, or an idea or opinion based on this
reflection :
A moment’s reflection will show the stupidity of this argument.
At first I disagreed, but on reflection (=after thinking carefully about it), I realized she was right.
She decided on reflection to accept his offer after all.
او بعد از تفکر بسیار تصمیم گرفت در آخر پیشنهاد او را بپذیرد.
لرزش، رعشه
shudder /ˈʃʌd.ər/
a shudder of fear لرزه‌ای از ترس
A shudder ran through him at the touch of her fingers.
برنامه سفر
itinerary /aɪˈtɪnərəri $ -nəreri/
Morocco is a nice place and well worth adding to you itinerary
مراکش مکان خوبی است و ارزش افزودن به برنامه سفر را دارد
بیهوشی اغما غش
faint /feɪnt/ قابل شمارش
He fell to the ground in a faint.
او به زمین افتاد و در اغما رفت.
سپیده‌دم، طلوع خورشید
dawn
the faint light of dawn
ظهور، طلوع
dawn
the dawn of civilization ظهور تمدن
تعهد مالی
liability
The business has liabilities of 2 million euros.
financial obligation
به دنبال ِ… در پیِ…
Coming immediately after something.
in the wake of (something)
In the wake of the scandal, several committee members resigned.
محصول جانبی
by-product
Illness is one of the by-products of overcrowded housing.
تجارت خانوادگی
family-run business
دیدگاه‌های چپی
left-wing views
آبیاری قطره‌ای
drip irrigation /dɹˈɪp ˌɪɹɪɡˈeɪʃən/
کلبه،خانه روستایی
Cottage
Would you prefer to live in a modern house or a picturesque cottage?
نوجوان
young person, usually between the ages of 12 and 18, who is developing into an adult
adolescent /ædəˈlesənt/
تف آب دهان
spit
She used a little spit on a tissue to wipe the mirror clean.
ملاک ضابطه معیار سنگ محک
criterion /kraɪˈtɪriən/ (pl) criteria /kraɪˈtɪriə/
By this criterion, very few people are suitable
Academic ability is not the sole criterion for admission to the college
Team members will be selected according to strict criteria.
Doctors use an established set of criteria for making a diagnosis
You need to decide on your main criteria before you buy a house
What are your criteria for deciding who gets the prize?
The other groups agreed to adopt our criteria.
What are the criteria of success for a training scheme?
گلّه (حیوانات)
herd
a herd of stampeding elephants یک گله فیل در حال رم کردن
هجمه
when a group of people all want to do the same thing at the same time
stampede /stæmˈpiːd/
a stampede to buy shares in high-tech companies
a stampede to buy new iPhone
اولین کار/اثر - اغاز کار
debut /ˈdeɪbjuː/
The actor made his film debut playing a minor character.
بازیگر اولین ظهور سینمایی خود را با یک نقش جزئی شروع کرد
Their debut album was recorded in 1991
He scored in his debut match for the club.
سنگر بندی - استحکامات - بارو - دژ
fortification /ˌfɔːtɪfɪˈkeɪʃ(ə)n/
a site of ancient fortifications dating from about 500 B.C
Some of the old fortifications still exist.
The fortifications of the castle were massive and impenetrable.
تحکیم ، تقویت، مستحکم‌سازی
the process of making something stronger or more effective
fortification /ˌfɔːtɪfɪˈkeɪʃ(ə)n/
زیاده روی، ولخرجی
extravagance /ık’strævəgəns/
His only extravagance was fine wine.
تعهد ، ازخودگذشتگی
hard work or effort that someone puts into a particular activity because they care about it a lot
dedication /dɛdɪˈkeɪʃ(ə)n/:
To reach a high level of skill requires talent, dedication, and a lot of hard work.
I really admire Gina for her dedication to her family
Not everyone has the dedication and the talent to achieve this.
You will need dedication and determination to complete the course.
خفا، اختفا، نهانکاری
secrecy /ˈsiːkrɪsi/
I must stress the need for absolute secrecy about the project.
His work was shrouded in secrecy.
the veil of secrecy that covered the talks
The drugs squad operates in the greatest secrecy
The organization has managed to maintain secrecy about its activities.
A blanket of secrecy surrounded the tribunals.
تحریک
an action or event that makes someone angry or upset, or is intended to do this
provocation /ˌprɒvəˈkeɪʃən $ ˌprɑː-/
She claims that Graham attacked her without any provocation.
He was accused of deliberate provocation.
Julie has a tendency to burst into tears at the slightest provocation.
تناسب بهای پرداختی با ارزش کالا
value for money
Every customer is looking for value for money
At only £45 a night, the hotel is great value for money.
تقاص، قصاص، تلافی ، مقابله به مثل
retaliation /rɪˌtalɪˈeɪʃn/
This action was undoubtedly in retaliation for last week’s bomb attack.
her casual remark brought swift retaliation from her boyfriend
He never said a single word in retaliation
سخاوت مناعت طبع کرم
generosity /ˌdʒen.əˈrɑs.ət̬.i/
The Sioux Indians placed a high value on generosity
He treated them with generosity and thoughtfulness.
او با سخاوت و ملاحظه با آنها رفتار کرد.
Her friends take advantage of her generosity.
دوستانش از سخاوت او سوء استفاده می‌کنند.
ارزش احساسی [معنوی]
sentimental value
This ring is of great sentimental value for me.
این حلقه ارزش احساسی [معنوی] بسیاری برایم دارد.
خوشبختی سعادت
bliss /blɪs/
I didn’t have to get up till 11 – it was sheer bliss.
The first six months of marriage were sheer bliss.
They’re celebrating 25 years of wedded bliss.
My idea of bliss is a hot day and an ice-cold beer.
Lying in the warm sun and listening to the sea felt like sheer bliss (=complete bliss).
Her idea of bliss is to be curled up on the sofa watching a romantic comedy with a big bowl of popcorn.
The happy couple looked a picture of domestic bliss
غنیمت - مال به یغما برده
plunder
Henry’s army returned loaded down with plunder.
فروشنده - دستفروش
someone who sells things, especially on the street
vendor
newspaper vendor/ice-cream etc vendor
He bought a copy from a newspaper vendor
جانشین، نایب، قائم مقام
second most important person
deputy /ˈdɛpjʊti/
A new deputy has not yet been appointed.
He was appointed deputy head of the school.
She is acting as deputy to the chairman of the board.
بخشش، بخشایندگی، رحم، آمرزش
clemency /ˈklɛmənsi/
She would have remained in prison until at least 2000 without the clemency
The jury passed a verdict of guilty, with an appeal to the judge for clemency
The judge ignored the prisoner’s pleas for clemency.
The governor’s clemencies saved the lives of many death-row prisoners.
بازار مکاره - هفته‌بازار
fair /fer/
Streets have been closed due to the fair.
