nouns Flashcards
a natural ability, such as the ability to see, hear, or think clearly
faculty /ˈfækəlti/ noun (plural faculties)
She is over eighty but still has all her faculties.
Is he in command/possession of all his faculties (= Can he still hear, speak, see and think clearly)?
a particular skill that someone has
faculty /ˈfækəlti/
She had a great faculty for picking up speech even in noisy environments
talent
a joke or remark that you make to annoy or criticize someone
dig (at)
They were having a little dig at her about the way she tells everybody else what to do.
He couldn’t resist a dig at the referee.
Here was a chance to have a dig at trade unionists
the reason for a particular problem or difficulty:
culprit
High production costs are the main culprit.
تعدیل نیرو
situation in which someone has to leave their job, because they are no longer needed Synonym : layoff
redundancy /rɪˈdʌndənsi/
The closure of the mine led to large-scale redundancies.
The case of your redundancy will be heard by an independent tribunal.
layoff
The recent economic crisis has led to massive layoffs.
پاورقی
a piece of additional information that is not very important but is interesting or helps you understand something
footnote (to)
There was an interesting footnote to the story.
تعطیل موقتی ، احاله بوقت دیگر
a temporary stopping of a trial, enquiry, or other meeting.
adjournment [ǝ’dʒǝ:nm(ǝ)nt]
The court ordered a four month adjournment.
تأخیر وقفه، تعلل، تعویق
the act of delaying an event happening or arranging for it to take place at a later time than originally planned.
postponement /pəus’tpəunmənt/
The postponement was due to a dispute over where the talks should be held.
They are calling for a further postponement of the election date.
The death of one of the candidates forced postponement of the voting until 1 June.
hold-up
Despite the odd hold-up, we finished on time
There was a long hold-up on the highway.
وقفه‌ای طولانی در بزرگراه وجود داشت [آن بزرگراه به‌شدت ترافیک بود].
the act of delaying or stopping sth for a while or until a decision is made about it.
suspension
He incurred a suspension on reduced pay
تعلیق از کار
removal from a job or position for a period of time or until a decision is made about them.
suspension
A four-day suspension was imposed on her
The athlete could face a lengthy period of suspension if found guilty.
a warning or piece of advice telling you to be careful
caution /ˈkɔːʃən $ ˈkɒː-/
Another caution will result in his automatic suspension from the final.
A final word of caution – never try any of this without backing up your system.
احتیاط
the quality of being very careful to avoid danger or risks
caution /ˈkɔːʃən $ ˈkɒː-/
Many parents are tempted to intervene, but most experts counsel caution
The utmost caution must be exercised when handling explosives.
The information should be treated with some caution
فروتنی ، تواضع
humility /hjuːˈmɪləti, hjuːˈmɪlɪti/
They might be very rich, but it wouldn’t hurt them to show a little humility.
آنها ممکن است خیلی ثروتمند باشند اما فکر نمی‌کنم کمی تواضع نشان دادن آزاری به آنها برساند.
احساس حقارت
humiliation /hjuːˌmɪliˈeɪʃən/
What really upset me was the humiliation of having to ask her for money.
He suffered the humiliation of defeat in the first round of the competition.
شوخ‌طبعی
humor /ˈhjuː.mər/
He has a great sense of humor.
او حس شوخ‌طبعی فوق‌العاده‌ای دارد.
I can’t stand people with no sense of humor.
نمی‌توانم آدم‌هایی که هیچ حس شوخ‌طبعی ندارند را تحمل کنم.
فکاهی نویس، طنزپرداز
humorist /ˈhjuːmərɪst/
خجالت
embarrassment /ɪmˈbær.ə.smənt/
I felt some embarrassment as we shook hands
The government wishes to avoid further embarrassment over the affair.
She blushed with embarrassment.
(صورت) او از خجالت سرخ شد.
Helen changed the subject to save me the embarrassment of replying.
could have died of embarrassment when I saw her standing behind me.
I still squirm(از ناراحتی پیچ و تاب خوردن) with embarrassment at the thought of it.
flush of embarrassment came to her cheeks.
Much to his embarrassment, Mike realized that a small crowd was watching him.
I could have died of embarrassment when I saw her standing behind me.
تپه ، برامدگی
a pile of earth or stones that looks like a small hill
mound /maʊnd/
There’s a mound of papers on my desk.
The waiter appeared with a huge mound of spaghetti.
دربدر ، خانه بدوش
someone who has no home and travels from place to place
vagabond /ˈvæɡəbɒnd $ -bɑːnd/
They live a vagabond life/existence, travelling around in a caravan.
tramp /træmp/
دسته ، گروه
lot
Could you help me carry this lot upstairs?
the whole of an amount or number of things, people etc
lot
We’ll do everything – cooking, washing, ironing – the lot.
I can’t believe you ate the whole lot.
I think that’s the lot (=everything is included).
محوطه ، قطعه زمین
an area of land used for building on or for another purpose:
lot
the vacant lot (=empty land) behind the Commercial Hotel
هشیاری (در برابر مستی)
sobriety /səˈbraɪəti/
John had periods of sobriety, but always went back to drinking.
قرعه
lot
In Athens at that time, judges were chosen by lot
the problems and difficulties of a situation
the rigors of something /ˈrɪɡə $ -ər/
all the rigors of a Canadian winter
the stresses and rigours of modern life
ذوق ، سلیقه
taste
While she was in France she developed a taste for fine wines
He asked about my taste in music.
Some people have really bad taste in clothes
مالکیت
the legal right to have or own something
title to
He has title to the land.
a strong desire to have or achieve something
aspiration /ˌæspəˈreɪʃən, ˌæspɪˈreɪʃən/
He has high aspirations and wants to improve his qualifications
a political party that fulfils the aspirations of the British people
aspirations towards starting his own business
مرخصی
leave of absence
سکوی پرتاب
an event or experience that helps you achieve something else:
stepping stone
I see this job just as a stepping stone to better things.
a very short distance
be a stone’s throw
The apartment is just a stone’s throw from the sea.
“Is your house far from here?” “No, it’s only a stone’s throw away.”
be on one’s doorstep
There’s a lovely park right on our doorstep.
an activity or situation that is annoying or unpleasant
bore
Ironing is such a bore.
It’s an awful bore cooking a meal every night.
It’s such a bore to have to write this out all over again.
کُرک
fluff
He was picking bits of fluff off his trousers.
توفیق اجباری
something that seems bad or unlucky at first, but results in something good happening later
a blessing in disguise
Losing that job was a blessing in disguise really.
پستوی ذهن
recesses of mind
fears hidden away in the darker recesses of her mind
تعطیل موقتی
recess /rɪˈses $ ˈriːses, rɪˈses/
Parliament is taking the Christmas recess a little early this year.
The decision cannot be made while the council is in recess
باز گردانی
the return of items stolen or lost
restitution /restəˈtjuːʃən, ˌrestɪˈtjuːʃən $ -ˈtuː-/
They are demanding the restitution of ancient treasures that were removed from the country in the 16th century
چروک صورت
a deep line on someone’s face caused by becoming old
wrinkle:
The manufacturers claim that the cream will reduce wrinkles.
Even with a few wrinkles, she still looks great.
پالایش
refinement /rɪˈfaɪn.mənt/
تصحیح
refinement /rɪˈfaɪn.mənt/
The technology requires a great deal of refinement
It is possible to add a few useful refinements to the basic system
a refinement on previous methods is necessary
ازدحام
swarm / swɔːrm/
Swarms of tourists jostled through the square
The dead sheep was covered with swarms of flies.
غضب
a feeling of great anger and shock
outrage /ˈaʊtreɪdʒ/
The news was greeted with outrage
Shopkeepers voiced their outrage at the new tax.
The guests all shouted in outrage
The response to the jury’s verdict was one of outrage
The announcement provoked howls of outrage.
apoplexy /ˈæp.ə.plek.si/
In a fit of apoplexy, he thumped the table with both hands.
the decision has aroused apoplexy among environmentalists
توهین ، هتک حرمت
a shocking, morally unacceptable, and usually violent action
outrage / ˈaʊtreɪdʒ/
It’s an outrage that so much public money should have been wasted in this way.
The new law on pensions is an outrage against the elderly
Much of the outrage was directed at foreign nationals.
Media reports generated moral outrage.
شگفتی ، حیرت
astonishment /əˈstɒnɪʃmənt $ əˈstɑː-/
She stared at him in astonishment.
She could not hide her astonishment
خشم - عصبانیت
indignation /ˌɪndɪɡˈneɪʃən/
Her indignation at such rough treatment was understandable.
The government expressed its indignation over the way the incident had been handled.
His voice sounded full of indignation.
Your indignation is righteous.عصبانیت شما بجاست.
He was quivering with indignation.
او داشت از عصبانیت می‌لرزید.
Your indignation at their treatment is understandable
عصبانیت شما از طرز برخورد آنها قابل درک است.
exasperation
The organization has expressed its exasperation with the government
he felt sheer exasperation at his failure
لک
stain
The glass fell off the table and a dark stain spread over the carpet
The coffee left a stain on his shirt
a close friend
pal /pæl/
We’ve been pals since we were at school
یارو
pal /pæl/
Look, pal, I don’t want you hanging around
اجداد - نیاکان
forefathers
جستجوی خوشبختی
the pursuit of happiness
مالک زمین ، ارباب
Esquire /ɪˈskwaɪəʳ $ ˈeskwaɪər ɪˈskwaɪər/
مشترک - آبونه شده
subscriber /səbˈskraɪ.bəʳ/ US /-bɚ/ :
Cable television companies have launched major campaigns to increase their number of subscribers.
حق اشتراک - آبونمان
an amount of money that you pay regularly to receive a product or service or to be a member of an organization
subscription /səbˈskrɪp.ʃən/ :
UK We bought our niece an annual subscription to the tennis club.
I decided to take out (= pay for) a subscription to a gardening magazine
تنبلی ، سستی
sloth /sləʊθ $ sloʊθ/
Workers could be punished for incompetence or sloth.
The report criticizes the government’s sloth in tackling environmental problems.
احتمال /امکان وقوع
the odds
The odds against a plane crash are around a million to one.
What are the odds (=how likely is it) that they will mess up?
prospect
I see no prospect of things improving here.
There is every prospect (=a strong possibility) of the weather remaining dry this week.
There are good prospects for growth in the retail sector.
There’s a real prospect that England will not qualify for the World Cup.
There’s a reasonable prospect that his debts will be paid
There is little prospect of any improvement in the weather
The prospect of bankruptcy galvanized him into liquidating his assets.
احتمال ورشکستگی او را به نقد کردن دارایی هایش واداشت.
ضریب شانس
the numbers that show how much money you will win if you bet on the winner of a horse race or other competition
odds of
At odds of 10–1 he bet a hundred pounds.
The odds on the outsider were 1-100
سختی ها - مصائب -مشقت‌ها
difficulties which make a good result seem very unlikely
odds
She struggled against terrible odds to overcome her illness.
The hospital’s director has been battling against the odds to improve patient care.
The soldiers’ job was to hold on despite impossible odds.
The film is a heart-warming tale of triumph against the odds
What are the odds on him being (= Do you think he will be) re-elected?
Trials /ˈtraɪəlz/
She was a sore trial to her family at times
the daily trials of living in a poor country
Tribulations /trɪbjəˈleɪʃənz/
the trials and tribulations of running a business
despite something seeming very unlikely
against all odds
Against all odds, he recovered from his illness.
خوشه – دسته
bunch
He had a bunch of keys on his belt.
There’s a whole bunch of places I want to visit
تجلیل، ستایش افتخار
the fame and public admiration that a person receives as a result of a particular achievement or position in society
kudos /ˈkjuːdɒs $ ˈkuːdɑːs/
Employees enjoy the kudos that the job brings as much as the financial rewards.
There was considerable kudos attached to being on the advisory board.
Being an actor has a certain amount of kudos attached to it.
افتخار زیادی ضمیمه این مقام است.
she was looking for kudos rather than profit.
او به جای سود به دنبال افتخار بود.
چپاول غارتگری
a situation in which an army goes through a place, destroying or stealing things and attacking people
sack
the sack of Rome in 1527
گونی ، کیسه
sack
We need about a sack of rice.
نعره
a loud shout
yell
Suddenly there was a loud/great yell from the bathroom.
حضانت - سرپرستی
custody
After the breakup, the parents were awarded joint custody
He is fighting a bitter custody battle for his children
I gonna take away the custody you have
The court will decide who will be given custody.
Allen is seeking custody of his two children
Their mother is likely to win custody
Henry has claimed custody of his son
دمدمی مزاجی ، دو سو گرایی
simultaneous conflicting feelings toward a person or thing
ambivalence /æm’bıvələns/
She felt a certain ambivalence towards him.
ambivalence about supporting the government
a race or competition that only one of the competitors has a real chance of winning
one-horse race :
This election has been a one-horse race right from the start.
حس امید به آینده
feelgood factor
تفسیر ، تعبیر
interpretation /ɪnˌtɜrprɪˈteɪʃən/
The dispute is based on two widely differing interpretations of the law.
مشاجره به خاطر دو تفسیر کاملا متفاوت از یک قانون است
نیروی ذهنی
a natural ability, such as the ability to see, hear, or think clearly
faculty /ˈfækəlti/
She is over eighty but still has all her faculties
He is not in full possession of all his mental faculties
استعداد
a natural ability to do something easily and well
faculty /ˈfækəlti/
Her faculty for picking up speech even in noisy environments is amazing
talent
facility (for)
She has an amazing facility for languages
She showed an amazing facility for mind-reading
He played with great facility.
تجلی، نمود، ظهور
manifestation /ˌ mænɪfəˈsteɪʃən /
These latest riots are a clear manifestation of growing discontent.
a job, especially one that does not last for a long time
gig
نگهداری مواظبت
maintenance /ˈmeɪnt.ən.əns/
Old houses require too much maintenance.
خانه های قدیمی به نگهداری زیادی نیاز دارند
ملک اربابی - خانه بزرگ
a big old house with a large area of land around it
manor /ˈmænə $ -ər/
روش ، طریقه
the way in which something is done or happens
manner /ˈmænə $ -ər/
He felt some guilt over the manner of her death.
I had hoped you would behave in a more responsible manner.
The issue will be resolved in a manner that is fair to both sides.
The matter should be submitted to the accounts committee in the usual manner.
claims must be settled in a professional and timely manner
رفتار
the way in which someone behaves towards or talks to other people
manner /ˈmænə $ -ər/
She has a calm relaxed manner.
Something in Beth’s manner towards him had changed
demeanor /dı’mi:nə/
He maintained a professional demeanor throughout.
از اول تا آخر رفتار حرفه ای اش را حفظ کرد.
conduct /ˈkɒndʌkt $ ˈkɑːn-/
The violent conduct by the strikers was condemned
The committee concluded that the senators had engaged in improper conduct
The minister was called to court to explain his conduct
رسوم ، عادات
the customs of a particular group of people
manners :
a book about the life and manners of Victorian London
آداب غذاخوری
table manners
Dad gave us a lecture about our table manners.
نوع
manner /ˈmænə $ -ər/
We would discuss all manner of subjects
What manner of son would treat his mother in such a way?
ادب
manners
Didn’t your parents teach you any manners?
I’m sorry, I was forgetting my manners. Can I offer you a drink?
He could at least have had the manners to answer my letter.
courtesy /ˈkɜrt̬.ə.si/
He didn’t even have the courtesy to call and say he couldn’t come.
The hotel staff must treat guests with courtesy at all times.
کارکنان هتل باید همیشه با مهمانان با ادب و احترام رفتار کنند.
It’s a matter of common courtesy to acknowledge letters
Please have the courtesy to hear me out.
لطفا ادب داشته باش و بذار حرفم تموم بشه.
منبع الهام
muse
The muse has left me - I haven’t written any poetry for months!
Juliet was not only the painter’s best model but also his muse.
چاپلوسی پاچه‌خواری
ass-licking /ˈæslˈɪkɪŋ/
Enough with the ass-licking—just tell me what you really think.