به خاطر هفته‌بازار خیابان‌ها بسته شده‌اند.
The fair was a great success, owing to the clemency of the weather.(=pleasant mildness of weather)
flea market
رده ، رتبه، سلسله مراتب
echelon /ˈɛʃəlɒn,ˈeɪʃəlɒn/
the upper echelons of government
Their clients are drawn from the highest echelons of society.
These salary increases will affect only the highest echelons of local government.
دیدبان - پیشاهنگ
a soldier, plane etc that is sent to search the area in front of an army and get information about the enemy
scout:
He sent three scouts ahead to take a look at the bridge.
استعدادیاب
talent scout
حالت (بدن) ، ژست
posture /ˈpɒstʃə/
Poor posture can lead to muscular problems
Good posture is essential when working at the computer
He sat in a posture of absolute respect.
stance
He lounged in an armchair in a stance of deliberate contempt.
The boxer took up a fighting stance.
Jenny took up a stance with her feet slightly apart, ready to catch the ball.
جنی با پاهای کمی از هم باز شده، آماده برای گرفتن توپ ژست گرفت.
رویکرد موضع
a particular approach or attitude.
posture /ˈpɒstʃə/
He tends to adopt a defensive posture towards new ideas
“trade unions adopted a more militant posture in wage negotiations”
stance
The party is changing its stance on Europe.
این حزب دارد موضعش را نسب به اروپا تغییر می‌دهد.
What is your stance on environmental issues?
The President has taken/adopted a tough stance on terrorism
The President has adopted a tough stance on terrorism
The party is changing its stance on Europe.
این حزب دارد موضعش را نسب به اروپا تغییر می‌دهد.
Her public stance was much tougher than her private feelings on the subject
The wife of the accused has maintained an impartial stance throughout the trial.
attitude
stand
جاسوسی خبرچینی
the action of secretly collecting information about a person, country, or organization
espionage /ˈɛspɪənɑːʒ/
The big computer companies are very worried about industrial espionage
She was found guilty of espionage espionage on behalf of foreign states against the United States.
Two members of the embassy staff had been expelled for espionage.
He is serving a 20-year prison sentence for espionage.
Double agents are quite commonplace in the world of espionage
spying :
Several embassy officials had been arrested for spying
استتار
camouflage /ˈkæməflɑːʒ/
The men were dressed in camouflage and carrying automatic weapons.
The whiteness of the arctic fox acts as camouflage, hiding it from its enemies
کرایه حمل و نقل، کرایه مسافر
fare
I’m afraid you will have to pay the full fare.
Buses charged a standard fare of about 20 pence per mile.
The airline has introduced/offered a cheap return fare to New York.
He faces charges of dodging taxi fares.
The return fare will cost you less than two single tickets.
go up, increase, rise | come down
a special fare deal for air travellers
Children travel at half fare.
The company is promising reductions in fares.
ایوان
porch /pɔːrtʃ/ قابل شمارش
Daniel and Lydia sat out on the porch for many hours.
“دنیل” و “لیدیا” برای ساعت‌ها در ایوان نشستند.
veranda /vəˈrændə/ قابل شمارش
After dinner, we sat talking on the veranda.
سرمایه گذاری - معامله
venture
His son Mark will be joining him in the new venture.
- He lost his fortune in two stock ventures.
- ثروت خود را در دو معامله ی قماری سهام از دست داد.
The project is a joint venture between the public and private sectors
The company has set up a joint venture with a firm in Austria.
The directors of the company refused to undertake such a risky venture.
His son Mark will be joining him in the new venture.
تحت نظر قراردهی (توسط پلیس و غیره)، زیرنظر گیری
a period of secret surveillance of a building or an area by police in order to observe someone’s activities.
stake-out
“they were looking for a vantage point for a stake-out”
اصل جنس - خودِ جنس
real deal
That guy looked so much like Elvis, I almost thought he was the real deal.
دفتر کل (در حسابداری)
a book in which a business, bank etc records how much money it receives and spends
ledger /ˈlɛdʒə/ :
The costs have been moved from one column of the ledger to another.
نقش بازی کردن
an exercise in which you pretend to be in a particular situation, especially to help you learn a language or deal with problems
role-play [uncountable and countable]:
Language teachers often use role-play in the classroom.
the removal or trimming of hair on a man’s body for cosmetic purposes.
manscaping /ˈmanskeɪpɪŋ/
“say what you will about manscaping—the woolly mammoth died out for a reason”
Here are some manscaping tricks every guy should know.
This is a simple guide to manscaping.
Most men would deny any kind of manscaping routine.
The manscaping guide has advice on how to groom all the hair that’s not on top of your head.
“Manscaping” is used to describe the shaving habits of men who prefer to be without body hair.
a meeting for sex
hook-up:
Her mother had no idea she was arranging hook-ups with boys in the middle of the night.
his relationship was more than just a drunken hook-up.
a connection to an electricity supply, a telephone network, the internet, etc.
hook-up:
The campsite has water and electric hook-ups.
Water and electric hook-ups are available and facilities are good
He entered his plea from the jail via a video hook-up.
گذرگاه تنگ بین دو کوه
a deep narrow valley with steep sides
gorge :
The river flows through a deep gorge
مجسمه کوچک تندیسک
a small model of a human, usually made of clay or porcelain
figurine /fˈɪɡjʊɹˌiːn/ قابل شمارش
The figurines come from a number of important sites around the island
اتاقک ، پارتيشن ، اتاقک ، کابین
cubicle /ˈkjubɪkəl/ قابل شمارش
He had ornamented his cubicle with figurines from different video games and animated shows.
مرز، محوطه، بخش، حوزه، محدوده
precinct /ˈpriːsɪŋ(k)t/:
a shopping precinct
A tunnel entrance was found within the precincts of the prison camp.
موسس
constituent
I sought a mandate from my constituents to oppose this tax
دست (لباس)
ensemble /ˌɒnˈsɒm.bļ/ :
She bought a dress and matching hat, gloves and shoes - in fact the whole ensemble.
I admired her ensemble of coat, hat, and shoes.
مجموع گروه (موسیقی، رقص یا هنرپیشه)
a group of things or people acting or taken together as a whole, especially a group of musicians who regularly play together
ensemble /ˌɒnˈsɒm.bļ/ :
The Mozart Ensemble is/are playing at the Wigmore Hall tonight.
هم رده
a person in the same position, involved in the same activity, or otherwise associated with another.
fellow /ˈfɛləʊ/
“he was learning with a rapidity unique among his fellows”
Wooderson’s courage earned him the respect of his fellows
همشهری
fellow citizen قابل شمارش
New statistics hurled at us: 70 percent of our fellow citizens live below the poverty line.