چاپلوسی را تمام کن؛ نظر واقعی‌ات را بهم بگو.
sycophancy /ˈsɪkəfənsi/
Your compliment verges more on sycophancy.
تعریف شما بیشتر شبیه چاپلوسیه.
servility /sɜːˈvɪl.ɪ.ti/ US /sɝːˈvɪl.ə.ţi/
She found the servility of the hotel staff embarrassing.
خار در چشم - موی دماغ
pain in the neck
.The customer is a pain in the neck. He is always complaining about something.
. آن مشتری مثل خار در چشم می‌ماند. همیشه درباره چیزی اعتراض دارد.
مرخصی
leave of absence
سکوی پرتاب
an event or experience that helps you achieve something else:
stepping stone
I see this job just as a stepping stone to better things.
دفعه آخر
last straw
وحشیگری ، ددمنشی
ferocity /fəɹˈɑːsɪti/
It attacks its prey with great ferocity
Detectives were shocked by the ferocity of the attack
قوانین ضد جرم
crime-busting laws
سان و رژه
parade /pəˈreɪd/
The police held an identity parade
The soldiers will be on parade tomorrow
The president reviewed the military parade
خودشیفتگی
vanity . [‘vanɪti]
Men who use steroids are often motivated by sheer vanity.
همدردی ، تسلیت ، اظهار تاسف
condolence /kənˈdəʊləns $ -ˈdoʊ-/
On behalf of all who know, we offer our sincere condolences
He expressed his condolences to Kermit
Edward’s parents sent their condolences
تخمین / حدس سرانگشتی
scientific wild-ass guess
a king or queen
monarch /ˈmɒnək $ ˈmɑːnərk, -ɑːrk/
The monarch died before he could name an heir to the throne.
پادشاه قبل از آنکه بتواند جانشینی برای تاج و تخت خود مشخص کند، درگذشت.
ظرافت ، نکته بینی ، دقت ، زیرکی
finesse /fəˈnes, fɪˈnes/
It was a disappointing performance that lacked finesse.
delicacy /ˈdelɪkəsi/
He carried out his duties with great delicacy and understanding
Perspicacity [pǝ:spɪ’kasɪti]
the perspicacity of her remarks baffled me.
فراست اظهارات او مرا مبهوت کرد.
جان کنی ، کارپرزحمت
drudgery /ˈdrʌdʒəri/
Women are rebelling against domestic drudgery.
اعجوبه ، شگفتی ، نابغه
a young person who has a great natural ability in a subject or skill
prodigy /ˈprɒdɪdʒi $ ˈprɑː-/
The 16-year-old tennis prodigy is the youngest player ever to reach the Olympic finals.
genius
عملیات تخریبی ، خرابکاری عمدی
sabotage /ˈsæbətɑːʒ/
Angry workers were responsible for the sabotage of the machines.
دنیای مردسالار
male-dominated world
بلوغ زودرس
early maturity, premature development
precociousness /prɪˈkəʊ.ʃəs.nəs/ US /prəˈkoʊ.ʃəs.nəs/
His parents had recognized his musical precociousness.
غرامت ، جبران
recompense /ˈrekəmpens/
He was given £1,000 in recompense for his loss
Substantial damages were paid in recompense
financial recompense for the victims of violence
اجبار ، اضطرار
compulsion /kəmˈpʌlʃən/
Owners are under no compulsion to sell their land.
وسواس
a strong and unreasonable desire to do something
compulsion /kəmˈpʌlʃən/
Leith felt an overwhelming compulsion to tell him the truth.
He felt an inner compulsion to write.
وحی ، الهام
revelation /ˌrevəˈleɪʃən/
A sudden flash of revelation came to him
His acting ability was a revelation to us all.
He claimed to know these things by divine revelation.
A sudden flash of revelation came to him
To many younger members of her audience, these performances must have come as a revelation.
اشکار سازی ، افشاء
revelation /ˌrevəˈleɪʃən/
He resigned after revelations about his affair.
The embarrassing revelations came just hours before he was to make his speech.
The demonstration proved something of a revelation for our teachers.
نارضایتی ، ناخشنودی
a feeling of being unhappy and not satisfied with the situation you are in
discontent /ˌdɪskənˈtent
There is widespread discontent at the quality of education
There were reports of growing discontent within the army
Public discontent with the economy remained at a high level.
Overcrowded conditions fueled discontent and facilitated the spread of radical ideas
The higher tax provoked widespread discontent among the poor.
آه ، افسوس
sigh
She let out a sigh of impatience
There was an audible sigh of relief when the news came through that nobody was hurt.
رضایت ، خرسندی
the state of being happy and satisfied
contentment /kənˈtentmənt/
He gazed out to sea, with a feeling of deep contentment
They finally found contentment in living a simple life
وجد ، حظ یاخوشی زیاد
a feeling of extreme happiness
ecstasy /ˈekstəsi/
I was in sheer ecstasy over the prospect of meeting my idol.
She was in an ecstasy of love.
Kate closed her eyes in ecstasy at the thought of a cold drink.
euphoria /juːˈfɔːriə / از نوع زودگذر
The news sparked a wave of euphoria across the country
the euphoria we all felt when they were finally defeated
All the euphoria about the ‘new methods’ soon faded.
By then, the euphoria over the fall of the Berlin Wall had evaporated
تماشاگر
onlooker /ˈɒnˌlʊkə /
A crowd of onlookers had gathered at the scene of the accident
در ارتباط با، با توجه به
with reference to
in reference to
“I assume this to be in reference to an incident that occurred in mid 2003”
in relation to
as regards.
چاپلوسی ، تملق ، مفت خوری ، کاسه لیسی
sycophancy /ˈsɪk.ə.fən.si/ US /ˈsɪk.ə.fən.si/
The cozy sycophancy toward Smith was unbearable.
تمایل طبیعی به چیز بد
a tendency to behave in a particular way, or to like a particular thing – used especially about something bad
proclivity to/towards/for /prəˈklɪvəti, prəˈklɪvɪti $ proʊ-/
The child showed no proclivity towards aggression.
مسئله کوچک و جزئی
trifle /ˈtraɪfəl/
There’s no point in arguing over trifles.
allowance
His father gives him a monthly allowance of £200.
allowance
His father gives him a monthly allowance of £200.
ارامش ، اسودگی ، اسایش خاطر
tranquility /trænk’wılətı/
I love the tranquility of the lakes.
I do not want to rupture the tranquility of my life.
نمی خوام آرامش زندگیم و به هم بریزم
I feel a terrible longing for a modicum of tranquility.
دلم برای ذره‌ای آرامش بد جوری لک زده.
serenity /səˈren.ɪ.ti/ US /-ə.ţi/
Her face had an expression of absolute serenity.
She was able to face death with serenity.
شگفتی ، حیرت ، حیرانی
astonishment /əˈstɑn.ɪʃ.mənt/
She stared at him in astonishment.
To my astonishment, the car was gone.
bewilderment /bɪˈwɪldəmənt $ -dər-/
She looked at him in bewilderment
نجاست ، مدفوع ، پس مانده ، فضله
excrement /ˈekskrəmənt, ˈekskrɪmənt/
It smelled of damp mold and rat excrement
stool /stuːl/
He told the doctor he had been passing bloody stools.
حبوبات
legumes /ˈleɡjuːm, lɪˈɡjuːm/
اخلاق ورزشی
behaviour that is fair, honest, and polite in a game or sports competition
sportsmanship
We try to teach the kids good sportsmanship.
تمایل ، گرایش
a tendency or willingness to behave in a particular way
disposition /ˌdɪspəˈzɪʃən/
Neither side shows the slightest disposition to compromise.
Most children have a disposition towards obedience
inclination/ˌɪŋkləˈneɪʃən, ˌɪŋklɪˈneɪʃən/
Neither of my children showed the slightest inclination to follow me into journalism
In matters of dress she followed her personal inclinations rather than fashion
He is a teacher by occupation but a philosopher by inclination.
She has no inclination towards mysticism
tendency
Human beings have an innate tendency towards having a tranquil life.
انسانها به طور ذاتی به داشتن یک زندگی آرام تمایل دارند.
خلق و خو ، مزاج
disposition /ˌdɪspəˈzɪʃən/
The film is not suitable for people of a nervous disposition
temperament /ˈtempərəmənt/
قلمرو ، حوزه ، حیطه
an area of activity, interest, or knowledge, especially one that a particular person, organization etc deals with
domain /dəˈmeɪn, dəʊ- $ də-, doʊ-/
These documents are in the public domain (= available to everybody).
کار/هنر دستی
a job or activity in which you make things with your hands, and that you usually need skill to do
craft
The men practised various traditional crafts, such as carving toys
حضور در همه جا در یک وقت
the fact that something or someone seems to be everywhere
ubiquity /ju’bıkwıtı/:
the ubiquity of fast-food outlets
قدرت مطلق
omnipotence /ɔm’nıpətəns/
He doesn’t believe in the omnipotence of science.
حس ششم
gut feeling
I had a gut feeling that she was ditching me
حس ششمم بهم می گفت داره منو می پیچونه
حرف آخر ختم کلام
the most important aspect of something.
bottom line
You have all made compelling arguments, but the bottom line is that we need a viable, cost-effective solution, and I still don’t think we’ve found one yet.
قرون آخر تتمه پول
bottom dollar /ˈbɑtəm ˈdɑlər/
He spent his bottom dollar on some new clothes to wear for his job interview.
او قرون آخر پولش را خرج خریدن لباس جدیدی کرد تا در مصاحبه اش بپوشد.
خرناس ، خرخر
snort
He gave a loud snort
There were snorts of laughter from the audience.
She let out a loud snort of laughter.
درز ، ترک
flaw /flɔː $ flɒː/
Unfortunately, this plate has a slight flaw in it.
ایراد نقص
a mistake, mark, or weakness that makes something imperfect
flaw /flɔː $ flɒː/
It took me a long time to find the flaw in her logic
Engineers have identified serious design flaws in the proposed nuclear waste dump.
The markets have exposed the fatal flaw in the government’s economic policy.
Flaws have appeared in the new version of the software.
رد - اثر
a mark left by pressing something into a soft surface
impression
If you want to create the right impression, I suggest you wear a suit.
The day’s events left a lasting impression on them
Some of the fallen trees had left a clear impression in the hardened mud.
نظر تصور، برداشت
the opinion or feeling you have about someone or something
impression
I got the impression that she wasn’t very happy with her job.
What was your impression of Roger?
I don’t usually trust first impressions.
من معمولاً به برداشت‌های اول اعتماد نمی‌کنم.
The village gives a good impression of what a medieval city would have looked like.
The book leaves you with a distorted impression of politics.
It was difficult to avoid the impression that he was assisting them for selfish reasons.
I must correct a false impression that I gave you just now
She recorded her impressions of the city in her diary.
notion
Aristotle rejected the notion that the body and the soul are separate.
The research reinforces the notion (=make an idea stronger or easier to believe) that fathers have an important role in their children’s lives
Probably 95% of scientists now accept the notion that human activity is causing climate change
There is no evidence to support the notion that girls are treated better than boys in school.
misguided notions of male superiority
There seems to be a general notion that nothing can be done about the problem
The traditional notion of marriage goes back thousands of years.
پیمانه ، معیار
something that you compare another thing with, in order to judge how good or successful it is
yardstick
Profit is the most important yardstick of success for any business
The new test provides a yardstick against which to measure children’s learning.
We don’t have a common yardstick by which to compare the two cases.
وحی
divine revelation
He claimed to know these things by divine revelation.
چاپلوسی - تملق
blandishment
Despite the salesperson’s blandishments, Donna did not buy the car.
علی رغم چاپلوسی های فروشنده، “دانا” آن اتومبیل را نخرید.
I’m impervious to blandishment
چرب زبونی روی من اثر نداره
flattery
Salespeople are often accused of using artificial flattery.
smooth talk
همدردی ، حس ترحم
sympathy for a person or animal who is suffering or unhappy
pity
I listened to Jason’s story with pity.
I hated the thought of being an object of pity (=someone who other people feel sorry for).
جذابیت ، فریبندگی ، دلربایی
charm
She turned on the charm (=used her charm) to all the men.
The room had no windows and all the charm of a prison cell (=used to say that something has no charm).
عشوه گری ، دلبری ، طنازی ، غمزه ، کرشمه
coquetry /ˈkɒkətri, ˈkɒkɪtri $ ˈkoʊ-/
Claudio was easily caught in her web of coquetry and lies.
علاقه ، انس
fondness
I’ve always had a certain fondness for her
عزت نفس
the opinion that you have about yourself
ego /ˈiːɡoʊ/
I have enough ego not to want to give up easily in any contest.
. من به میزان کافی عزت نفس دارم که نخواهم در هیچ مسابقه‌ای تسلیم شوم.
That promotion really boosted her ego (=made her feel better about herself).
I need someone to massage my bruised ego (=when you feel less confident than before).
self-esteem
They are beginning to regain their confidence and self-esteem.
آنها دارند دوباره اعتمادبه‌نفس و عزت‌نفس خود را به‌دست می‌آورند.
someone’s opinion about a situation or idea
sb’s take (on something) :
What’s your take on this issue?
تمسخر استهزاء
mockery /ˈmɒkəri $ ˈmɑː-/
There was a hint of mockery in his voice.
مضحکه
something that is completely useless or ineffective
mockery /ˈmɒkəri $ ˈmɑː-/
She said that the trial had been a mockery.
تفسیر
a set of written remarks on an event, book or person which explains its subject or expresses an opinion on it:
commentary /ˈkɒməntəri $ ˈkɑːmənteri/
The novel provides a powerful social commentary on post-war Germany.
There’s a good arts coverage in the newspaper, but not much political commentary.
گزارش رویداد
a spoken description of an event, given while the event is happening, especially on the television or radio
commentary /ˈkɒməntəri $ ˈkɑːmənteri/
BBC1 will give a live commentary on the election results
The commentary on the Olympic games was much better on the other channel.
The helicopter was providing a running commentary(=a continuous description of something) to the police control room
Attenborough kept up a running commentary on the animals’ movements
سخن بی پایه و اساس
something someone says that you think is completely wrong or untrue
crap
You don’t believe all that crap, do you?
That’s a bunch/pile of crap! I never said that.
He came out with a load of crap about how he’d tried to call me yesterday.
I’m tired of you giving me crap (=saying bad things) about my long hair.
rubbish
چیز مزخرف و آشغال و بی‌ارزش
something that is very bad or is of bad quality
crap
They sell a lot of stuff cheap, but most of it is crap.
The game was a load of crap.
What is all this crap doing on my desk?
rubbish
وثیقه ، ضمانت
bail
She was murdered by a man who was out on bail for rape.
He is not likely to be granted bail.
Carter has been refused bail and will remain in custody.
The judge ordered that Jones be held without bail.
Two of the defendants jumped bail (= not return for your trial after bail has been granted)
and fled to New York.
Bail was set at $30,000.
She has been granted conditional bail
.Can anyone put up bail for you?
کسی می‌تواند برایت وثیقه بگذارد؟
She was released on £2,000 bail.
او با وثیقه 2000 پوندی آزاد شد.
The judge refused bail.
قاضی وثیقه را قبول نکرد.
هرج و مرج ، اغتشاش ، شلوغی
riot /ˈraɪət/
His murder triggered vicious race riots
hurly-burly
commotion /kəˈməʊʃən $ -ˈmoʊ-/
They heard a commotion downstairs.
Everyone looked to see what was causing the commotion
The people upstairs were making a great commotion.
The dogs set up a terrible commotion as we came near the house.
babel /ˈbeɪbəl / [singular, uncountable]
a babel of conflicting opinions
How do you expect me to hear what you are saying in such a babel?
چطور انتظار داری بشنوم چی می گی وقتی همه دارن حرف می زنن؟
مصالحه سازش
compromise /ˈkɑm.prəˌmɑɪz/
It is hoped that a compromise will be reached in today’s talks.
امید است که در مذاکرات امروز، به مصالحه‌ای رسیده شود.
You’ve both got to be willing to make compromises.