هموطن
fellow countryman
It was two years since I’d seen any fellow countrymen
برخورد - مواجهه - رویارویی
encounter /ɪnˈkaʊntə,ɛnˈkaʊntə/
I had my first encounter with the president two years ago.
I did not see him again, except for a brief encounter on a train.
She didn’t remember our encounter last summer.
His first encounter with Wilson was back in 1989.
Bernstein began training the young musician after a chance encounter at a concert (=a meeting that happened by chance).
casual sexual encounters (=occasions when people have sex)
I decided not to risk a second close encounter with the snakes
The press conference was her first direct encounter with the media.
انگیزه / تغییر ناگهانی (نظر) - هوی و هوس
whim /wɪm/ noun [countable]
He bought the jacket on a whim, having seen it by chance in a shop window
They seem to be able to change the rules of the game at whim.
Slaves could be bought and sold at the whim of their masters.
افلاک کیهان
cosmos /ˈkɑːzmoʊs/ غیرقابل شمارش
رنجش ، آزردگی، ناراحتی
vexation /vɛkˈseɪʃən/ قابل شمارش
After several unsuccessful attempts to start his car, he swore in vexation.
annoyance
irritation
وحشیگری، بیرحمی، سبعیت
brutality /brʊˈtalɪti/
There have been many complaints of police brutality.
This was an act of extreme brutality.
That case sparked a nationwide outcry about racial profiling and police brutality
brutality against prisoners
brutality by the security forces
brutality to others
تلالو، درخشندگی
glitter
the glitter of his gold cigarette case
زرق و برق
glitter
The glamour and glitter of London was not for him
شبنم ژاله
dew /du/ قابل شمارش
In the morning, the grass was wet with dew.
هنگام صبح، چمن خیس از شبنم بود.
Trees and grass glittered with dew
استفهام انکاری
rhetorical question /rɪˈtɔrɪkəl ˈkwɛsʧən/ قابل شمارش
‘Don’t you care what I do?’ he asked, but it was a rhetorical question.
او پرسید: «برایت مهم نیست من چه کار می‌کنم؟»، اما آن یک پرسش [استفهام] انکاری بود.
بار غصه یا مسئولیت (و غیره)
something difficult or worrying that you are responsible for
burden /ˈbəːd(ə)n/:
The burden of the country’s safety is in the hands of the president.
بار (مسئولیت) امنیت کشور در دستان رئیس جمهور است.
The administrative burden must be lifted from local government.
plans to shift the burden of taxation onto larger companies
He has the burden of a large family on his shoulders.
The economic burden falls mainly on businesses
He made a serious attempt ease the country’s debt burden
بار اضافی، مایه زحمت
burden
I don’t like being a burden on other people
The burden of taxation has risen considerably
His illness placed an intolerable burden on his family
His family responsibilities had started to become a burden.
She felt she was a burden to her parents.
bother
He’s in a spot of bother with the police
liability
Sue always manages to upset somebody when we go out - she’s a real liability
شکایت شکواییه شکوه قُر گله گلایه
complaint /kəmˈpleɪnt/
Keating was dismissed after complaints about the quality of his work.
All complaints against police officers are carefully investigated
We are concerned by complaints that children are being bullied
We have had some serious complaints from parents.
The tribunal heard complaints against the director.
The way I was treated gave me no cause for complaint.
I think it is more than coincidence (=not chance, but deliberate) that all the complaints have come from the same group of people.
ملاقات، دیدار
visit
We’re just here on a short visit
Barbara and I had a nice long visit.
She enjoyed the frequent visits of her grandchildren.
Following her letter of complaint, she received a personal visit from the store manager.
بی محلی - بی اعتنایی
snub
Eisenhower saw the action as a deliberate snub.
His cancellation of the concert was seen as a deliberate snub to the organizers
بخش عمده
lion’s share
Pictures of starving people galvanized him into donating a lion’s share of his inheritance to the indigent.
تصاویر مردم گرسنه او را برانگیخت تا بخش عمده‌ای از ارث خود را به فقرا اهدا کند.
ترتیب نزولی
descending order
The hotels are listed in descending order of price
شکوفایی، رونق
prosperity /prɒˈsperɪti/
May your year be filled with peace, prosperity and love
سالتان پر از آرامش، بهروزی و عشق باشد.
The growth of tourism brought prosperity to the island.
رفاه
prosperity /prɒˈsperɪti/
Our nation’s prosperity comes from oil.
رفاه مملکت ما از نفت تامین می‌شود.
The island’s prosperity depends on its fishing industry.
خیر و برکت
blessings /ˈblesɪŋz/
May God’s blessings shower upon you in the new year
ان شاء الله سال جدید پر از خیر و برکت باشد.
عقیده
creed /kriːd/
Let us serve all who are in need, regardless of race, color or creed.
بیایید به همه نیازمندان، فارغ از نژاد، رنگ و عقیده خدمت کنیم.
اخاذی، زورگیری
extortion /ɪkˈstɔːrʃn/
This is a flagrant example of extortion.
این مثال بارز اخاذی است.
This is tantamount to extortion for crying out loud.
این همون زورگیریه دیگه.
Some people refuse to pay tax because they consider it a kind of extortion.
برخی افراد از پرداخت مالیات خودداری می کنند زیرا آن را نوعی اخاذی می دانند.
استطاعت
the money, skill etc that you need in order to do something
wherewithal /ˈwerwɪðɒːl/
People don’t have the financial wherewithal to purchase the necessities, that’s why businesses have become sluggish.
مردم استطاعت مالی برای خرید مایحتاج را ندارند، به همین دلیل کسب و کارها دچار کسادی شده اند.
Lacking the wherewithal, he had to abandon his project.
کسادی - بی رونقی
sluggishness /ˈslʌɡɪʃnəs/
In this volatile economic situation, sluggishness of the market is not far from expectations.
در این وضعیت اقتصادی بی‌ثبات کسادی بازار دور از انتظار نیست.
It is anticipated that the sluggishness of the market will deteriorate.
پیش‌بینی می‌شود که کسادی بازار بدتر بشه.
آشفتگی
turmoil /ˈtɜːrmɔɪl/
The sluggish global economy is in turmoil.
ایمان
faith /feɪθ/
I am absolutely sure that you can conquer your obstacles with your unwavering faith.
من کاملاً مطمئن هستم که شما می توانید با ایمان تزلزل ناپذیر خود بر موانع خود فائق بیایید.
حریم خصوصی
privacy /ˈpraɪvəsi/
You are disturbing my privacy.
تو داری مزاحم حریم خصوصی من میشی.
نامگذاری غلط - استفاده نادرست از یک واژه یا عبارت
misnomer /mɪsˈnəʊmər/
It is a misnomer to call you a professor. Professors like you are thick on the ground.
این اشتباه است که شما را استاد خطاب کنیم. اساتیدی مثل شما روی فت و فراوان هستند.
بی‌تفاوتی
indifference /ɪnˈdɪfərəns/
Her pleas were met with callous indifference.
خواهش‌های او با بی‌تفاوتی بی‌رحمانه پاسخ داده شد.
His callous indifference to others’ suffering is rooted in his childhood.
بی تفاوتی سنگدلانه او نسبت به رنج دیگران ریشه در دوران کودکی اش دارد.
apathy /ˈæpəθi/(noun)
There is widespread apathy among people.
بی تفاوتی گسترده ای در بین مردم وجود دارد.
عدم رعایت - بی اعتنایی
disregard /dɪsrɪˈɡɑːrd/
He has rendered everybody speechless with his callous disregard for human life.
او با بی اعتنایی سنگدلانه خود به زندگی انسان ها زبان همه را بند آورده.
تنزل درجه
demotion /dı’məuʃən/
His ethical violations led to his demotion
تبلیغات
publicity /pəˈblɪsəti/ غیرقابل شمارش
The enormous publicity surrounding the case will make it very difficult to hold a fair trial.
تبلیغات گسترده حول پرونده برپا کردن دادگاهی عادلانه را سخت خواهد کرد.
Young people’s awareness of agricultural issues is promoted through publicity material.
تصور نادرست - عقیده غلط
misconception /mɪskənˈsɛpʃənz/
People’s apathy is rooted in their misconception that they can’t bring about change in their life.
بی تفاوتی مردم ریشه در این تصور غلط دارد که نمی توانند تغییری در زندگی خود ایجاد کنند.
جسارت
temerity /tɪˈmerəti/(noun)
You don’t have the temerity. جسارتش نداری.
Your temerity is admirable. /ˈædmərəbəl/
جسارتت قابل تحسینه.
I don’t think you have the temerity to go against my will.
من فکر نمی کنم شما جسارت این را داشته باشید که برخلاف میل من عمل کنید.
I will prove it to you who lacks the temerity.
بهت ثابت می‌کنم کی جسارت نداره.
Sometimes it is better to be called timid than suffer the consequences of irrational temerity.
گاهی اوقات بهتر است شما را ترسو خطاب کنن تا اینکه عواقب جسارت غیرمنطقی را ببینید.
مرکز توجه
cynosure /ˈsaɪ.nə.sjʊəʳ/
I was the cynosure of all eyes at the wedding that’s why I was jinxed.
من تو عروسی مرکز توجهات بودم به همین خاطر چشم خوردم.
ایراد و اِشکال
fault /fɒːlt/(noun) They can't identify the faults of my car نمی تونن عیب‌های ماشین من رو پیدا کنن. Don't reproach yourself. It wasn't your fault. خودت رو سرزنش نکن. تقصیر تو نبود.
دور باطل
vicious cycle /ˈvɪʃəs ˈsaɪkəl/
This vicious cycle will never cease.
این دور باطل هرگز پایان نخواهد یافت.
دستخط
handwriting /ˈhændˌraɪtɪŋ/(noun)
You disgraced us with your handwriting.
با دستخط‌ت آبرومون رو بردی.
وجدان
conscience /ˈkɒnʃəns/
My conscience dictates that I not remain silent.
وجدانم میگه سکوت نکنم.
عذاب وجدان
pang of conscience
He experienced a sudden pang of conscience.
عرف - رسم - سنت
convention /kənˈvenʃən/
I don’t do what convention dictates.
من اون کاری که عرف میگه رو انجام نمیدم.
By convention, the bride’s father gives her away at her wedding.
طبق عرف، پدر عروس دست او را در مراسم عروسی‌اش به دست داماد می‌دهد.
همایش نشست، اجلاس
convention /kənˈvenʃən/
The party held its biennial convention.
آن حزب همایش دوسالانه خود را برگزار کرد.
فهم، دریافت، ادراک
ken /ken/
This question is beyond my ken.
این سوال از فهم من خارجه.
کارشناس مشاور، متخصص
pundit /ˈpʌndɪt/
This matter is beyond my ken. Ask an pundit.
این مسئله از فهم من خارجه. از یک کارشناس بپرس.
استدلال
reasoning
Your illogical reasoning is beyond my ken.
استدلال غیرمنطقی شما از درک من خارجه.
خرفتی، کند ذهنی، کودنی، پخمگی
imbecility /ımbəˈsıləti/
Recognition of their imbecility is not beyond anyone’s ken.
تشخیص کودن بودن آنها از فهم هیچ کسی خارج نیست.
کهنه سرباز ، سرباز پیر
veteran /ˈvetərən/
The ceremony was attended by many of the surviving veterans of World War II
وعده توخالی
hollow promise
I have had enough of these hollow promises.
بس کن این وعده‌های توخالی رو.
عینک خوش بینی
rose-colored glasses
Look at the world through rose-colored glasses.
با عینک خوشبینی به دنیا نگاه کن.
Take off your rose-colored glasses and examine the situation realistically.
عینک خوشبینی رو بردار و وضعیت رو واقع بینانه بررسی کن.
تعلیم، آموزش
Tutelage /ˈtjuːtɪlɪdʒ/
People are queuing up to study English under his tutelage.
مردم برای آموزش انگلیسی توسط او صف بستن.
قوای ذهنی
mental faculties
Touch wood up to now I have not lost my mental faculties.
بزنم به تخته که من مشاعرم رو تا الان از دست ندادم.
You think I am not in possession of my mental faculties and you can swindle me out of my money.
فکر می‌کنی من مشاعرم رو از دست دادم و میتونی پولم رو از چنگم دربیاری.
They have lost their mental faculties. Such momentous decisions should not be placed on their shoulders.
آنها مشاعرشان را از دست داده‌اند.چنین تصمیمات مهمی نباید به دوش آنها گذاشته شود.
نشانه - دلالت - نمود - علامت
hint
‘When?’ he asked with a hint of impatience.
We shall have to turn back if there’s the slightest hint of fog.
intimation /ˌɪntəˈmeɪʃən/ قابل شمارش
There are strong intimations that the company is having financial problems.
the first intimation of discord in the family
اولین نشانه اختلاف در خانواده
the first intimations of the approaching conflict
cue /kjuː/
Our success was the cue for other companies to press ahead with new investment
manifestation /mˌænɪfɪstˈeɪʃən/ :
She claimed that the rise in unemployment was just a further manifestation of the government’s incompetence.
indication /ɪndɪˈkeɪʃən/
His words are a clear indication of the fact that he has lost his mental faculties.
حرفهای او به وضوح این را نشان می‌دهد که او مشاعرش را از دست داده است.
All the indications are that she will make a full recovery.
This is an indication to drivers who break the law that they will be punished
Amid indications of growing disorder in the capital, the president is to make a speech on television tonight.