هر دوی شما باید مایل به انجام مصالحاتی باشید.
They’re still trying to work out an acceptable compromise.
It is best to try to seek a compromise rather than a perfect solution
زاپاس ، یدکی
spare
The batteries are dead. Have you got any spares?
Bring a towel and some spare clothes
We’ve got a spare room if you want to stay overnight.
اگر می‌خواهی شب را بمانی ما یک اتاق اضافی داریم.
هذیان ، پرت گویی
delusion /dɪˈluːʒən/
He had no delusions about his feelings for Kate
delirium /dɪˈlɪriəm/
He mumbled in delirium all night.
تمام شب و هذیان گفت.
زجر ، شکنجه
persecution /ˌpɜːrsɪˈkjuːʃn/
torment /ˈtɔrˌmɛnt/
She suffered years of mental torment after her son’s death.
او سالها بعد از مرگ پسرش از آزار روحی رنج برد.
The illustrations in our history text show the torments suffered by the victims of the French Revolution.
تصاویر کتاب تاریخ ما شکنجه‌هایی را که قربانیان انقلاب فرانسه کشیده بودند نشان می‌دهد.
a belief that you are more important than you actually are
delusions of grandeur
Don’t go getting delusions of grandeur.
a very small piece of dry food, especially bread or cake
crumb /krʌm/
She stood up to brush the crumbs off her uniform
(عمل) ترساندن ارعاب
intimidation /ɪnˌtɪm.əˈdeɪ.ʃən/
She had endured years of intimidation and violence.
The campaign of violence and intimidation against them intensifies daily.
As the election approaches, it will be difficult to prevent voter intimidation and fraud.
نماد تمثیل مظهر
the best possible example of something
emblem /ˈembləm/
The national emblem of Canada is a maple leaf.
Expensive cars are seen as an emblem of success.
embodiment /ɪmˈbɑːdimənt/
He is the embodiment of the young successful businessman
This house was the very embodiment of sleazy discomfort
epitome /ɪˈpɪtəmi/ :
She looked the epitome of elegance.
He was the very epitome of evil.
آذوقه خواربار
provisions /prəˈvɪʒənz/
He made provisions for his wife and his children in his will.
قید ، بند ، ماده
a condition in an agreement or law
provision /prəˈvɪʒən/
The agreement includes a provision for each side to check the other side’s weapons.
Under the provisions of the Act, employers must supply safety equipment.
The same provisions apply to foreign-owned companies.
They had made all kinds of provisions against bad weather.
The Act contains detailed provisions for appeal against the court’s decision.
proviso /prəˈvaɪzəʊ $ -zoʊ
The money was given to the museum with the proviso that it is spent on operating costs
He was released from prison with/on the proviso that he doesn’t leave the country.
تحریک برانگیزش
provocation /ˌprɒvəˈkeɪʃən $ ˌprɑː-/
She claims that Graham attacked her without any provocation.
He was accused of deliberate provocation.
شناسایی
reconnaissance /rɪˈkɒnəsəns, rɪˈkɒnɪsəns $ rɪˈkɑː-/
Reconnaissance revealed not a single large ship
Aerial reconnaissance of the enemy position showed they were ready to attack.
مایه مباهات/افتخار
something that you like telling people because you are proud of it
boast /bəʊst $ boʊst/
It is the company’s proud boast that it can deal with all a customer’s needs in one phone call.
Philip’s boast is that he started out without any outside financial backing.
‘Making knowledge work’ is the university’s phrase, and it is no idle boast (=not a boast, but true).
لاف‌زن
boaster /bˈoʊstɚ/
braggart /ˈbræɡət $ -ərt/
نور امید
beacon of hope /ˈbiːkən/
The education program offers a beacon of hope to these children
عاشق دل‌خسته/شکست‌خورده
lovelorn
تجاوز یا حمله
the crime of physically attacking someone
assault /əˈsɔːlt $ əˈsɒːlt/
He was jailed for sexual assaults on women
Several soldiers have been charged with assault
He ended up in court charged with assault
He’s in jail on an assault charge.
She admitted to committing the assault
The lawyer claimed she was drunk when she suffered the assault.
تهاجم
a military attack to take control of a place controlled by the enemy
assault /əˈsɔːlt $ əˈsɒːlt/
The refugee camp came under assault again last night.
After an all-out assault the village was captured by the enemy.
The garrison was built to withstand assaults
The factory came under assault from soldiers in the mountains
Enemy troops launched an assault on the town.
جدال لفظی
verbal assault
He launched into a verbal assault on tabloid journalism.
نام مستعار
alias /ˈeɪliəs/
After her escape from prison, Claire Potter adopted the alias Margaret Smith.
Five years ago he had lived in France under an alias.
سازش پذیری ، سازگاری ، مطابقت
compatibility /kəmˌpætəˈbɪləti, kəmˌpætɪˈbɪləti/
When horses are put together in paddocks, they need to be carefully chosen for their mutual compatibility.
a bunch of hair, feathers, grass etc growing or held closely together at their base
tuft
He had a few tufts of hair on his chin, but you could hardly call it a beard
به هر روش ممکن
by any possible means.
by hook or by crook
The police are going to get these guys, by hook or by crook.
خارج قسمت ، نسبت
a particular degree or amount of something:
quotient /ˈkwoʊʃənt/
This is a car with a high head-turning quotient
بهره هوشی
intelligence quotient /ˈkwoʊʃənt/
For every day I stayed in Rochester, my intelligence quotient dropped another ten points
لذت گناه‌آلود
something pleasurable that induces a usually minor feeling of guilt
Guilty Pleasure
an attempt or guess that has only the slightest chance of succeeding or being accurate.
“it’s a long shot, but well worth trying”
a long shot
“it’s a long shot, but well worth trying”
عوارض مالیات
excise /ˈeksaɪz/ غیرقابل شمارش
.The excise on beer was increased under the last government.
مالیات بر آبجو در دولت گذشته افزایش پیدا کرده بود.
levy
اواخواهر
transvestite
جنده
hooker /ˈhʊkə $ -ər/
prostitute
مستأجر اجاره‌نشین
tenant /ˈtɛnənt/
اجاره‌نشینی
tenancy /ˈtenənsi/
The land was held on a yearly tenancy.
The club occupies the land under a protected tenancy.
اصرار ، سرسختی
tenacity /tə’næsıtı/ غیرقابل شمارش
She succeeded by virtue of her tenacity rather than her talent.
او بیش از استعدادش به دلیل سرسختی و موفقیت خود موفق شد.
Insistence /ɪnˈsɪstəns/(noun)
What is with the insistence?
اصرار برای چیه؟
I can’t make out the reason for his insistence.
دلیل اصرارش رو نمی‌فهمم.
Your insistence is in vain. I never change my mind once it is made up.
اصرارت بی‌فایده است. من وقتی تصمیمم رو بگیرم هرگز عوضش نمی‌کنم.
پشتکار ، استقامت ، ثبات قدم
perseverance /ˌpɜːsəˈvɪərəns, $ ˌpɜːrsəˈvɪr-/
His perseverance with the new technique paid off.
It may take some perseverance to find the right people
He showed great perseverance by staying in the job.
It took perseverance to overcome his reading problems.
قدرت نفوذ (در امری)
influence that you can use to make people do what you want
leverage /ˈlevərɪdʒ/
They are determined to gain more political leverage
Retailers can exert leverage over producers by threatening to take their business elsewhere.
خرده فروش ها می تواند با تهدید بر بردن کسب و کارشان به جایی دیگر بر تولید کنندگان اعمال فشار می کنند.
شناوری
levitation
سبک سری ، لوسی
lack of respect or seriousness when you are dealing with something serious
levity /ˈlevəti/
She would tolerate no levity in the classroom.
بی نزاکتی - بی ادبی
behaviour that is a social mistake or is not polite
solecism /ˈsɒl.ɪ.sɪ.zəm/ US /ˈsɑː.lə-/
She commits a lot of solecisms.
روال - رویه
precedent /ˈpresədənt, ˈpresɪdənt/
If we allow this once, it will create a precedent.
The decision is important as it could set a legal precedent for other similar cases.
UN involvement in the country’s affairs would set a dangerous precedent
This case could serve as a precedent for others against the tobacco companies.
This lowering of standards sets a dangerous precedent for future developments.
The achievements of this period were without precedent in history
سابقه - پیشینه -
something of the same type that has happened or existed before
precedent /ˈpresədənt, ˈpresɪdənt/
Such protests are without precedent in recent history
There’s not much precedent for men taking leave when their baby is born.
An epidemic on this scale is without precedent
The achievements of this period were without precedent in history
احتیاط پیشگیری
precaution /priˈkɔʃən/ قابل شمارش
Save your work often as a precaution against computer failure.
محض احتیاط
just in case
I’m going to take my umbrella just in case
as a precaution /priˈkɔʃən/
The traffic barriers were put there as a safety precaution
از قلم افتادگی ، حذف
omission /əˈmɪʃn/
The play was shortened by the omission of two scenes
The omission of her name was not a deliberate act.
بی مبالاتی ، سهل انگاری ، اهمال ، فراموشکاری ، غفلت
omission /əˈmɪʃn/
The accident was not caused by any act or omission of the transport company.
Several offences such as manslaughter may be committed by omission.
negligence /ˈneɡlɪdʒəns/
*His death was brought about by negligence on the doctor’s part
*The court made a finding of contributory negligence
*damage to company property through negligence
*The solicitor was accused of professional negligence.
The bridge’s architect was sued for criminal negligence.
oversight
An oversight caused me to be late paying the bill.
یک غفلت باعث شد تا من دیر صورت حساب را پرداخت کنم.
I assure you that this was purely an oversight on my part.
By an oversight, we did not send out the agenda for the meeting.
The mistake was due to an unfortunate oversight on my part.
Through oversight, the bill was still unpaid
متصدی عهده‌‌دار
incumbent /ɪnˈkʌmbənt/
.The present incumbent will soon be retiring.
متصدی کنونی به‌زودی بازنشسته خواهد شد.
یورش، تهاجم (ناگهانی)
a sudden attack
incursion /ɪnˈkɜrʒən/
The media was criticized for its thoughtless incursion into the domestic grief of the family.
بی شرمی ، گستاخی
indecency /ɪnˈdiːsənsi/ (plural indecencies)
They were found guilty of acts of gross indecency.
تردید - دودلی
indecision ˌ/ɪndɪˈsɪʒən/
There is a great deal of indecision about/over how to tackle the problem.
Irresolution /ɪˌrez.əlˈuː.ʃən/
She eventually beat her opponent in a match that revealed irresolution in both players.
Introducing the new plot-line at the end leaves the film with a sense of irresolution.
hesitancy /ˈhezətənsi, ˈhezɪtənsi/
She answered effortlessly, fluently, without hesitancy, aided by her innate gift for words
انرژی توان
vigor /ˈvɪgər/ غیرقابل شمارش
Having a great deal of vigor, Jason was able to excel in all sports.
“جیسون” که انرژی بالایی داشت توانست در تمام ورزش‌ها عالی کار کند.
.Putting all her vigor into the argument, Patsy persuaded me to let her drive.
“پتسی” با گذاشتن تمام توانش در بحث من را قانع کرد که بگذارم او رانندگی کند.
زورگیر
someone who attacks people in a public place and robs them
mugger /ˈmʌɡər/
Watch out for muggers, especially at night.
حواست به زورگیرها باشد، بخصوص در شب.
زورگیری
mugging /ˈmʌɡɪŋ/
Mugging is on the increase.
زورگیری رو به افزایش است.
Murders, kidnaps and muggings are reported daily in the newspapers.
قتل، آدم ربایی و زورگیری روزانه در روزنامه‌ها گزارش می‌شود.
There have been several muggings here recently.
اینجا اخیرا چندین مورد زورگیری رخ داده است.
ضرب و شتم
assault and battery /əˈsɔlt ænd ˈbætəri/ غیرقابل شمارش
He was found guilty of assault and battery.
او متهم به ضرب و شتم شد.
پیمانه ، معیار
something that you compare another thing with, in order to judge how good or successful it is
yardstick
Profit is the most important yardstick of success for any business
The new test provides a yardstick against which to measure children’s learning.
We don’t have a common yardstick by which to compare the two cases.
فلات
plateau /ˈplætəʊ $ plæˈtoʊ/
(plural plateaus or plateaux /-təʊz $ -ˈtoʊz/)
A terrible storm swept across the plateau.
آلت دست - بازیچه (دیگران) - دست نشانده
pawn /pɔːn $ pɒːn/
They became pawns in the political battle
puppet /ˈpʌpɪt/
The government is in danger of becoming a mere puppet of the military
The king was a mere puppet of the mayor
گرو- وثیقه
pawn /pɔːn $ pɒːn/
Of all items pawned, jewelry is the most common.
کارشناس متخصص، خبره
an expert on food, art, literature, or design, who has had a lot of experience and knows when something is of very good quality
connoisseur /ˌkɒnəˈsɜː $ ˌkɑːnəˈsɜːr/ :
He was a connoisseur of fine wines.
His works are popular among connoisseurs.
بی‌ملاحظگی بی‌مبالاتی
indiscretion /ˌɪn.dɪˈskreʃ.ən/
Jones was censured for indiscretion in leaking a secret report to the press
Earl describes his past links with the racist group as a youthful indiscretion.
rumours of the former president’s sexual indiscretion
اختیار ، آزادی عمل
the ability and right to decide exactly what should be done in a particular situation
mandate /mænˈdeɪt/
The President was elected with a clear mandate to tackle violent crime.
Sometimes a President thinks he has more of a mandate than he really does
discretion /dɪˈskreʃən/
You can do whatever you want at your discretion!
میتونی با صلاحدید خودت ، هرکاری که میخوای بکنی!
At my discretion , I decided to ignore him!
طبق صلاحدید خودم ، تصمیم گرفتم که نادیده بگیرمش
You can alter the details of the plan at your own discretion.
شما می‌توانید به صلاحدید خودتان جزئیات برنامه را عوض کنید.
Promotions are left to the discretion of the supervisor.
‘Do you want me to do the job myself or hire a photographer?’ ‘I leave it to your discretion.’
The awards are made at the discretion of the committee.
The committee has the absolute discretion to refuse applications
We have no discretion over how to spend the money.
ما هیج اختیاری در خصوص نحوه‌ی صرف پول نداریم.
People want to have more discretion over their working hours
بصیرت ، احتیاط ملاحظه
the ability to deal with situations in a way that does not offend, upset, or embarrass people or tell any of their secrets
discretion /dɪˈskreʃən/
British newspapers no longer feel they must treat the royal family with discretion
circumspection /ˌsɝː.kəmˈspek.ʃən/
This is a very sensitive case requiring extreme circumspection.
رازداری
discretion /dɪˈskreʃən/
This is confidential, but I know that I can rely on your discretion
This case calls for the utmost discretion
تیزبینی و ظرافت
a small but important detail
subtlety /ˈsʌt̬.əl.t̬i/
Some of the subtleties of the language are lost in translation
His understanding of light brings great subtlety to his photographs
She dances with great subtlety
She was too young to grasp the subtleties of the film
زیرکی ، فراست
perspicacity . [pǝ:spɪ’kasɪti]
only a person of perspicacity can discern this difference
فقط یک فرد زیرک میتونه تفاوت رو تشخیص بده
This project should be put in the hands of a person of great perspicacity.
معضل ، گیر و گور
a problem or difficulty that you must deal with before you can achieve something
hurdle /ˈhɜːdl $ ˈhɜːr-/
This is perhaps the most difficult hurdle that we face
You have already overcome the first major hurdle by passing the entrance exam.