There is every indication (=there are very clear signs) that it is true.
A government spokesperson said they had no indication who was responsible for the attack
His early successes gave some indication of his ability.
On some level, a student’s grades are a reflection on the teacher
reflection
His test results are certainly not a true reflection of his ability
His bright smile was a reflection of his satisfaction.
The fact that soldiers are on the streets is a reflection of how terrified the government is.
این که سربازان در خیابان‌ها هستند نشانه این است که چقدر دولت ترسیده است.
به نشانه ادب
as a polite gesture.
The liberals regarded sending telegrams of condolence as a polite gesture.
ذهنیت طرز فکر
Mentality /menˈtælɪti/
His mentality underwent dramatic change after traveling to several foreign countries.
طرز تفکر او بعد از چندین سفر به کشورهای خارجه تغییر شگرفی کرد.
The reason why you are progressing at a snail’s pace is rooted in your mentality.
دلیل اینکه چرا داری خیلی کند پیشرفت می‌کنی ریشه در طرز تفکر داره.
Your mentality determines whether you succeed or fail
طرز تفکر شما نشان می‌دهد که آیا شما موفق می‌شوید یا شکست می‌خورید.
.
آدم هیچ کاره آدم بی کفایت
Nonentity /nɒˈnentɪti/
With this mentality، you will become a nonentity.
با این طرز تفکر هیچی نمیشی.
عقده
Complex /ˈkɒmpleks/
The reason why he flaunts his knowledge is rooted in his childhood complexes.
دلیل اینکه او پز سوادش را می‌دهد ریشه در عقده‌های کودکی‌اش دارد.
قول شرف
word of honor
I give you my word of honor …
من به تو قول شرف می‌دهم …
نوید - وعده
signs that something or someone will be good or successful
promise
Bill shows great promise as a goalkeeper.
She didn’t fulfil her early promise.
سوگند رسمی
a formal promise, especially one that someone makes in a court of law
oath :
Witnesses swear a solemn oath to tell the truth.
Public officials must take an oath to support the US Constitution
معضل ، مصیبت ، بلا، آفت
something that causes a lot of harm or suffering
Scourge /skɜːrdʒ/(noun)
We extracted a promise from the president to eliminate the scourge of unemployment.
از رئیس جمهور قول گرفتیم که معضل بیکاری را ریشه‌کن کند.
فراز و نشیب
vicissitude /vɪˈsɪsɪtuːd/(noun)
You have not been steadfast enough in your endurance of the vicissitudes of life. That’s why you have lagged behind in life.
شما در تحمل فراز و نشیب های زندگی به اندازه کافی مصمم نبوده اید. به همین دلیل در زندگی عقب افتاده اید.
یدک کشیدن، بکسل
an act of pulling a vehicle behind another vehicle, using a rope or chain
tow
The ship, whose engine had failed, is now safely under tow
they have got flat tire so they have to call tow truck
رویداد ناگوار، حادثه بد
mishap/ˈmɪshæp/ :
I had a slight mishap with one of the glasses.
Only one horse finished the course without mishap.
تلاش و زحمت
effort
A lot of effort went into making the costumes.
Her efforts were rewarded when she won an Oscar.
A lot of effort went into making the costumes.
The club has changed the rules in an effort to make them fairer.
Second prize was a fair reward for his efforts.
It took a huge effort of will not to cry. (=a big effort to do something that you find difficult because of the way you feel)
bid (for/to do something)
a bid for power
a desperate bid to free herself from a loveless marriage
تقلا، تلاش فراوان
endeavor /ɪnˈdevə $ -ər/
We wish her every success in this endeavour.
In an endeavour to improve the service, they introduced free parking
Despite her best endeavours, she couldn’t persuade anyone to volunteer
Despite our best endeavours, we couldn’t start the car
has the ability to achieve success in whatever field of endeavour he should choose.
Best of luck in all your endeavors
scramble /ˈskræmbəl/
a scramble to carry the baggage into the house
تشدید - وخیم شدن
aggravation /ˌæɡrəˈveɪʃən/
Nowruz holidays are imminent and concerns have mounted regarding the aggravation of the Corona crisis
تعطیلات نوروزی نزدیک است نگرانی ها درباره‌ی بدتر شدن بحران کرونا بالا گرفته است.
عزم اراده
determination
I admire her obstinate determination to pursue a career in radio.
من عزم راسخ او در دنبال کردن حرفهای [شغلی] در رادیو را تحسین می‌کنم.
The team played with dogged determination
resolution
when you make a resolution, you should stick to it
I told you from the outset that this job required unwavering resolution.
از اولش بهت گفتم که این کار عزم راسخ می‌خواهد.
Fred’s resolution to succeed is still unshaken despite the many setbacks he has suffered.
عزم “فرد” برای موفق شدن هنوز استوار است، علیرغم شکست‌های بسیاری که او متحمل شد.
She showed great resolution in her dealings with management.
نیت، قصد
a promise to yourself to do something
resolution
Carol made a resolution to work harder at school
I made a New Year resolution to give up smoking.
راه حل - چاره - راهکار
resolution
a forum for the resolution of commercial disputes
Hopes of a peaceful resolution to the conflict were fading.
methods of conflict resolution
The government is pressing for an early resolution of the hostage crisis
the likelihood of achieving a satisfactory resolution to the problem
مصوبه
a formal decision or statement agreed on by a group of people, especially after a vote
resolution
The resolution was passed by a two-thirds majority.
They have failed to comply with the resolution
The resolution was carried unanimously.
The resolution was adopted by 12 votes to none
The resolution was proposed by the chairman of the committee
Are there any comments you wish to make before we vote on this resolution?
The resolution called for the resumption of negotiations.
The UN Security Council tabled a resolution condemning the invasion.
هیئت مقننه، گروه قانونگذار
a group of people who are elected to make decisions or laws for a particular country, area, or organization
assembly /əˈsembli/
The assembly adopted a resolution approving the scheme.
گردهم آیی، نشست ، اجلاس
assembly /əˈsembli/
Police have imposed conditions on public assemblies.
Restrictions on freedom of assembly have gradually been relaxed.
The General Assembly rejected the resolution on the subject of arms control
شرکت، بنگاه، موسسه ی بازرگانی، تشکیلات اقتصادی
enterprise /ˈɛntəprʌɪz/
commercial enterprises such as banks and food manufacturers
He runs a successful small enterprise.
Those were the years of private enterprise , when lots of small businesses were started.
The road is bordered by shopping centers, restaurants, retail outlets, and other commercial enterprises.
اقدام/فعالیت اقتصادی
the activity of starting and running businesses
enterprise /ˈɛntəprʌɪz/
The programme is a joint enterprise with the London Business School.
The government unveiled a wide range of measures to boost business and enterprise yesterday.