The plan fell at the first hurdle.
obstacle
حاضر جوابی
repartee /ˌrepɑːˈtiː $ ˌrepərˈtiː/
Nobody can hold a candle to her in repartee
تو حاضر جوابی هیچ کسی به گرد پاش نمی رسه
قاصد - نویدبخش
a sign that something is going to happen soon
Harbinger
that’s a harbinger of good days to come
آن نویدبخش روزهای خوب آینده است
This news is a harbinger of terrible days to come
عضو طبقه متوسط جامعه ، طبقه کاسب ودکاندار
bourgeois /ˈbʊəʒwɑː $ bʊrˈʒwɑː/
She came from a bourgeois family.
middle-class
شیوایی ، فصاحت
Eloquence /’eləkwəns/
I want to be the beau ideal of eloquence in English
حد نهایی - کمال مطلوب
beau ideal [bǝʊ ʌɪ’dɪǝl]
he is the beau ideal of a high-ranking army officer.
برگه تقلب
crib note
Be careful not to get caught using your crib notes.
صندوق ، خزانه وجوه
coffer /ˈkɒfə $ ˈkɒːfər, ˈkɑː-/
these funds go straight into the coffers of the church
این پولها مستقیم میره توی جیب کلیسا
these policies swell the coffers of the rich
این سیاست ها باعث پرشدن جیب ثروتمندها میشه
The government’s coffers are empty.
خزانه دولت خالیه
اعصاب پولادین
nerves of steel
بهانه
something you do or say in order to avoid doing or accepting something
cop-out
She always thought that having a family instead of a career was a cop-out.
plea :
He refused the appointment on a plea of illness.
pretext /ˈpriːtekst/
Lacking sufficient experience and being error-prone are the pretexts on which officials refuse to hand the reins over to the youth.
نداشتن تجربه کافی و مستعد خطا بودن بهانه هایی است که مسئولان با آنها از سپردن زمام امور به جوانان خودداری می کنند.
خارش
itch /ɪʧ/ قابل شمارش
I’ve got an itch on the back of my neck.
I have an itch on my back.
خارشی روی کمرم دارم [کمرم خارش می‌کند].
The dog was scratching at an itch behind its left ear.
تمایل/گرایش شدید
a strong desire to do or have something
itch
an itch for adventure
خراش
scratch
There were deep scratches all over her face.
Don’t worry, it’s only a scratch (=not a serious injury).
She was unharmed apart from a few cuts and scratches.
راه فرار از ترافیک
rat run
پوان منفی
a bad quality or feature of something
demerit /diːˈmerət, diːˈmerɪt/
You’ll get three demerits if you’re caught smoking on school grounds
سلحشوری ، دلیری
behaviour that is honourable, kind, generous, and brave
chivalry /ˈʃɪv·əl·ri/
Chivalry was rooted in Christian values
جلیقه
vest
توطئه ، دسیسه، تبانی
conspiracy /kənˈspɪrəsi/
He was charged with conspiracy to commit criminal damage.
There were many conspiracy theories surrounding Princess Diana’s death.
There is a conspiracy of silence about the killer (= nobody will say what they know).
Who organized the conspiracy against the president?
Party officials have uncovered a conspiracy to discredit the prime minister.
I suspected that he was involved in the conspiracy.
This action was part of a conspiracy to deceive the public.
The women were charged with conspiracy to supply heroin.
President Kennedy’s assassination inspired(=ایجاد کردن) a lot of conspiracy theories.
scheme /ˈskiːm/
Police discovered a scheme to steal paintings worth nearly a million dollars.
پلیس نقشه [دسیسه] دزدی نقاشی‌هایی به ارزش تقریبا یک میلیون دلار را کشف کرد.
intrigue
a tale of treachery and court intrigue
The prime minister engaged in political intrigues against the king.
مسئولیت
liability /ˌlaɪəˈbɪlɪti/
He denies any liability for the damage caused.
Our warranty clearly states the limits of our liability.
ضمانت ما حدود مسئولیت ما را به وضوح بیان می کند.
She assumed/accepted liability for the accident.
او مسئولیت این حادثه را به عهده گرفت.
سرنخ
lead
The police will follow up all possible leads.
پلیس تمام سرنخ‌های ممکن را دنبال خواهد کرد.
I’ve found a new lead on the murder case.
سرنخ جدیدی در رابطه با آن پرونده قتل پیدا کرده‌ام.
clue
Police have found a vital clue
We now have an important clue as to the time of the murder.
So far, the police haven’t got any clues as to the motive for the crime
Archaeological evidence will provide clues about what the building was used for.
This information is a valuable clue in our hunt for the bombers.
a desperate search for clues
The burglar left no clues.
مهاجر
expatriate /ekˈspæt.ri.ət/ US /-ˈspeɪ.tri-/
A large community of expatriates has settled there
تبعید
exile /ˈeksaɪl, ˈeɡzaɪl/
The house was raided and the family was forced into exile.
Many spent decades in labour camps or in internal exile.
He spent many years in enforced exile.
They joined the many other Armenians living in exile
expulsion /ɪkˈspʌlʃən/
The government ordered the immediate expulsion of the two men.
براندازی سرنگونی
overthrow /ˌoʊvərˈθroʊ/ قابل شمارش
The king went into exile after the overthrow of his government.
مشاور
someone who helps and advises an important person
handler
She is kept well away from the press by her handlers
کلاهبرداری شیادی
scam /skæm/ قابل شمارش
He got involved in a credit card scam
The police are warning of a repeated phone scam that targets tax payers.
fraud /frɔːd $ frɒːd/
He’s been charged with tax fraud.
She was found guilty of fraud.
A bank lost several million pounds through a sophisticated computer fraud.
خبرچین ، مخبر
informant /ɪnˈfɔːmənt $ -ɔːr-/
One of the witnesses was a paid informant for the FBI
اتفاق غیرمنتظره
a surprising or unexpected event
turn-up for the book(s) UK (US one for the books):
Well, that’s a turn-up for the books - I never thought he’d get the job.
پوسیدگی - فساد
decay /dəˈkeɪ/
A smell of decay pervaded the air
The wood is treated with preservative to prevent decay
خروجی (بین خیابان اصلی و فرعی)
a smaller road that leads off a main road:
turn-off
I missed the turn-off to the farm.
تلافی
retaliation /rɪˌtæl.iˈeɪ.ʃən/
The bomb attack was in retaliation for the recent arrest of two well-known terrorists.
مهمان افتخاری
honorary guest
The security guard treated our honorary guest with disdain.
تحقیر خفت، حقارت خواری
disdain /dɪsˈdeɪn/ She turned her head away in disdain. She did not hesitate to express the disdain that she felt. they rejected my proposal with disdain آنها پیشنهاد مرا با تحقیر رد کردند he looked down on me with disdain او را با دیده تحقیر نگاه کرد
contempt /kənˈtɛm(p)t/
She looked at him with undisguised contempt
That sort of behaviour is simply beneath contempt (=does not deserve respect or attention).
He was found in contempt of the order.
His remarks betray an utter contempt for the truth(= are completely false).
His treatment of his children is beneath contempt (= so bad it is not even worth feeling contempt for).
She looked at him with barely disguised contempt
contempt
I noticed the icy contempt(=that shows in a very unfriendly way) in his voice.
There is a deep contempt for the commercialism in the West
Her expression was one of open contempt
inferiority /ɪnˌfɪr.iˈɔːr.ə.t̬i/
His ill treatment as a child had given him a strong sense of inferiority.
Women had a position of social inferiority as compared with men.
خرافات ، موهوم
superstition /ˌsuːpəˈstɪʃən $ -pər-/
There is a widely held superstition that garlic protects against evil.
Red-headed people have many superstitions attached to them.
Jinxing someone is just a superstition.
چشم زدن فقط یک خرافه است.
کلاس جبرانی
remedial course
شاید لازم باشه کلاس جبرانی برگزار کنیم.
We might need to hold remedial courses.
دانش آموزان شدیدا به کلاس جبرانی نیاز دارند.
The students are in dire need of remedial courses.
هوش ، قوه تعقل
wit
Alone and penniless, I was forced to live on my wits.
the level of quality or ability that someone or something has achieved
caliber /ˈkæləbə, ˈkælɪbə $ -ər/
ما قصد داریم مدرسین سطح بالا رو استخدام کنیم.
We intend to hire high caliber teachers.
تو نیاز نداری به این که کسی سفارشتو بکنه.
You don’t need anybody to vouch for your high caliber.
a very small amount of something
scintilla /sɪnˈtɪlə/
There’s not a scintilla of truth in what he says.
There isn’t a scintilla of evidence.
پس زنی ، واکنش شدید
a strong negative reaction by a number of people against recent events, especially against political or social developmentsر
backlash /ˈbæklæʃ/
The 1970s saw the first backlash against the women’s movement.
The management fear a backlash from fans over the team’s poor performances.
Such a decision may provoke a backlash from their supporters.
They face a backlash from shareholders.
The decision of the committee faced an angry backlash from people.
این تصمیم کمیته با واکنش شدید مردم مواجه شد.
احترام (شدید)
a feeling of great respect and liking for someone or something
awe /ɔː /
He felt great awe for the landscape.
Kate gazed at the statue with awe.
اندوخته
an amount of something that is kept in a secret place, especially money, weapons, or drugs
stash /stæʃ/
They discovered a stash of money hidden at the back of a drawer.
Mike went into the bedroom to check on his stash.
hoard
Gold coins have been found in hoards in many parts of the country.
I kept my own secret hoard of chocolate cookies in a big tin under the sink.
اسودگی خاطر
peace of mind
Worries disturbed my peace of mind enough to keep me from falling asleep.
صورتحساب
tab
Can I put it on my tab?
می توانی بنویسی به حسابم؟
The tab for the campaign was nearly $500 million
He ran up a $4000 tab in long-distance calls
به این شکل/ صورت
thus :
They diluted the drug, thus reducing its effectiveness
اجتماع
congregation /ˌkɑŋgrəˈgeɪʃən/
Its 800, 000 membership makes it the largest congregation in the world.
gathering
We’re having a small family gathering to mark our wedding anniversary.
اجتماع - گردهمایی
congregation /ˌkɑŋgrəˈgeɪʃən/
Its 800, 000 membership makes it the largest congregation in the world.
gathering
We’re having a small family gathering to mark our wedding anniversary.
به هر قیمتی
By hook or by crook
خودآزار
someone who is eager for a burden or some sort of difficulty
a glutton for punishment
He’s a real glutton for punishment, taking on all that extra work without getting paid for it.
بزن و در رو (تصادف جاده‌ای)
hit-and-run
The 24-year-old was the victim of a hit and run, killed by a speeding truck.
She was charged in relation to a hit and run after she allegedly left the scene of an accident.
حق حریم شخصی
the right to be free from public attention
the right to privacy
The judge decided that the media’s actions violated the couple’s right to privacy.
حق پاسخگوئی
the right to say or write something in answer to a criticism
a right of reply (also the right to reply)
People should have the right of reply when a magazine has published letters criticizing them.
حق آزادی بیان
the right to freedom of expression
Everyone has the right to freedom of expression
درسالهای بعد
in subsequent years
جزییات بی‌اهمیت کارهای بیهوده، چیزهایی بی‌ارزش
trivia /ˈtrɪviə/
حکایت داستان کوتاه
anecdote /ˈænɪkdoʊt/ قابل شمارش
He was telling interesting anecdotes about growing up in the neighborhood and the park
شرایط بغرنج
a situation that is disappointing or annoying
bummer
It was a real bummer being ill on holiday.
“I’ve left my wallet at home.” “What a bummer!”
کشتارگاه
slaughterhouses
abattoir ˈæbətwɑː $ -ɑːr/
تبرئه، روسفیدی
exoneration /ɪɡˌzɒnəˈreɪʃən $ -ˌzɑː-/
بی مبالاتی، بی ملاحظگی
an action or remark that shows a lack of good judgment, especially one that is morally unacceptables
indiscretion /ˌɪndɪˈskreʃən/ :
Earl describes his past links with the racist group as a youthful indiscretion.
rumours of the former president’s sexual indiscretion
سرزنش، ملامت، نکوهش
reproach /rɪˈprəʊtʃ $ -ˈproʊtʃ/
His behaviour throughout this affair has been beyond reproach(=perfect and impossible to criticize )
There was mild reproach in his tone
He glanced at her with reproach
There was no reproach about his failure to turn up.
Her voice was full of reproach
He gave Helen a look of bitter reproach.
She had never uttered a word of reproach
مخمصه، تنگنا
predicament /prɪˈdɪkəmənt/
She is hoping to get a loan from her bank to help her out of her financial predicament.
She went to the office to explain her predicament
plight /plaɪt/
She spoke with feeling about the plight of the homeless.
He has been sleeping rough in the streets to highlight the plight of the homeless
پایش (نظارت)، مراقبت
surveillance /səˈveɪləns $ sər-/
The suspects were kept under surveillance.
The army carried out covert surveillance of the building for several months.
رویکرد
approach /əˈproʊʧ/
We need to adopt a more pragmatic approach.
She favoured the direct approach.
I liked her approach to the problem
Michael is always very logical in his approach
مصادره توقیف، ضبط
confiscation /ˌkɒn.fɪˈskeɪ.ʃən/ US /ˌkɑːn-/
noun [C or U]
There was a record number of confiscations by customs officers last year.
زن مطلقه
divorcee / dəˌvɔːrˈseɪ/
پیردختر دختر ترشیده
spinster
پوشک بچه
diaper /ˈdaɪpər/
It was time for a diaper change.
وقت عوض کردن پوشک بچه بود
nappy
وقار شأن، متانت
dignity /ˈdɪgnəti/ غیرقابل شمارش
Is it beneath your dignity to answer my question?
کسر شأنت هست که به سوال من پاسخ بدی؟
They force you to do something which is beneath human dignity
آنها مجبورت می‌کنند کاری را انجام دهی که کسر شأنت است.
Unfortunately to get employed, sometimes you have to lose your dignity and be obedient.
متاسفانه برای استخدام شدن گاهی اوقات مجبورید شأن خود را از دست بدهید ومطیع باشید.
شخص عالی رتبه / والامقام
dignitary /ˈdɪgnəˌtɛri/ قابل شمارش
Every dignitary was invited to the wedding.
تمام اشخاص عالی رتبه به عروسی دعوت شده بودند.
غوغا، نزاع،
a noisy fight in a public place
affray /əˈfreɪ/
Wallace was charged with causing an affray at a Southampton nightclub
مغایرت، انحراف،
deviation /ˌdiːviˈeɪʃən/
a deviation from what is regarded as normal.
diversion /daɪˈvɜrʒən/
The pilot set the aircraft up for a diversion to the nearest suitable airfield.
digression /daɪˈɡreʃən/ [uncountable and countable]:
After several long digressions he finally reached the interesting part of the story
جنگل‌کاری
afforestation /əˌfɒrəˈsteɪʃən / غیرقابل شمارش
فرار (از سربازی یا ارتش)
desertion /dɪˈzɜrʃən/ قابل شمارش
Larsen was one of 42 Marines charged with desertion
the act of leaving your wife /husband because you do not want to live with them any longer
desertion /dɪˈzɜrʃən/ قابل شمارش
Although the wife was in desertion, nevertheless it must be remembered that desertion is never irrevocable
هواخواه
someone who is very interested in and enthusiastic about a particular subject
aficionado /əˌfɪʃ.i.əˈnɑː.dəʊ/ US /-doʊ/ :
true opera aficionados were perhaps less surprised
متخصص، خبره
someone who knows a lot about something such as art, food, or music
connoisseur /ˌkɒnəˈsɜː $ ˌkɑːnəˈsɜːr/ :
Only the real connoisseur could tell the difference between these two wines
شایعه
rumor /ˈruːmə $ -ər/
There were wild rumours flying around the office on Wednesday
There are a lot of rumors going around that they’re going to sell the company.
Not long afterwards, ugly rumours began to circulate
False rumors began to spread that troops were massing on the border.
Rumours were rife (=are talked about by a lot of people) that the band had refused to play
The arrests followed widespread rumours of police corruption
Despite persistent rumours of an affair, his wife stood by him
Rumor has it that they are engaged.
شایعه شده که آنها نامزد کردن.
He denied all these baseless rumors
او این شایعات بی‌پایه‌‌و‌اساس را تکذیب کرد.
He denied rumors of his marriage.
او شایعه ازدواجش را تکذیب کرد.