The enterprise and development committee supports innovation in business
What we always look for in a future business partner is a commitment to the business enterprise and its success
They are willing to undertake a new enterprise.
ابتکار قریحه
the ability to think of new activities or ideas and make them work
enterprise /ˈɛntəprʌɪz/:
We’re looking for young people with enterprise and creativity
They’ve shown a lot of enterprise in setting up this project.
We need someone with enterprise and imagination to design a marketing strategy.
initiative
امرخطیر، اقدام مهم
a large and complicated project, especially one that is done with a group of other people
enterprise :
The team leader will be the most important factor in this difficult enterprise
بشردوست، خیرخواه
a person who seeks to promote the welfare of others, especially by the generous donation of money to good causes.
philanthropist /fɪˈlanθrəpɪst/
He has long been famous as a classical scholar, and more recently as a philanthropist
صرفه جویی
the careful use of money, especially by avoiding waste
thrift
However, in the manner of all philanthropists, she believed thrift to be the more correct solution
بلا مصیبت
calamity
A series of calamities ruined them - floods, a failed harvest, and the death of a son
A thrifty person knows that squandering money can lead to financial calamity.
انسان صرفه‌جو می‌داند که هدر دادن پول می‌تواند منجر به فاجعه مالی شود.
آمار و ارقام
figure /ˈfɪɡə/
By 2009, this figure had risen to 14 million.
تا سال 2009، این رقم به 14 میلیون افزایش یافته بود.
Figures for April show a slight improvement over previous months.
آمار ماه آوریل پیشرفتی جزئی را در ماه‌های گذشته نشان می‌دهد.
What are our sales figures for this year?
آمار فروش امسالمان چقدر است؟
Government figures underestimate the problem.
It’s about 30,000 in round figures
statistic
شخص مهم
someone who is important or famous in some way
figure /ˈfɪɡə/
Several leading figures resigned from the party.
he was the outstanding political figure of his time
My father is a public figure.
پدرم یک شخصیت رسمی [چهره عمومی] است.
اندام - هیکل
figure /ˈfɪɡə/
Most women have to watch their figure
I could see two tall figures in the distance.
She’s got a beautiful figure.
She got her figure back (= returned to her usual shape) after having the baby.
a painting, drawing, or model of a person
figure /ˈfɪɡə/
There are several reclining figures in the painting.
مبلغ
figure
We didn’t really discuss the price, but somebody mentioned a figure of ￡300.
راستش ما درباره قیمت بحث نکردیم، اما کسی به مبلغ 300 پوند اشاره کرد.
شکل(هندسی) تصویر، نمودار
figure
A hexagon is a six-sided figure
Solid figures are three-dimensional objects.
اشکال فضایی، اشیای سه‌بعدی هستند.
These figures mean that almost 7% of the working population is unemployed.
the activity of adding, multiplying etc numbers
figures
رقم
figure
Many of these companies have low price-earnings ratios, some in single figures.
There are fears that inflation could soon run into double figures.
Can you read this figure? Is it a three or an eight?
Write the amount in both words and figures.
I looked quickly down the column of figures.
He earns a six-figure salary
She has a top City job with a six-figure salary.
The anticipated inflation figure is lower than last month’s.
These figures are expressed as a percentage of the total.
The figure 6 was clearly marked on the door.
Write ‘twelve thousand and fifty six’ in figures.
The lawn was laid out in the form of the figure eight.
کورسوی امید
glimmer of hope
This month’s sales figures offer a glimmer of hope for the depressed economy.
تعقیب جنایتکاران
an organized search for someone who might have committed a crime or a prisoner who has escaped
manhunt:
The police have launched a manhunt after the body of a six-year-old boy was found last night
مرتکب جنایت
a person who carries out a harmful, illegal, or immoral act.
perpetrator /ˈpəːpətreɪtə/
The perpetrator of this crime must be traced.
از حد گذشتن
Beyond what is considered appropriate or acceptable.
over the line
I know that it was a heated conversation, but you said a few things that were way too far over the line.
I had to throw a few customers out of the bar because they had begun stepping over the line with the staff.
جایزه، غنیمت، یادگاری پیروزی، نشان ظفر
trophy /ˈtrəʊfi/
A lion’s head was among the trophies of his African trip
پیام رمزی، کد
a system of secret writing
cipher /ˈsʌɪfə/
The embassy was ordered to destroy its cipher equipment and remaining codes
The message was written in cipher
they corresponded with each other in cipher
آدم دون پایه یا کم اهمیت
someone who is not important and has no power or influence
cipher /ˈsʌɪfə/
At work, she was a cipher, a functionary, nothing more
The women are strong characters, but the men in this movie are mere ciphers.
He was a cipher to me, a silent man of abstracted benevolence, and I never got to know him well
عدد صفر
cipher /ˈsʌɪfə/
If you have no children, enter a cipher in the space on the form.
جدایی قطع رابطه، انفصال
severance /ˈsevərəns/
the severance of diplomatic ties between the two countries
پاداش خاتمه خدمت یا انفصال (در صورت حسن سابقه)، حق سنوات خدمت
money or other things that you get when you have to leave a company because your employer no longer has a job for you
severance pay/package :
Employees will get two weeks of severance pay for every year of service.
We were offered 13 weeks’ severance pay.
The exact amount of the severance pay is set by a collective agreement.
پارگی، زخم عمیق
Laceration /ˌlæsəˈreɪʃn̩/
The body showed signs of laceration and bruising.
انتقام، کینه، خونخواهی
vengeance /ˈvɛn(d)ʒ(ə)ns/
They sought vengeance against the countries that had humiliated France in 1814
On the day after the terrorist attack, the overall mood in the town was one of vengeance.
As he cradled his daughter’s lifeless body in his arms, he swore (to take) vengeance on her killers
He silently vowed vengeance on them all
خونخواهی، کین ورزی ، انتقام گیری
a situation in which one person or group tries for a long time to harm another person
vendetta /vɛnˈdɛtə/ قابل شمارش
he was the victim of a political vendetta.
او قربانی یک انتقام جویی سیاسی بود.
The two sides have been engaged in a bitter private vendetta
He accused the British media of pursuing a vendetta against him.
He saw himself as the victim of a personal vendetta being waged by his political enemies.
She conducted a personal vendetta against me.
پارتیزان
vigilante /ˌvɪdʒɪˈlanti/
The neighbors have formed a vigilante group to keep a watch on the car park
دشمنی دیرین، عداوت ریشه دار
feud /ˈfjuːd/
A feud broke out among the workers in connection with the proposed strike.
bad blood
There has been bad blood between the two families for years.
مجادله، نزاع
tussle
Bad blood remained from the previous weeks tussle and national expectation weighed heavily on everyone’s shoulders.
Anna and her conscience had a little tussle.
We are engaged in a legal tussle with a large pharmaceutical company
نشئگی (بعد از مصرف مواد مخدر) سرخوشی
high
The high lasted all night.
نشئگی تمام شب طول کشید.
نتیجه ی کاملا برابر
a competition in which two or more competitors finish at exactly the same time or with exactly the same result
dead heat:
The race ended in a dead heat.
The opinion polls show the three election candidates in a dead heat (with each other).
مردم عادی
عموم مردم
the ordinary people in a society or an organization, especially a political party
grassroots :
The feeling among the grassroots of the Party is that the leaders are not radical enough.
A grassroots effort was launched to prevent the building of the power plant.
میل (شدید)، اشتیاق
urge
I try not to give in to the urge to gossip. (=do what you feel you want to do, when this is wrong)
She resisted the urge to kiss him
I suppressed a strong urge to yawn.
He overcame his urge to run from the room
Leaving him off the guest list satisfied her urge for revenge.
She fought back the sudden urge to beg his forgiveness
میل (شدید)، اشتیاق
urge
I try not to give in to the urge to gossip. (=do what you feel you want to do, when this is wrong)
She resisted the urge to kiss him
I suppressed a strong urge to yawn.
He overcame his urge to run from the room
Leaving him off the guest list satisfied her urge for revenge.
She fought back the sudden urge to beg his forgiveness
مالک
the owner of a business, or a holder of property.
proprietor /prəˈprʌɪətə/
He is now sole proprietor of the business.
محدودیت آمد و رفت، ساعت منع عبور و مرور
curfew /ˈkɜːrfjuː/
If I get home past curfew again, I’m really going to catch hell for it from my parents!
A curfew was put into effect after the riots started.
There is a curfew for youth under eighteen in this town
You have to be in before curfew, which is midnight.
حشرات موذی
vermin /ˈvəːmɪn/
The beds were filthy and full of vermin
Although vermin are not always visible, they probably inhabit every house in the city.
اگرچه جانوران موذی همیشه قابل مشاهده نیستند اما در تمام خانه‌ها در شهر زندگی می‌کنند.
Some reptiles eat vermin as their food.
برخی خزندگان جانوران موذی را به عنوان غذا می‌خورند.
We should try to eliminate all vermin from our house.
ما باید تلاش کنیم تمام جانوران موذی را در خانه از بین ببریم.
آدم موذی، انگل اجتماعی
people who are unpleasant and harmful to society
vermin /ˈvəːmɪn/
He thought all terrorists were vermin and that prison was too good for them.
چاه فاضلاب، چاه مستراح
cesspool [‘sɛspu:l]
همدست ، شریک (جرم)
accessory /əkˈsɛs(ə)ri/
she was charged as an accessory to murder
متعلقات - لوازم/وسایل جانبی
accessories /əkˈsɛs(ə)ri/
bathroom accessories such as mirrors and towel-rails
Accessories for the top-of-the-range car include leather upholstery, a CD player, electric windows and a sunroof
سرباره
a layer of unpleasant or unwanted material that has formed on the top of a liquid
scum:
The lake near the factory was covered with grey, foul-smelling scum.
آدم پست، فرومایه
a very bad or immoral person or group of people
scum :
People who organize dog fights are scum in my opinion!
Those racist scum have been attacking Pakistanis.
His boss treats him like scum
سیل سیلاب
deluge /ˈdeljuːdʒ/ غیرقابل شمارش
When the snow melts, the mountain stream becomes a deluge.
وقتی برف آب می‌شود، رود کوهستان تبدیل به سیل می‌شود.
Viewers sent a deluge of complaints about the show
This little stream can become a deluge when it rains heavily.
flood
مسائل شخصی خجالت آور و غیر قابل بیان
dirty laundry
Let’s not air our dirty laundry in front of our guest
The dinner party became uncomfortable when the host began to air his colleague’s dirty laundry in public.
حق رای
suffrage /ˈsʌfrɪʤ/ غیرقابل شمارش
She crusaded for women’s suffrage
right to vote
نهضت
a vigorous campaign for political, social, or religious change
crusade /kruːˈseɪd/
The charity tonight launched its great crusade against homelessness
She intends to continue her crusade against sex and violence on TV
For 23 years he led a crusade for peace.
He is on a crusade to take the church to the people
تاسیس
founding
Mr Arkwright was the moving spirit behind the founding of the union
He even managed to delay the founding declarations on Saturday, despite being whistled and booed from the hall.
موسس
founding father/director
John Reith was the founding father of the BBC
پیشامد غیرمترقبه
حادثه غیرقابل پیش‌بینی
contingency /kənˈtɪndʒənsi/
We must consider all possible contingencies.
باید تمام حوادث غیرمترقبه ممکن را در نظر بگیریم.
سلب مسئولیت
abdication of responsibility
The council denied that their decision represented any abdication of responsibility
جنگ قدرت
an occasion when a person or group takes advantage of a situation in order to take control
power grab /ˈpaʊ.ɚ ˌɡræb/:
There have been no labour union power grabs.
Critics call the move a power grab and a step backwards for democracy.
He’s facing a power grab by former warlords in parliament.
This is not the time for power grabs, bickering, or any divisiveness.
They claim that the states are victims of a federal power grab by leaders in Washington.
جنب و جوش
a situation in which something has to be done very quickly, with a lot of rushing around
scramble :
It was a mad scramble trying to get things ready in time.
بی قانونی
lawlessness /ˈlɔːləsnəs/
Liberty often degenerates into lawlessness
lawlessness was particularly in evidence in the villages
حکومت نظامی
martial law
The Emperor issued the decree repealing martial law.
امپراطور فرمان لغو قانون نظامی را صادر کرد
The military leadership have lifted martial law in several more towns
The government may declare martial law in response to the latest violence in the region
The country is now under martial law.
unlike the previous military interventions, the general did not declare martial law
کودتای نظامی
military coup
The president was ousted (from power) in a military coup in January 1987
مجازات، کیفر، سزا
punishment inflicted on someone as vengeance for a wrong or criminal act
retribution /rɛtrɪˈbjuːʃ(ə)n/
Victims are demanding retribution for the terrorist attacks
the day of retribution روز دادرسی (قیامت)
He saw his suffering as retribution for the sins of his past life
She saw the sentence as just retribution on the man who had assaulted her
She was asked whether a civilian government should seek retribution against military officers involved in human rights abuses
نسل کشی، پاکسازی نژادی
genocide
They fled because they feared retribution for the genocide
نقاب پوشش، شکل
an external form, appearance, or manner of presentation, typically concealing the true nature of something.
guise /ɡʌɪz/
he visited in the guise of an inspector
His speech presented racist ideas under the guise of nationalism.