لاپوشانی ماست‌مالی، پنهان‌کاری
cover-up غیرقابل شمارش
Ugly rumours persisted that there had been a cover-up.
The candidate accused her opponent of a cover-up.
نامزد (انتخاباتی) رقیبش را به لاپوشانی متهم کرد.
The general denied there’d been any cover-up.
فرمانده وجود هرگونه لاپوشانی را انکار کرد.
یه مشت دروغ
A pack of lies
Cut it out! I don’t believe you. You’re giving me a pack of lies
بسه دیگه! حرفاتو باور نمی کنم. داری یه مشت دروغ تحویل من میدی
خیال خوش ، امید واهی و پوچ
Wishful thinking
❇️ - I win the game! - Wishful thinking!
💠 - من بازی رو می‌برم! - امید واهیه! خوش خیالیه!
❇️ It’s wishful thinking to propose to her!
💠 امید پوچه که ازش خواستگاری کنی!
نقد غیرمنصفانه
a criticism or attack on someone that is unfair
a cheap shot
I think her making fun of his wife was a cheap shot.
شوخی مزاح
jest /dʒest/
Treat his words as a jest.
حرف هاشو جدی نگیر (داره شوخی میکنه).
He didn’t seem to be speaking in jest.
به نظر نمی رسید که داشت شوخی میکرد.
Though he spoke in jest, Mark was undoubtedly giving us a message.
اگرچه “مارک” به شوخی گفت اما بدون شک داشت پیامی به ما می رساند.
witticism /ˈwɪtəsɪzəm, ˈwɪtɪsɪzəm/
He thought his witticisms were amusing but found her response too extravagant
توفیق اجباری
A blessing in disguise
Missing the train was a blessing in disguise, for if I hadn’t, I wouldn’t have met my future wife.
احتیاط
circumspection /’sə:kəms’pekʃən/
This is a very sensitive case requiring extreme circumspection.
خویشتنداری
restraint
The police were praised for their restraint in handling the demonstrators.
money that the government pays for projects relating to education, health care, defence etc
public spending
Opposition politicians have called for restraints on public spending.
اظهاریه، بیانیه
statement
In an official statement, she formally announced her resignation
اتحادیه صنفی
syndicate /ˈsɪndəkət, ˈsɪndɪkət/
A syndicate of banks is/are financing the deal.
در ازای
in return for
In return for cleaning his carpets my friend helped me clean up our basement.
شیاد (کسی که خودش را جای کسی جا می‌زند)
im’poster
فرصت /موقعیت مناسب
occasion
I’ll speak to him if the occasion arises
Last year we had occasion to visit relatives in Cornwall.
If ever the occasion arises when I want advice, you’re the first person I’ll come to.
دفعه - وهله - بار و نوبت
occasion
On one occasion he even rang me in the middle of the night.
She had met him on two separate occasions
I have stayed there on a number of occasions.
The police were called out on 24 separate occasions.
It was the first of many such occasions
علت - دلیل
occasion
His remark was the occasion of a bitter quarrel.
مناسبت
an important social event or ceremony
occasion :
I’m saving this bottle of champagne for a special occasion
a party to mark the occasion of their daughter’s graduation
On the day of the wedding there was a real sense of occasion.
I received a gift from my wife on the occasion of my birthday
a request for money, information, or help
solicitation /səˌlɪs.ɪˈteɪ.ʃən/ US /səˌlɪs.əˈteɪ.ʃən/:
Through door-to-door solicitation, they raised $20,000 to builWe sell cards and notepaper for all occasions.
d the city’s first hospital.
an offer of sex for money, usually in a public place:
Those ads are not necessarily obscene or solicitations for sex.
solicitation /səˌlɪs.ɪˈteɪ.ʃən/ US /səˌlɪs.əˈteɪ.ʃən/:
If you are facing solicitation charges, your attorney can understand and interpret the evidence.
شیفت عصر
a period of work that begins in the afternoon and usually ends before 12 o’clock at night, or the people who work at this time
back/swing shift
After that, they worked five weeks on the back shift.
ذهن/فکر پلید و منحرف
filthy mind
Your problem is you’ve got a filthy mind (=you are always thinking about sex).
بی حرمتی به مقدسات، کفر گویی
offensive words or religious words used in a way that shows you do not respect God or holy things
profanity /prəˈfænəti, prəˈfænɪti/
ناسزا فحش
profanity /prəˈfænəti, prəˈfænɪti/
The film contains profanity and violence.
It was the song’s opening line, a series of profanities, that caused the record to be banned on the radio station.
نقض، تخطی
breach /briːtʃ/
This was a clear breach of the 1994 Trade Agreement.
They sued the company for breach of contract.
There had been a major breach of security at the airbase
He was arrested and charged with breach of the peace(نقض آرامش)
خصومت
a serious disagreement between people, groups, or countries
.
breach /briːtʃ/
Britain did not want to risk a breach with the US over sanctions
She wanted to help heal the breach between them
She left home following the breach with her family.
feud /fjud/
Blood feuds and general gangsterism added to the local crime rate
The feud between the Hatfields and the McCoys raged for 20 years
a long-standing family feud
The incident started a family feud.
a time to settle old feuds
They had a long-running feud over money
his personal feud with the city authorities
بلوغ
puberty /ˈpjuːbərti/ غیرقابل شمارش
جناح - سمت و سو
flank
We were attacked on our left flank
They were attacked on both flanks by the enemy.
آنها از هر دو جناح توسط دشمن مورد حمله قرار گرفتند.
The sun lit up the western flank of the hill
آوار، خاک و آجر، آثار مخروبه
broken stones or bricks from a building or wall that has been destroyed
rubble /ˈrʌbəl/
One hour later the house turned into a smoldering rubble.
پس از یک ساعت خانه به آواری تبدیل شد که آهسته در حال سوختن بود.
.There were piles of rubble everywhere.
. همه جا کپه‌هایی از پاره آجر ریخته بود.
debris
Emergency teams are still clearing the debris from the plane crash.
گروه‌های امداد همچنان در حال تمیز کردن خرابه‌های تصادف هواپیما هستند.
کپّه - پشته
heap
She left her clothes in a heap on the floor.
لباس‌هایش را کپه‌وار روی زمین رها کرد [لباس‌هایش را روی هم، روی زمین رها کرد].
What was once a cottage was now a crumbling heap of rubble
چیزی که روزگاری یک کلبه بود اکنون یک انبوه آوار بود
the last years of someone’s life
sb’s declining years
a decrease in the quality, quantity, or importance of something
decline
This area has been on the decline for some years now
We have seen a sharp decline in educational standards over recent years.
The main aim is to reverse the decline of the world’s environment
We must halt this decline in health services
The firm suffered a sharp decline in its profits
چرک
thick, unpleasant dirt
filth
The floor was covered in filth
محتوای مستهجن
filth /fɪlθ/ غیرقابل شمارش
I am deeply offended by some of the filth they show on television
I don’t know how you can watch that filth!
People complain about the filth on TV and in the press.
شرط، ماده قانون،
clause / klɒːz/
A confidentiality clause was added to the contract.
The penalty clause specifies that late delivery will be fined.
Under Clause 5.8, the company is responsible for the health of its employees.
Some contracts, however, have cost-escalation clauses allowing the passing on of any increased costs.
صرف نظر از چیزی - عدم شرکت در کاری
opt-out
We added an opt-out clause to the agreement.
ابهام دوپهلویی
ambiguity /ˌæmbɪˈɡjuːəti/
There is some ambiguity in this clause
فریب خورده، شخص گول خورده
patsy /ˈpætsi/ (plural patsies) [countable]
I believe he is a patsy caught in a conspiracy
an effective and definite way of proving or measuring sth.
litmus test
The President’s policy on abortion is regarded as a litmus test of his views on women’s rights.
Ending the fighting must be the absolute priority, the litmus test of the agreements’ validity.
تَرکِش
shrapnel
He was hit in the arm by flying shrapnel.
He got some shrapnel in the arm
لیست کارهایی که میبایست در جلسه به انها رسیدگی شود
agenda /əˈdʒendə/ noun [countable]
The next item on the agenda is the school budget.
مورد بعدی در دستور جلسه، بودجه مدرسه است.
Fresh attempts at compromise with the legislature were also on the agenda
The government set an agenda for constitutional reform.
ظروف سفالی
crockery /ˈkrɑːkəri/ غیرقابل شمارش Spoons clinked(جلنگ جلنگ صدا کردن) against the crockery
جیغ
squeal (ممتمد) /skwiːl/
She gave a squeal of laughter
The car stopped with a squeal of brakes.
shriek
With a shriek of delight, Jean hugged Maggie
With a loud shriek, Ronald fled from the room.
با یک جیغ بلند، “رونالد” از اتاق فرار کرد.
She fell to the floor with a shriek of pain
سفیدکننده
bleach /bliːtʃ/
Do not use bleach on the skin
رنگ - ماده رنگی
a substance you use to change the colour of your clothes, hair etc
dye /daɪ/
The cloth is then soaked in blue dye
زندانی
inmate /ˈɪnmeɪt/ .He was attacked by a fellow inmate. او توسط یک هم زندانی مورد حمله واقع شد. The jail has 500 inmates. زندان 500 زندانی دارد.
لکه
stain
There was a dark red stain on the carpet.
How do you get wine stains out of a tablecloth?
The coffee left a stain on his shirt.
You’ll never get that stain out(=remove it)
She didn’t want to get a stain on her new dress
smudge /smʌdʒ/
a smudge of lipstick on the cup
بخت ازمایی - لاتاری
raffle
I have never won anything in a raffle
I won a bottle of wine in the office Christmas raffle
اژیر
siren /ˈsaɪərən $ ˈsaɪr-/ noun [countable]
I heard police sirens in the distance
خزانه، بایگانی راکد
a place where something can be safely kept
depository [dɪ’pɒzɪt(ǝ)ri]
The government is having difficulty finding a safe depository for nuclear waste.
ریسک حساب شده
calculated risk
نظارت، مراقبت، پایش
surveillance /səˈveɪləns $ sər-/
They were under constant close surveillance day and night.
Diane was placed under psychiatric surveillance
The army carried out covert surveillance of the building for several months
The suspects were kept under surveillance.
جاسوسی، مراقبت دشمن
espionage /ˈespiənɑːʒ/
Two members of the embassy staff had been expelled for espionage.
خُمره - سبو
crock
He keeps his coffee in an earthenware (سفالین)crock
شن کش
rake
حق امتیاز
permission to sell a company’s goods/services
franchise /ˈfræntʃaɪz/ قابل شمارش
TV franchises will be auctioned to the highest bidder.
The diving school has acquired a franchise for scuba equipment.
Catering in the schools is run on a franchise basis.
حق رای
franchise /ˈfræntʃaɪz/
After the Second World War the franchise was extended to all adults over eighteen.
انفجار
blast /blæst/ قابل شمارش The blast ripped through the building. انفجار، ساختمان را خراب کرد. Two people were killed in the blast. دو نفر در این انفجار کشته شدند.
آشفتگی
jumble
He looked through the jumble of old record albums and tapes
mishmash
چیز درهم و برهم آش شله قلمکار، شترگاوپلنگ
a mixture of a lot of different things, styles etc that do not seem right together
hodgepodge /hˈɑːdʒpɑːdʒ/ :
If you look closely at the individual buildings they are a real hodgepodge of styles.
کنده (درخت)
a thick piece of wood from a tree
log
The road was blocked by fallen logs.
خانه، منزلگاه
dwelling /ˈdwelɪŋ/
The building looked more like a doll’s house than a human dwelling
a clever dishonest way of avoiding something
dodge:
They bought another car as a tax dodge (= a way to avoid paying tax).
ضربت اهسته،
tap
She felt a tap on her shoulder.
There was a tap at the door.
مرتع، چراگاه،
pasture
کاروان موتوری
motorcade /ˈməʊtəkeɪd $ ˈmoʊtər-/
Pacino detours his motorcade to visit the grieving parents.
اختیار قانونی،
the right to use an official power to make legal decisions, or the area where this right exists
jurisdiction over sb /sth /ˌdʒʊərəsˈdɪkʃən /
The commissioners had exclusive jurisdiction to decide.
The committee has jurisdiction over all tax measures.
The court may exercise its jurisdiction to compel the husband to make a settlement upon his wife.
سردرگمی ، آشفتگی
confusion /kənˈfjuːʒən/
There was some confusion as to whether we had won or lost
The unexpected news threw us all into confusion
In the confusion after the bomb blast, I lost my bag.
در آشفتگی پس از انفجار بمب، کیفم را گم کردم.
The government needs to clear up the confusion surrounding its policy on water.
She stared at them both in utter confusion.
In the confusion that followed, she managed to slip away unnoticed
There is widespread confusion about the government’s transport policy.
محل، موقعیت
the place or area where someone or something is
whereabouts :
He showed great reluctance to reveal his whereabouts.
The police want to know the whereabouts of his brother.
The crooks paid Fred hush money to keep their whereabouts secret
دراین حوالی، دراین نزدیکی ها
somewhere near the place where you are
hereabouts:
There must be a pub hereabouts
مراعات، ملاحظه
attention or consideration that is shown towards someone or something
regard /rəˈgɑrd/ غیرقابل شمارش
She has no regard for other people’s feelings.
One must show proper regard for the law
The present administration has demonstrated little regard for environmental issues
All students must have access to quality education without regard to wealth or class
good wishes – used when sending your good wishes to someone or when ending a short letter or message
Regards
Hope to see you soon. Regards, Chris
موعد
due
The band’s first album is due for release later this month.
موعد انتشار اولین آلبوم گروه اواخر همین ماه است.
My rent is due at the beginning of the month.
موعد پرداخت اجاره من، اول ماه است.
Payment is due on 1 October.
موعد حقوق اول اکتبر است
The final results of the experiment are due on December 9.
The next income tax payment is due on 31 January.
The car is due for its annual service again
I’m due at his office at 4.30.
She’s pregnant and the baby’s due in April.
مجادله مشاجره
a short noisy argument or fight, especially one that is not serious
argument squabble agreement
altercation:
There was a brief altercation and someone called the police
dispute /dɪˈspjut/
It is hoped that the dispute can be resolved peacefully.
Sometimes a dispute arises between the seller and the buyer
The incident sparked off a major dispute between the two countries
He proposed a negotiated settlement of the long-running disputes between the two countries
Police have difficulties in dealing with domestic disputes.
The simmering dispute erupted in public when the two men came to blows at the party conference.
There was a dispute about which driver caused the accident.
مشاجره‌ای در باب آن که کدام راننده موجب تصادف شد، در جریان بود.
quarrel /ˈkwɒrəl/
I have had enough of this quarrel.
بس این این دعوا رو.
آشوب اغتشاش شورش
a fight involving a large number of people, especially people who are protesting about something
riot /ˈraɪət/
The march turned into a riot when the crowd found the way was blocked.
رژه تبدیل به آشوب شد وقتی جمعیت فهمید راه بسته شده است
Prison riots broke out over worsening conditions.
The city’s housing and unemployment problems sparked serious riots.
Shortages eventually led to food riots.
نهضت، جهاد
a long and determined attempt to achieve something that you believe in strongly
crusade /kruːˈseɪd/:
They have long been involved in a crusade for racial equality.
She intends to continue her crusade against sex and violence on TV.
a strong fear of something that is going to happen or may happen
dread
He had a dread of hospitals
She lives in dread of (=is continuously very afraid of) the disease returning.
Bernice looked with dread at the end of the passage.
دادوبیداد، نزاع وجدال
brawl
They got caught up in a street brawl.
بازه کوتاه (که کاری لذت بخش در آن انجام شود)
spree
After her shoplifting spree she lived in mortal dread of being found out.
قوای شبه نظامی،
a group of people trained as soldiers, who are not part of the permanent army
militia /məˈlɪʃə, mɪˈlɪʃə/
He joined the local militia as soon as he was 16.
The anarchists started to form volunteer militias.