سخنرانی او ایده های نژادپرستانه را زیر نقاب میهن پرستی ارائه می داد
They operated a drug-smuggling business under the guise of an employment agency.
It’s the same idea in a different guise.
The men who arrived in the guise of drug dealers were actually undercover police officers.
The company has been accused of trying to sell their products under the guise of market research.
تظاهر، وانمودسازی
masquerade /ˌmɑːskəˈreɪd,ˌmaskəˈreɪd/
She didn’t really love him, but she kept up the masquerade for the children’s sake.
او واقعا عاشقش نبود، اما به خاطر بچه‌ها به تظاهر ادامه داد.
They kept up the masquerade of being happily married for over thirty years
pretense
انحراف جنسی، گمراهی، ضلالت، تباهی (روحی و فکری)
perversion /pəˈvəːʃ(ə)n/
his strong sexual attraction for corpses was a kind of perversion
تحریف
perversion /pəˈvəːʃ(ə)n/
His testimony was clearly a perversion of the truth.
بیمار روانی
psychopath
They told him that a violent psychopath had escaped from the local mental institution.
آنها به او گفتند یک بیمار روانی خطرناک از آسایشگاه روانی محلی فرار کرده است
درد (مثل هنگامی که خار یا سوزن به بدن فرو می رود)
سوزن سوزن، گزگز
a slight pain you get when something sharp goes into your skin
prick
I didn’t feel the prick of the needle.
فعالیت / رفتار غیراخلاقی
activities, especially business or political, of a low moral standard
sleaze /sliːz/ :
The sleaze factor was the major reason for his electoral defeat.
سیر تا پیاز
from A to Z
I pull no punches with them. I told them the truth from A to Z.
من با انها تعارف ندارم. سیر تا پیاز حقیقت رو بهشون گفتم.
فریب ، کلاه برداری
swindle /ˈswɪndl/
The whole property development proposal was a swindle. They never intended to build anything
Fraud-squad officers are investigating a £ 6 million swindle.
هتاکی فحش، ناسزا
invective /ɪnˈvektɪv/ غیرقابل شمارش
The gesture infuriated him and he let out a stream of invective.
آن حرکت آنقدر او را عصبانی کرد که او موجی از ناسزا حواله او کرد.
abuse
swearing
جاذبه کشش، گیرایی
allure /əˈlʊr/ قابل شمارش
At 50, she had lost none of her sexual allure.
It held no allure for me
there is some magical allure or drawing-in effect here which is dangerous.
The city of New Orleans has a special allure, especially for devotees of jazz
غرور
conceit /kənˈsiːt/ Conceit prevents progress. غرور جلوی پیشرفت رو میگیره. You should first overcome your conceit. اول باید به غرورت غلبه کنی. His conceit has earned him many enemies. غرورش براش کلی دشمن درست کرده. He didn't acknowledge our greeting out of conceit. او از روی غرور جواب سلام ما را نداد.
تعصب
prejudice /ˈpredʒʊdəs/ Undue prejudice has blinded you. تعصب بیجا کورت کرده. Put aside your personal prejudices. تعصبات شخصی خود را کنار بگذارید.
مسائل بی اهمیت
trivialities /trɪviˈælɪtiz/
By bringing up trivialities you want to distract our attention from important issues.
با مطرح کردن مسائل بی اهمیت می خواهید توجه ما را از مسائل مهم منحرف کنید.
اخاذی باجگیری زورگیری
extortion
These prices verge more on extortion.
این قیمت‌ها بیشتر شبیه زورگیریه.
تهمت ، افترا
slander
These accusations verge more on slander.
این اتهامات بیشتر شبیه افتراست.
شکاف عمیق
abyss /əˈbɪs/
The world is on the brink of destruction because of the gaping abyss between the rich and the poor.
به خاطر شکاف در حال افزایش بین فقرا و ثروتمندان جهان در آستانه نابودی است.
The economic abyss between developed and undeveloped countries is widening.
They took a long look into the abyss before deciding whether to jump.
لب ، کنار ، حاشیه
brink
One more uncalculated step equals a fatal blow to our reputation. So don’t put us on the brink of a disaster.
یک گام محاسبه نشده دیگر برابر است با ضربه مهلکی به شهرت ما. پس ما را در آستانه فاجعه قرار ندهید.
I brought him back from the brink of a precipice with my timely warning.
با هشدار به موقعم او را از لبه‌ی پرتگاه برگرداندم.
He will go down in history as the leader who pulled us back from the brink (=saved us from disaster).
managers have taken their companies to the brink of disaster
They brought the economy to the brink of collapse.
آنها اقتصاد را به مرز فروپاشی رساندند.
Our company was on the brink of a precipice
شرکت ما در لبه‌ی پرتگاه بود
انقراض
extinction
animals hovering on the very brink of extinction
درگیری فکری، دغدغه، دل‌مشغولی ، مشغله ذهنی
preoccupation /priːˌɒkjəˈpeɪʃən/
The staggering prices have turned into a chief preoccupation for all strata of society.
قیمت های سرسام آور به یک دغدغه اصلی برای همه اقشار جامعه تبدیل شده است.
سود مالی
Monetary/financial gain
Monetary gain takes priority for them and it is not far from expectations to see them sacrifice everything in its pursuit.
سود مالی برای آنها اولویت دارد و دور از انتظار نیست که ببینیم همه چیز را فدای آن کنند.
It is regrettable to see what some people would do for financial gain. They show a complete disregard for humanity.
دیدن اینکه برخی افراد برای سود مالی چه کاری انجام می دهند، تاسف‌آور است. آنها برای انسانیت اصلا اهمیتی قائل نیستد.
الواطی، فسق و فجور،هرزگی، عیاشی، میگساری
debauchery /dɪˈbɔːʧəri/
He didn’t appreciate his father’s hard-earned gains and squandered them on debauchery.
او قدر دستاوردهای پدرش که به سختی به دست آورده بود را نداست و آنها را برای الواطی هدر داد.
کسادی
downturn /ˈdaʊntɜːrn/
Ever since we have handed the reins over to the youth, our business has begun to thrive and burgeon in the face of economic downturn
از زمانی که زمام امور را به جوانان داده‌ایم، کسب و کار ما علیرغم کسادی اقتصادی شروع به رونق و رشد کرده است.
سرگردانی ، دودلی، دوراهی
a difficult situation or problem, especially one in which you cannot decide what to do
quandary/ˈkwɒndəri $ ˈkwɑːn-/
Kate was in a quandary over whether to go or not.
I’ve had two job offers, and I’m in a real quandary about/over which one to accept
dilemma
از سرگیری
resumption /rɪˈzʌmpʃən/
The two sides have declined to comment on the resumption of negotiations so far.
دو طرف تاکنون از اظهار نظر درباره از سرگیری مذاکرات خودداری کرده اند.