نفرت
hatred /ˈheɪtrəd, ˈheɪtrɪd/ She shot him a look of pure hatred. He has a deep hatred of the police Hatred flared up inside her. She stared at it in hatred
شرط ضمن قرارداد
something that must be done, and which is stated as part of an agreement, law, or rule
stipulation
The agreement included a stipulation that half of the money had to be spent on housing for lower-income families.
He left all his money to the town with the stipulation that it should be used to build a new football stadium.
There’s no stipulation as to the amount you can invest
میعان
condensation /ˌkɑndənˈseɪʃən/ غیرقابل شمارش
ژاله
small drops of water that are formed when steam or warm air touches a cold surface
condensation /ˌkɑndənˈseɪʃən/ غیرقابل شمارش
There was a lot of condensation on the windows
Condensation may develop on walls where moisture is a problem
تاکستان
vineyard
The area is valued for its vineyards.
این منطقه به‌خاطر تاکستان‌هایش باارزش دانسته می‌شود.
تحریک - تهییج
incitement /ɪnˈsaɪt.mənt/
They were imprisoned for incitement to commit grievous bodily harm.
There are laws against incitement of racial hatred.
provocation /ˌprɑː.vəˈkeɪ.ʃən/
She bursts into tears at the slightest provocation.
او با کوچک‌ترین تحریکی زیر گریه می‌زند.
اضطراب تشویش تلاطم دستپاچگی
agitation /ˌæʤəˈteɪʃən/ غیرقابل شمارش
He arrived home in a state of agitation.
او در حالت تشویش [با حال مشوش] به خانه رسید.
انگیزه - مشوق
impetus /ˈɪmpətəs, ˈɪmpɪtəs/
The report may provide further impetus for reform.
The discovery gave fresh impetus to the research.
Much of the impetus for change came from customers’ opinions.
incentive
اجازه / تاییدیه رسمی
a statement, document etc that says that something is definitely true
clearance /ˈklɪərəns $ ˈklɪr-/
She’ll race if she gets medical clearance from her doctor.
Morris did not have a security clearance.
The pilot was granted clearance to land.
The pilot requested clearance for an emergency landing.
sanction /ˈsæŋkʃən/
War was declared without the sanction of parliament.
The conference gave its official sanction to the change of policy.
No decision can be taken without the sanction of the complete committee.
confirmation
There has still been no official confirmation of the report.
verbal confirmation that payment has been made
The police are seeking independent confirmation of certain details of the story
Written confirmation came three days later.
We need confirmation in writing before we can send your order out.
باند پرواز
Runway /ˈrʌnweɪ/
Further into the future, new forms of aircraft may work just fine on short runways
انشعاب، واگرایی،
divergence /ˌdaɪˈvɜː.dʒənts/ US /dɪˈvɝː-/
The divergence between the incomes of the rich and the poor countries seems to be increasing.
Recently published figures show a divergence from previous trends.
درباره ء، راجع به، عطف به، مربوط به
as to
He was uncertain as to which road to take.
There’s no decision as to when the work might start.
زیستگاه
the natural home of a plant or animal
habitat /ˈhæbətæt, ˈhæbɪtæt/:
new measures were proposed to protect wildlife habitats
Development is destroying the animal’s native habitat.
The many different habitats support a wide variety of birds.
Many species are threatened in the wild due to habitat destruction by man
The moorland is an important habitat for many rare bird species.
The greatest danger to tigers now is through loss of habitat.
It is in south Texas that the destruction of the bird’s habitat has been most alarming
بیم، هراس
apprehension /ˌæprɪˈhenʃn/ غیرقابل شمارش
School reports are always received with some apprehension
There were still areas of doubt and her apprehension grew.
The change in the law has caused apprehension among many people
There is great apprehension for the future..
بازداشت، دستگیری
apprehension /ˌæprɪˈhenʃn/ غیرقابل شمارش
Both the army and the police were involved in the apprehension of the terrorists.
The border patrol made over 1 million apprehensions last year.
custody /ˈkʌstədi/
The men have been held in custody since they were arrested.
Seventy-five percent of young people released from custody re-offend within two years
The rebel leader has been placed in protective custody(=custody that is meant to keep someone safe)
Davis has been remanded in(=be kept in prison until you go to court) custody on a burglary charge
The judge ruled that Marsh should remain in custody until his sentence
ترس و نگرانی (درباره نتیجه چیزی)
misgiving /mɪsˈɡɪvɪŋ/
Despite her misgivings about leaving the baby, she decided to accompany her husband.
Only a few Senators expressed/voiced their misgivings about the war
Some politicians have expressed grave misgivings about the scheme.
Opponents of nuclear energy have deep misgivings about its safety.
concern /kənˈsɜːrn/
The report expressed concern over continuing high unemployment.
آن گزارش، نگرانی بر سر (نرخ) بالا و متداوم بیکاری را مطرح کرد.
His concern for others is praiseworthy.
نگرانی او برای دیگران قابل ستایش است.
She hasn’t been seen for four days and there is concern for her safety.
او چهار روز است که دیده نشده است و نگران سلامتی‌اش هستند.There is growing concern about violence on television.
درباره خشونت در تلویزیون نگرانی رو به افزایشی وجود دارد.
Apprehension /æprɪˈhenʃən/
School reports are always received with some apprehension.
There is great apprehension for the future
There is some apprehension in the office about who the new director will be
qualm :
Despite my qualms, I took the job.
We destroy the habitat of animals without a qualm.
ما بدون هیچ ابایی زیستگاه حیوانات را نابود می کنیم.
She left her husband and children without a qualm
فرضیات کورکورانه
blind assumptions
Making blind assumptions will only make things worse
شخص بزرگ، عالی مقام
someone who has an important official position
dignitary /ˈdɪɡnətəri, ˈdɪɡnɪtəri $ -teri/
Several foreign dignitaries attended the ceremony.
Flowers were presented to visiting dignitaries.
The reporters had inadvertently failed to include the name of one of the dignitaries.
گزارشگر سهوا فراموش کرد اسم یکی از مقامات بلندپایه را نام ببرد.
برق اضطراری
backup power
why isn’t the backup power coming on?
سنگر وپناهگاه زیر زمینی،
bunker
شیوع
outbreak
There has been an outbreak of the disease in Wales
وقوع ناگهانی
outbreak
Outbreaks of rain will spread across northern parts
قرار ملاقات
an arrangement to meet someone at a particular time and place, often secretly
rendezvous /ˈrɒndəvuː, ˈrɒndɪvuː, -deɪ- $ ˈrɑːndeɪ-/
He made a rendezvous with her in Times Square.
Although it was late, there was still enough time to keep the rendezvous
وعده گاه، پاتوق
place where people meet
rendezvous /ˈrɒndəvuː, ˈrɒndɪvuː, -deɪ- $ ˈrɑːndeɪ-/
The cafe is a popular rendezvous for young lovers
پنهان‌کاری
movement which is quiet and careful in order not to be seen or heard, or secret or indirect action
The weapons had been acquired by stealth
stealth /stelθ/:
These thieves operate with terrifying stealth - they can easily steal from the pockets of unsuspecting travellers.
It would seem that some politicians would prefer to use financial stealth rather than legislation to produce change.
Cats rely on stealth to catch their prey.
اختفا خفا
secrecy /ˈsiːkrəsi/
They met in secrecy.
آنها در خفا یکدیگر را می‌دیدند.
The drugs squad operates in the greatest secrecy.
All the researchers on the project are sworn to secrecy.
دستور فرمان، حکم
injunction /ɪnˈʤʌŋkʃən/ قابل شمارش
In spite of all injunctions of secrecy, the news..had spread fast.
افشاگری پرده‌برداری
act of making something known or the fact that is made known
disclosure: /dɪˈskləʊ.ʒər/ US /dɪˈskloʊ.ʒɚ/
Any public disclosure of this information would be very damaging to the company.
The newspaper made damaging disclosures of management incompetence.
حامی - طرفدار
advocate /ˈædvəkeɪt/
She’s a passionate advocate of natural childbirth.
adherent /ədˈhɪərənt $ -ˈhɪr-/
The anti-globalization movement is attracting new adherents to its principles.
adherents of the Greek Orthodox Church
مصوبه
resolution /ˌrɛzəˈluʃən/
a resolution calling for a ban on dumping nuclear waste
They have failed to comply with the resolution.
The resolution was passed by a two-thirds majority
راه حل - چاره
resolution /ˌrɛzəˈluʃən/ (=settling a dispute )
The government is pressing for an early resolution of the hostage crisis
Hopes of a peaceful resolution to the conflict were fading.
the likelihood of achieving a satisfactory resolution to the problem
solution (to/for) /səˈluːʃən/
Locking people in prison is not necessarily the ideal solution
There is no easy solution to this problem
He has accused the government of looking for quick-fix solutions(=one that solves a problem for a short time only) .
A long-term solution to the problem will not be possible until that conflict is resolved.
I don’t think that tourism will provide a long-term solution to rural employment problems
The best solution would be for them to separate
There are no simple solutions to the problem of overpopulation
a quick solution for dealing with the paper shortage
قصد ، تصمیم جدی
resolution /ˌrɛzəˈluʃən/
I made a New Year resolution to give up smoking.
عزم اراده
resolution /ˌrɛzəˈluʃən/ غیرقابل شمارش
Fred’s resolution to succeed is still unshaken despite the many setbacks he has suffered.
عزم “فرد” برای موفق شدن هنوز استوار است، علیرغم شکست‌های بسیاری که او متحمل شد.
She showed great resolution in her dealings with management.
determination /dɪˌtɜːmɪˈneɪʃən $ -ɜːr-/
Yuri shows dogged/steely/grim determination (=very strong determination) to learn English.
She was full of determination to achieve her goals.
He has the determination to succeed.
The government last night signalled its determination to resist tax cuts.
The Prime Minister underlined his determination(=emphasize it) to keep interest rates high.
Whatever task he undertook was tackled with single-minded determination. (=having one clear aim and working very hard to achieve it)
The prime minister’s speech revealed a clear determination to break the power of the unions
تحریم
sanction
They ascribe all these problems to sanctions.
Some companies have broken sanctions by supplying arms to the warring (درگیر جنگ) states.
The company is in breach of a sanctions order.
UN called for sanctions against the invading country.
سرکوب
repression قابل شمارش
He had tacitly sanctioned repression against the opposition parties.
برده داری
Slavery
Slavery was once socially sanctioned.
فسخ برچیدن، لغو
abolition /ˌæbəˈlɪʃən/ غیرقابل شمارش
They campaigned for the abolition of slavery
withdrawal /wɪðˈdrɔːəl/
withdrawal of government aid
اهداف بشردوستانه
humanitarian purposes
military intervention is sanctioned for humanitarian purposes
درگیر جنگ
warring
Some companies have broken sanctions by supplying arms to the warring states.
جای پای محکم و باثبات
a position from which you can start to make progress and achieve your aims
foothold /ˈfʊthəʊld $ -hoʊld/ [countable]
Extreme right-wing parties gained a foothold in the latest European elections.
The company is trying to gain a foothold in the European market.
Extreme right-wing parties gained a foothold in the latest European elections.
گذار، تحول، ، تغییر از یک حالت بحالت دیگر
transition /trænˈzɪʃən,-ˈsɪ-/
The company was slow to make the transition from paper to computer.
He will remain head of state during the transition to democracy
بیهوده گی - بی ثمرگی
futility /fju’tılətı/
She could see the utter futility of trying to protest.
انصراف پسروی کناره‌گیری ترک(از چیزی)
the act of no longer taking part in an activity or being a member of an organization
Withdrawal /wɪðˈdrɔːəl, wɪθ- $ -ˈdrɒːəl/
She was still suffering withdrawal from nicotine
برداشت پول
the act of taking money from a bank account, or the amount you take out
Withdrawal: /wɪðˈdrɔːəl, wɪθ- $ -ˈdrɒːəl/
Customers can use the machine to make withdrawals of up to £250 a day.
the act of saying that something you previously said was in fact untrue
retraction
The newspaper was forced to publish a retraction of its allegations
عقب نشینی
the act of moving an army, weapons etc away from the area where they were fighting
Withdrawal /wɪðˈdrɔːəl, wɪθ- $ -ˈdrɒːəl/
The UN were faced with an ignominious (ɪɡnəˈmɪniəsمفتضحانه ) withdrawal or a long-term military presence
The party is calling for the phased withdrawal of troops from the island.
علایم ترک مواد اعتیادآور
withdrawal symptoms/effects
People who try to give up smoking usually get withdrawal symptoms.
Cannabis may have few immediate withdrawal effects and this again may give rise to the mistaken belief that it is not addictive.
بازمانده
survivor
Emergency help is needed for survivors of the earthquake.
قتل عام ، کشتار دسته جمعی
massacre/ˈmæsəkə $ -ər/
She was the sole survivor (=only survivor) of the massacre.
There is widespread public outrage over the massacre
ارسال پیام ، مخابره
the process of sending out electronic signals, messages etc, using radio, television, or other similar equipment
transmission /trænzˈmɪʃən $ træns-/
There will be simultaneous transmission of the concert on TV and radio.
a live transmission from Sydney
worldwide data transmission
broadcast
سرایت،
transmission /trænzˈmɪʃən $ træns-/
The virus’s usual transmission route is by sneezing.
There is a risk of transmission of the virus between hypodermic users.
تصمیم سخت
a difficult decision to make
tough call
We’re still undecided on whether to buy a place or rent—it’s a tough call.
کابین - کوپه - محفظه
compartment /kəmˈpɑːtmənt $ -ɑːr-/
She kept the money hidden in a secret compartment in her briefcase
The suitcase had a secret compartment at the back
وقفه اختلال
interruption /ˌɪn.t̬əˈrʌp.ʃən/ قابل شمارش
There were so many interruptions, I couldn’t get on with my work.
کلی وقفه وجود داشت، نتوانستم به کارم ادامه دهم.
We can talk here without interruption
دسته کشتیهای جنگی، ناوگان،
fleet
The fleet was mobilized and the country prepared for war.
The fleet was very expensive to maintain.
There were over 500 ships in the enemy fleet
وفاداری
fidelity /fɪˈdelɪti/
Fidelity is our top priority.
وفاداری اولویت اصلی ماست.
He has proved his fidelity to the company over 25 years
They swore an oath of fidelity to their king.
How important do you think sexual fidelity is in a marriage?
You are not the one to talk about fidelity.
تو درباره وفاداری صحبت نکن.
loyalty
allegiance //əˈliːdʒəns// قابل شمارش
It is hard to keep up with the changing allegiances between the various political parties
You owe allegiance (=have a duty to give allegiance) to your king.
I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America
The union needs to retain the allegiance of all its members for the strike to succeed
Catholicism claims allegiance from more than 80% of the population.
Many people have abandoned their traditional party allegiances.
The rebels now have to swear allegiance to the queen they hate.
We will give our full allegiance to the party and everything it believes in.
My allegiance to my country is based on respect for its principles
خیانت، پیمان شکنی
Treason /ˈtriːz(ə)n/
Richter is accused of committing treason against the state.
The defendant was convicted of high treason (=treason of the worst kind) and sentenced to death.
Guy Fawkes was executed for treason after he took part in a plot to blow up the British Parliament building.
perfidy /ˈpɜː(r)fədi/
treachery /ˈtretʃəri/ قابل شمارش
He was punished for his treacheries.
(در زناشویی) خیانت
infidelity/ˌɪnfəˈdeləti, ˌɪnfɪˈdeləti/
She could not forgive his many infidelities.
There had been rumors for a long time of Clinton’s marital infidelity.
فتنه ، اغتشاش و اشوب
speech, writing, or actions intended to encourage people to disobey a government
sedition /sɪˈdɪʃən/ :
Trade union leaders were charged with sedition.
someone who comes from a group of people who are a different race, religion etc or who have a different background from most other people in that country
ethnic /ˈeθnɪk/:
In that neighborhood of New York, we were all ethnics
یاغی گری، تمرد، سرکشی
mutiny /ˈmjuːtəni, ˈmjuːtɪni $ -tn-i/
He led a mutiny against the captain.
Conditions on the ship were often very bad, and crews were on the point of mutiny
زمین بایر،
moor
We got lost on the moors.
Don’t walk over the moors in bad weather
شدت قوت
intensity /ɪnˈtɛnsəti/ قابل شمارش
آزمایش ، سنجش
test run قابل شمارش
شوخی جوک، خوشمزگی
a joke or funny story
gag :
He told a few gags.
It was a bit of a running gag (=a joke which is repeated) in the show
There was this running gag about a penguin (= they kept telling penguin jokes).
دهان‌بند
a piece of cloth put over someone’s mouth to stop them making a noise
gag /ɡæɡ/ قابل شمارش
They tied him up and put a gag on him.
مرحوم متوفی
deceased /dɪˈsiːst/
The deceased left a large sum of money to his children
شرکت اختلاطی
a large business organization consisting of several different companies that have joined together
conglomerate /kənˈɡlɒmərət, kənˈɡlɒmərɪt $ -ˈɡlɑː-/
The company was taken over by a German media conglomerate
اشتباه - سوتی
misstep
شرکت تابعه،
a company that is owned by a larger company
subsidiary : /səbˈsɪdiəri $ -dieri/
The company runs its New York operations through a US subsidiary.
She’s working for an overseas subsidiary of the company.
او برای یک شرکت تابعه در خارج از کشور کار می کند.
The company operates as a wholly-owned subsidiary of a large French company.
انکار - عدم پذیرش - نفی- تکذیب
denial /dɪˈnaɪəl/ غیرقابل شمارش
This denial is deeply embedded in politics
the parts of your body that are necessary to keep you alive, for example your heart and lungs
vitals /ˈvaɪtlz/
هم پیمان
ally /əˈlaɪ $ əˈlaɪ,ˈælaɪ/
Charles remained a close ally of the French king.
Portugal is a traditional ally of England.
صدای پا
the particular sound that someone makes when they walk
tread:
I heard his heavy tread moving about upstairs
I heard his heavy tread on the stairs
I heard the back door bang, and Rex’s tread in the hall.
نحوه راه رفتن ، گام‌برداری
tread:
His tread was measured and stately.
گام‌های او شمرده و باوقار بود.
رو(کف) پله
tread
The treads were composed of wood
آج (لاستیک و …)
the pattern of lines on the part of a tyre that touches the road
tread
The tyre tread has been worn below the legal limit.
پهنا عرض
breadth /brɛdθ/ غیرقابل شمارش
She estimated the breadth of the lake to be 500 meters.
او تخمین زد که عرض دریاچه 500 متر است.
We measured the length and breadth of the yard.
ما طول و عرض آن حیاط را اندازه گرفتیم.
width
نان‌آور
breadwinner /ˈbredwɪnər/ قابل شمارش
When the baby was born, I became the sole breadwinner.
وقتی بچه به دنیا آمد، من تنها نان آور خانه شدم.
جمع آوری (تدریجی) انباشتگی
accumulation /əˌkjumjəˈleɪʃən/ قابل شمارش
اخلاط آمیزه
conglomeration /kənˌɡlɒməˈreɪʃən $ -ˌɡlɑː-/ قابل شمارش
Scottsdale’s Old Town is a conglomeration of loud bars, souvenir shops, and art galleries.
پوسیدگی، فساد، زوال،
decay /dəˈkeɪ/
Smoking accelerates age-related decay in the heart and arteries
My dentist could not find any signs of decay.
A smell of decay pervaded the air.
The smell of death and decay hung over the town.
باقیمانده
pieces of waste material, paper etc
debris
Bacteria sticks to food debris in the teeth, causing decay.
فروپاشی - تلاشی
decay /dɪˈkeɪ/
This government promises to reverse industrial decay
تقلب، فریب، حیله، خدعه
behaviour that is intended to make someone believe something that is not true
deceit /dəˈsit/
The story is about theft, fraud and deceit on an incredible scale.
When the newspapers published the full story, all his earlier deceits were revealed.
Cunning
She would use low cunning (=unpleasant dishonest methods) to win people’s sympathy.
She relied on her native cunning to survive.
He had used cunning to get what he wanted
کلاهبرداری
con
a con to make people pay for goods they hadn’t actually received
وفات، ارتحال ، درگذشت
decease /dᵻsˈiːs/ قابل شمارش
On your decease, the house passes to your wife
The house will not be yours till after your mother’s decease.
اخراج - برکناری
the removal of someone from an important position or job
ouster /ˈaʊ.stəʳ/ US /-stɚ/ :
The committee’s chairperson is facing a possible ouster
dismissal /dɪˈsmɪsəl/
Wilson was claiming compensation for unfair dismissal.
No dismissals have been announced yet.
His attack on the manager led to his instant dismissal.
Crash victims are calling for the dismissal of the coach driver.
Cooke, who was with the firm 30 years, claims unfair dismissal.
expulsion /ɪkˈspʌlʃən/
His disruptive behaviour was felt to be sufficient grounds for his expulsion
خلع ید - سلب مالکیت
dispossession /dˌɪspəzˈɛʃən/ قابل شمارش
He said that the country was founded on the dispossession and slaughter of the land’s indigenous inhabitants.
Her main theme is the dispossession of ancient Aboriginal lands by white settlers.
شرکت موسسه
concern:
The restaurant is a family concern.
We will continue to run the company as a going concern (=a business that is financially successful).
محوطه /متعلقات ساختمان
premises/ˈprem.ɪ.sɪz/
Security guards saw him off(=forced him to leave ) the premises
Schools may earn extra money by renting out their premises
The hotel has a restaurant on the premises(=inside a building or on the area of land that it is on)
پیش‌فرض
an idea or theory on which a statement or action is based
premise /ˈpreməs, ˈpremɪs/:
The idea that there is life on other planets is the central premise of the novel.
the premise is that an accused person is innocent until they are proved guilty
Fortunately, it is based on a false premise
They had started with the premise that all men are created equal.
The research project is based on the premise stated earlier
احضار - فراخوان
call-out
Many plumbers charge double for an emergency call-out over the weekend.
The mountain rescue service had several call-outs last week.
دلیل، گواه
facts or signs that show clearly that something exists or is true
evidence /ˈevədəns, ˈevɪdəns/ uncountable
There is convincing evidence of a link between exposure to sun and skin cancer.
مدارک محکمی از ارتباط بین در معرض خورشید بودن و سرطان پوست وجود دارد.
The figures provide concrete evidence of the bank’s claim to provide the best service
Available evidence points to pilot error as the cause of the crash.
Most of the available evidence bears out the view that students learn better in small classes.
شاهد، مدرک
information that is given in a court of law in order to prove that someone is guilty or not guilty
evidence /ˈevədəns, ˈevɪdəns/
The collected body of evidence indicates that he is innocent.
مجموعه‌ی شواهد جمع‌آوری شده حاکی از بیگناه بودن اوست.
it can hardly be considered evidence
The documents may be used in evidence at the trial.
آمار و ارقام
figures /ˈfɪɡəz/
The figures provide concrete evidence of the bank’s claim to provide the best service
By 2009, this figure had risen to 14 million.
تا سال 2009، این رقم به 14 میلیون افزایش یافته بود.
Figures for April show a slight improvement over previous months.
آمار ماه آوریل پیشرفتی جزئی را در ماه‌های گذشته نشان می‌دهد.
پی گرد، تعقیب قانونی
prosecution /ˌprɒsɪˈkjuːʃən $ ˌprɑː-/
به خاطرِ..
for one’s sake
I only went for Kay’s sake.
I hope he’s told the truth for his own sake
for the sake of somebody/something
He moved to the seaside for the sake of his health.
I’ve been working for the sake of our national security when you’ve been busy plating saint
شیفتگی علاقه‌مندی
fascination /ˌfæsəˈneɪʃən/
Police knew of his fascination with guns
She shared his fascination for motorbikes
She developed a fascination for these creatures
جذابیت
fascination /ˌfæsəˈneɪʃən/
The fascination lay in the mystery of what was inside the box
پرورش ماکیان
poultry farming
استنشاق عمل دم
inhalation قابل شمارش /ˌɪn.həˈleɪ.ʃən/
Two firefighters were treated for smoke inhalation.
See
She died from poisoning by carbon monoxide due to inhalation of fumes.
A drop or two of eucalyptus oil added to water for steam inhalation gives excellent relief in common colds.
بازدم
exhalation /ˌeks.həˈleɪ.ʃən/ :
With a short exhalation, he prepared for the work ahead.
You could hear every ragged exhalation.[بازدم همراه با خس خس]
The scans produced an image of each patient’s lungs after exhalation.
I could hear her breathing next to me, and felt a faint(سست بی حال) exhalation.
She amused(سرگرم/مشغول کردن) herself by varying the rhythm of her exhalations.
In yoga, movement of the arms and legs are matched with inhalation and exhalation.
کار سنگین (ذهنی یا فیزیکی)
a lot of physical or mental effort
exertion /ɪɡˈzɜːrʃn/ :
You should avoid any physical exertion for the next four weeks
The afternoon’s exertions had left us feeling exhausted.
پیچیدگی، بغرنجی، تودرتویی، ریزه کاری
intricacy /ˈɪntrɪkəsi/
I’ve never mastered the intricacies of cricket.
Now he has had a chance to work with them and perhaps better understands the intricacies of their job.
تزئین، ارایش، پیرایش
decoration on an object that makes it look attractive
ornamentation /ˌɔːnəmenˈteɪʃən $ ˌɔːr-/ :
a bronze plate with gold ornamentation
wooden overlay ornamentation.
رستگاری
salvation /sælˈveɪʃn/
The medieval Church believed in salvation through faith and works.
You are beginning to work out your own salvation
Black must seek his salvation in the endgame.
She had sinned so much, could she ever find salvation?
رهایی - نجات
being saved from danger, loss or harm
salvation /sælˈveɪʃn/
Neither the elite workers nor anyone else will find salvation in the new technology of the information age.
Construction of the factory proved to be the salvation of the local economy
حرص - ولع - زیاده‌خواهی - طمع
greed /grid/ غیرقابل شمارش
She killed him to satisfy her greed
He was driven by greed for money and power.
Conquer greed because it will eliminate you.
به طمع غلبه کن چون نابودت میکنه.
Greed has blinded you.
طمع تو رو کور کرده.
He did this out of greed
.از روی طمع این کار رو انجام داد.
Your greed for power has ruined everyone’s life.
طمع تو برای قدرت همه رو نابود کرده.
avarice /ˈævərəs, ˈævərɪs/
Her business empire brought her wealth beyond the dreams of avarice (= an extremely large amount of money).
رشک غبطه
the feeling that you wish you had something that someone else has
covetousness
envy /ˈen.vi/ غیرقابل شمارش:
I watched with envy as she set off for the airport.
Our envy of Nora’s skating ability is foolish because with practice all of us could do as well.
حسادت ما به توانایی اسکیت کردن “نورا” احمقانه است چون با تمرین همه می‌توانند به خوبی آن را انجام دهند.
سخاوت
generosity
حسادت
a feeling of unhappiness and anger because someone has something or someone that you want
jealousy /ˈdʒel.ə.si/:
He broke his brother’s new bike in a fit of jealousy.
She was consumed by/eaten up with jealousy (= she was very jealous) when she heard that he had been given a promotion.
The team has performed very badly this season due to petty jealousies (= feelings of jealousy about unimportant things) among the players.
طمعکاری
a strong wish to have something, especially something that belongs to someone else
covetousness /ˈkʌv.ə.t̬əs.nəs/ :
Covetousness is condemned as a great sin.
Covetousness affects relationships.
They steal not from a feeling of covetousness but from the fleeting relief it gives from mental suffering.
محرک انگیختگر
something that makes or causes something else to grow or develop
stimulant /ˈstɪmjələnt/
Tourism has acted as a stimulant to the country’s economy.
stimulus /ˈstɪmjələs, ˈstɪmjʊləs/ (plural stimuli /-laɪ/)
Areas of the brain which respond to auditory stimuli.
بخش‌هایی از مغز که به محرک‌های شنیداری واکنش نشان می‌دهند.
Political stability acts as a stimulus for foreign investment
Foreign investment has been a stimulus to the industry.
The book will provide a stimulus to research in this very important area.
دستکاری
controlling someone or something to your own advantage, often unfairly or dishonestly
manipulation : /məˌnɪp.jəˈleɪ.ʃən/
They have been accused of fraud and stock market manipulations.
There’s been so much media manipulation of the facts that nobody knows the truth of the matter.
The country’s opposition party claims the president returned to power through political manipulation.
People think that the investigation was independent, but in fact a lot of political manipulation went on.
The government has disguised the true situation by clever manipulation of the figures.
خط مقدم
the most noticeable or important position
forefront /ˈfɔːfrʌnt $ ˈfɔːr-/ :
She was one of the politicians at/in the forefront of the campaign to free the prisoners.
His team is at the forefront of scientific research into vaccines.
She came to the forefront as governor after the political change.
The new factory could put the town back at the forefront of steel-making
مرهم ضماد
salve
ointment
به جای برخلاف
as opposed to
The box is made of plastic, as opposed to wood.
rather than; instead of
مثل بره آرام مثل بره نجیب و سربه راه
as meek as a lamb
Only an hour after their argument, Joe went to his mother, and meek as a lamb, asked her to forgive him.
تنها بعد از یک ساعت از جروبحث شان، “جو” پیش مادرش رفت و آرام مثل بره از او خواست تا او را ببخشد.
تخفیف
discount /ˈdɪskaʊnt/
Members get a 15% discount
Employees can buy books at a discount.
They offer a 10 percent discount on train travel for students.
آنها برای سفر با قطار تخفیفی 10 درصدی برای دانش آموزان قرار دارند.
They usually give you a discount if you buy multiple copies.
آنها معمولا اگر کپی‌های چندگانه خریداری کنید به شما تخفیف می‌دهند.
خطای دید
trick of the light
they discounted the first reports as a trick of the light or exaggeration
شاهد عینی
eyewitness /ˈaɪwɪtnəs/ قابل شمارش
According to eyewitness accounts, soldiers opened fire on the crowd.
One eyewitness said he saw her talking to a man in a blue car
onlooker /ˈɑːnlʊkər/ قابل شمارش
A crowd of curious onlookers soon gathered to see what was happening.
جمعیتی از نظاره‌گران کنجکاو زود جمع شدند تا ببیند چه خبر است.
.A crowd of onlookers gathered at the scene of the crash.
. جماعتی از شاهدان عینی در صحنه تصادف جمع شدند.
خشم، غضب،
a tendency to become angry suddenly or easily
temper:
Mason’s temper flared (= became angry) when he spotted his girlfriend kissing another man.
That temper of hers will get her into trouble one of these days.
According to Nathan, Robin has quite a temper.
Theo needs to learn to control his temper.
اشراف‌زاده
noble /ˈnoʊbl/ قابل شمارش
The regime was supported by a group of powerful nobles.
رژیم توسط گروهی از اشراف‌زادگان قدرتمند حمایت میشد.
aristocrat
noble-born
قد قامت
someone’s height or size
stature /ˈstætʃə $ -ər/ :
Bernard was short in stature, with a large head.
The president lacks physical stature
Both her parents are fairly small in stature.
مقام، قدر وقیمت،
the degree to which someone is admired or regarded as important
stature /ˈstætʃə $ -ər/ :
Their work is equal in stature
His political stature increased during the crisis.
Geo-morphology has now achieved full stature as a branch of geology.
he was an architect of international stature
He grew in stature (=became more admired or popular) during the campaign.
نظر جمعی عقیده عمومی
the opinion that most people consider to be normal and right, but that is sometimes shown to be wrong
conventional wisdom /kənˈvɛnʃənəl ˈwɪzdəm/ قابل شمارش:
As traffic grew, the conventional wisdom was to widen the roads.
Conventional wisdom has it that a book should never be judged by its cover
نظر جمعی این است که یک کتاب هیچوقت نباید با جلدش قضاوت شود
تضمین قطعی
categorical assurance
Can you give us a categorical assurance that no jobs will be lost?
کار هنری
work of art
They’re really works of art.
نظر اجمالی نگاه کوتاه
a quick look at someone or something that does not allow you to see them clearly
glimpse of
glimpse /glɪmps/ غیرقابل شمارش
We only had a fleeting glimpse (=a very short look) of the river.
The tall shrubs kept us from getting a glimpse of the new people who inhabited the beach house.
بوته‌های بلند مانع از این میشد که نگاه کوتاهی بر افراد جدیدی که در خانه ساحلی زندگی می‌کنند بیندازیم.
This morning we caught our first glimpse of the beautiful shoreline.
امروز صبح برای اولین بار نظری اجمالی بر خط ساحلی زیبا انداختیم.
المثنی
an exact copy of something, especially a building, a gun, or a work of art
replica /ˈreplɪkə/
The original conservatory has been rebuilt in replica
The vessel is an exact replica of a Viking longboat.
a large group of people all moving together
swarm /swɔːm $ swɔːrm/ :
A swarm of/Swarms of photographers followed the star’s car.
a large group of insects all moving together
swarm /swɔːm $ swɔːrm/ :
The dead sheep was covered with swarms of flies.
جمعیت جماعت ازدحام فوج
throng /θrɑːŋ/ قابل شمارش
He was met by a throng of journalists and photographers.
او با جماعتی از روزنامه نگارها و عکاس ها مواجه شد.
We pushed our way through the throng.
ما از بین جمعیت راهمان را باز کردیم.
به مرور زمان
as time passed
دوره - بازه زمانی
spell
After a brief spell in the army, I returned to teaching
علاقه، میل، دلبستگی
interest/ˈɪntrəst, ˈɪntrɪst/
Ben has shown an interest in learning French.
شریک همکار
associate /əˈsoʊʃieɪt/
He manipulated government funds to benefit himself and his associates.
او سرمایه‌های دولتی را دستکاری کرد تا به خود و همکارانش سود برساند.
Her former associates refused to see her
نماینده
someone who has been elected or chosen to speak, vote, or take decisions for a group
delegate /ˈdeləɡeɪt, ˈdelɪɡeɪt/
Congress delegates rejected the proposals.
نمایندگان کنگره آن طرح را رد کردند.
Around 350 delegates attended the conference.
Delegates have voted in favour of the motion.
Each union elects several delegates to the annual conference.
representative
تفویض واگذاری
delegation /dˌɛlɪɡˈeɪʃən/ غیرقابل شمارش
Many of these tasks can be dealt with by delegation
هیئت همراه گروه نمایندگان
a group of delegates
delegation /dˌɛlɪɡˈeɪʃən/ غیرقابل شمارش
The delegation included representatives from nine nations.
The government invited an international delegation to inspect the plant.
قصد و نیت، منظور
intent /ɪnˈtent/
She behaved foolishly but with good intent.
He is charged with possession of a gun with intent to commit a robbery.
Jones was found guilty of wounding with intent.
intention
اضافه کاری
overtime /ˈəʊvətaɪm $ ˈoʊvər-/
They’re working overtime to get the job finished.
He’s been doing a lot of overtime recently.
Many employees work countless hours of unpaid overtime.
Many of our offices will be working on overtime until the end of the year.
غوطه وری،
immersion /ɪˈmɜːʃən, -ʒən $ ɪˈmɜːrʒən/
After immersion in 40% glycerin solution at room temperature, they were placed on a copper stage and frozen with liquid nitrogen
the fact of becoming completely involved in something
immersion /ɪˈmɜːʃən, -ʒən $ ɪˈmɜːrʒən/ :
Total immersion in a videogame is almost like living another life
اماس، حالت تورم
tumefaction [tju:mɪ’fakʃ(ǝ)n]
بافت، نسج
tissue /ˈtɪʃuː, -sjuː $ -ʃuː/
She treats skin and soft tissue injuries in casualty
پند و اندرز
hint
The magazine gives lots of useful hints on how to save money
اشاره راهنمایی
hint
subtle hint اشاره نامحسوس
تسلیم
surrender /səˈrendər/ غیرقابل شمارش
The allied commander demanded their immediate and unconditional surrender
The villagers were starved into surrender.
He raised his hands in surrender.
درمیان ، وسط
amid /əˈmɪd/
The dollar has fallen in value amid rumors of weakness in the US economy.
لطیفه
a joke or funny story
gag
It was a bit of a running gag (=a joke which is repeated) in the show
His gags didn’t make us giggle.لطیفه هاش خنده دار نبود.
different levels of society
walk of life
People from all walks of life took to the streets.
مردم از هر قشری به خیابان ها ریختند.
تمام نیرو و توان
every ounce of strength
We must focus every ounce of strength to work out a solution to this problem.
باید تمام نیرومون و بذاریم تا برای این مشکل راه حلی پیدا کنیم.
شرافت صداقت، اصول اخلاقی
integrity /ɪnˈteɡrəti, ɪnˈteɡrɪti/
The code calls on members to behave with integrity at all times
She questioned his integrity as a councillor
He was a journalist of immense skill and integrity.
یکپارچگی (در ساخت) استحکام، انسجام
the state of being united as one complete thing
integrity /ɪnˈteɡrəti, ɪnˈteɡrɪti/
They do not independently check the integrity of the data that companies send to them.
The country is fighting to preserve its territorial integrity.
Nuclear weapons have the capability to destroy the physical integrity of the planet
The project threatens the integrity of one of the world’s most important wetlands.
We all have an interest in maintaining the integrity of the ecosystem
It’s up to the user to ensure the integrity of the data they enter.
شرافت کاری
professional integrity
Before turning to the individual arguments for teaching history it would be worthwhile emphasising the professional integrity of history teachers
شب زنده داری
a period of time, especially during the night, when you stay awake in order to pray, remain with someone who is ill, or watch for danger
vigil /ˈvɪdʒəl, ˈvɪdʒɪl/
I kept vigil at the bedside of my ailing mother.
تمام شب و کنار تخت مادر بیمارم بیدار بودم.
غوغا ، اشوب ، همهمه ، هیاهو
Ruckus /ˈrʌkəs/
rumpus /ˈrʌmpəs/
There’s a real rumpus going on upstairs.
پشیمانی، افسوس، ندامت
remorse /rɪˈmɔːrs/ غیرقابل شمارش
I felt guilty and full of remorse.
من احساس گناه داشتم و پر از عذاب وجدان بودم.
Throughout the trial, he had shown no remorse
Filled with remorse, Dillon decided to resign
I suffered no remorse
عذاب - درد (شدید)
agony
He was in agonies of remorse
He endured agonies of loneliness and misery.
They went through agony in the search for their missing relatives.
She mumbled an apology in an agony of embarrassment.
احساس شدید(درد،غم…)
pang /pæŋ/ [قابل شمارش]
She felt a sudden pang of guilt.
The photograph gave her a pang of homesickness
With a pang she recalled the last time she had seen him.
A sharp pang of guilt shot through him.
She felt a little pang of jealousy
a passing pang of regret
فرسودگی - خستگی شدید
extreme tiredness
exhaustion
Sheer exhaustion forced him to give up
Two of the horses collapsed with exhaustion.
there’s no end to my exhaustion.
fatigue /fəˈtiːɡ/
car accidents caused by driver fatigue
He’s suffering from physical and mental fatigue
گرمازدگی
heat exhaustion
Many runners were suffering from heat exhaustion
رعشه لرزه
quiver /ˈkwɪvə $ -ər/
I felt a quiver of excitement run through me.
The opening bars of the music sent a quiver of excitement through the crowd
shiver /ˈʃɪv.ər/ قابل شمارش
He felt a cold shiver of fear run through him
بیچارگی، درماندگی
helplessness /’helpləsnəs/
A feeling of utter helplessness washed over him.
گرداب
whirlpool /ˈwɜːlpuːl $ ˈwɜːrl-/
Whirlpools are normally caused by tides
جکوزی استخر آب گرم
whirlpool bath /ˈwɜːlpuːl $ ˈwɜːrl-/
A whirlpool bath and relaxing sun-beds are available for hire
قطع عضوی از بدن،
amputation /’æmpjə’teıʃən/
mutilation /’mju:tə’leıʃən/
تخریب - آسیب
damage or harm that is done to something
depredation /ˌdeprəˈdeɪʃ(ə)n/
The entire area has suffered the depredations of war.
Depredation of the environment is destroying hundreds of species each year.
بی میلی، اکراه، بیزاری،
reluctance /rɪˈlʌktəns/
I noticed a certain reluctance among the teachers.
His designs indicate a reluctance to conform to fashion.
She showed considerable reluctance to leave.
I can quite understand your reluctance to talk about what happened to you.
These political tensions explain the reluctance of financiers to invest in the region
With great reluctance, we have come to the decision to close the hospital
بیمه‌گر
insurer /ɪnʃˈʊɹɚ/ قابل شمارش
reluctance by insurers to keep paying out heavy claims
وهم، تصور، خیال واهی
illusion /ɪˈluʒən/
.My boss is laboring under the illusion that the project will be completed on time.
رئیس من با این وهم کار می‌کند که پروژه سر زمان تمام می‌شود.
The impression of calm in the office is just an illusion.
احساس آرامشی که در شرکت است، خیال واهی بیش نیست.
توهین اهانت
insult /ˈɪnsʌlt/
She was shouting insults at her boyfriend.
Their offer was so low I took it as an insult (=thought it was meant to be an insult).
that was one of the worst insults you can throw at somebody
Some advertising is an insult to our intelligence. توهین به شعور
They were hurling insults at the police.
I meant it as a bit of constructive advice, but he took it as a personal insult
I don’t mean this as an insult, but I think the team would play better without you
The king is unlikely to forgive the insult offered to his ambassador.
Foreigners have to suffer/endure constant insults from the local population.
It was an insult to his wife
offense =offence /əˈfens/
The problem was how to say ‘no’ to her without causing offence.
Don’t be upset by what he said; he meant no offence (=did not intend to offend anyone).
اسیب پذیری،
vulnerability /’vʌlnərə’bılıtı/
The gang had taken advantage of the immigrants’ vulnerability.
The earthquake highlighted the vulnerability of elevated highways.
بغض، بدخواهی، غرض، کینه
spite
She broke it just out of spite(=because of spite)
She killed her neighbour’s cow out of pure spite
grudge
Let us release our grudges, our anger and our pains, for these are nothing but binding chains.
بیایید کینه‌ها، خشم و دردهایمان را رها کنیم، زیرا اینها چیزی جز زنجیر بند نیستند.
چیز غول پیکر وگنده
colossus /kəˈlɒs.əs/
She has been described as the creative colossus of the literary world.
شباهت، همانندی،
likeness
There’s a definite family likeness around the eyes
The children all share a strong family likeness.
There’s a superficial likeness, but they’re really very different.
She bears a remarkable likeness to her grandmother.
I can’t see any likeness between her children
resemblance
similarity
پرتره
remarkable
That’s a remarkable likeness of Julia.
As a painter, he had the ability to produce a likeness in a single one-hour sitting.
به عنوان یک نقاش، او توانایی این را داشت که در عرض یک ساعت پرتره بکشد.
پاره، خرده، تکه، باقیمانده،
a small piece of something that has broken off or that comes from something larger
fragment /ˈfrægmənt/
The vase hit the wall and shattered into fragments.
Police found fragments of glass on his clothing.
ماهیت، گوهر، ذات،
essence /ˈesəns/
The essence of Arsenal’s style of football was speed.
She seems the very essence of kindness (=she seems very kind).
The essence of the problem is that there is not enough money available.
ماهیت مشکل این است که پول کافی در دسترس نیست.
ضمیمه پیوست، الحاقیه
appendage /əˈpendɪdʒ/ قابل شمارش
The committee is a mere appendage of the council and has no power of its own.
attachment
الت ذکور حیوان
pizzle [‘pɪz(ǝ)l]
رویداد غیرعادی
something in nature that is very unusual
freak of nature:
Due to some freak of nature, it snowed in June
کتیبه
inscription
additional details are found in monumental inscriptions
اثر تاریخی
monumental work /mɒnjəˈmentl /
The standard has been set by Penny’s monumental work, and he is to be heartily congratulated for his achievement.
مجسمه پیکر، تندیس
sculpture /ˈskʌlptʃər/ قابل شمارش
Tombs remain the most important monumental sculpture of this period.
آلت ابزار دستگاه
the set of tools and machines that you use for a particular scientific, medical, or technical purpose
apparatus /ˌæpəˈrætəs/ قابل شمارش
Astronauts have special breathing apparatus.
equipment
قدرت - اثرگذاری
the power that something has to influence people
potency /ˈpəʊtənsi $ ˈpoʊ-/ قابل شمارش
The myth of male superiority was losing its potency
He owed his popular support to the potency of his propaganda
This new drug’s potency is not yet known machine.
the ability of a man to have sex
potency /ˈpəʊtənsi $ ˈpoʊ-/ :
Consuming large amounts of alcohol can significantly reduce a man’s potency.
He is at the peak of his sexual potency
رستاخیز - تجدید حیات
resurrection /ˌrezəˈrekʃn/ غیرقابل شمارش
قدم، گام
stride
Paco reached the door in only three strides.
In one short stride, he reached the window.
He lengthened his stride to keep up with her.
He matched his stride to her slower pace
روایت سرگذشت
narrative /ˈnærətɪv/ قابل شمارش
Hall skillfully weaves the historical research into a gripping narrative.
نخ رشته، تار
thread /θred/
weaving the threads together
تقدیرگرایی-اعتقاد به سرنوشت،
fatalism /ˈfeɪtəlɪzəm/ غیرقابل شمارش
سوء مصرف مواد
substance/drug abuse
If a person has a substance abuse problem, he should be directed to a rehabilitative program
تسلیم
when someone calmly accepts a situation that cannot be changed, even though it is bad
resignation /ˌrezɪɡˈneɪʃn/ :
She gave a sigh of resignation
نفس راحت
a feeling of comfort after worrying about something
sigh of relief /sˈaɪ ʌv ɹɪlˈiːf/ قابل شمارش :
Residents in coastal areas are breathing a sigh of relief now that the storm has passed.
تندنویسی
a system of fast writing which uses lines and simple signs to represent words and phrases
shorthand
Her secretary was taking shorthand.
He took the speech down in shorthand.
Their conversations were taken down in shorthand by a secretary
آژیر
siren /ˈsaɪrən/ قابل شمارش
A police car raced past with its siren wailing.
یک خودروی پلیس در حال آژیر زدن با سرعت عبور کرد.
کار ماموریت
errand /ˈerənd/ قابل شمارش
I have to run a few errands for my mom.
باید چند تا کار برای مادرم انجام دهم.
Jerry will be back in a minute. I sent him out on an errand.
پادو شاگرد
errand boy /ˈɛɹənd bˈɔɪ/ قابل شمارش
شوخی خرکی
horseplay
فردی که به دنبال فرصتی برای انجام عملی غیرقانونی می‌گردد
a person who moves stealthily about or loiters near a place with a view to committing a crime
prowler
خوشه شاخه، دسته
a group of things that are fastened, held, or growing together
bunch
I’ll send her a bunch of flowers.
He had a bunch of keys on his belt.
خیلی
a large number of people or things, or a large amount of something
[ informal ]
bunch
There’s a whole bunch of places I want to visit.
I have a whole bunch of stuff to do this morning.
من امروز صبح خیلی کار برای انجام دادن دارم.
گروهی/تعدادی از چیزی/کسی
a bunch of something/somebody
We were a pretty inexperienced bunch of people really.
ما واقعا تعدادی آدم بی‌تجربه بودیم.
The ancient Egyptians were a clever bunch
گیاه دارویی
herb
Some special herbs can heel dangerous illnesses.
منتها درجه، اوج
peak
Hotel rooms are difficult to find at the peak of the holiday season
At his peak he was the best player in the world.
The share index rose to a new all-time peak of 2732
pinnacle /ˈpɪnəkəl/
He had reached the pinnacle of his military career.
If his capabilities had been appreciated, he would have reached the pinnacle of success in his own country.
اگر قدر قابلیت‌های او را دانسته بودند در کشور خودش به اوج موفقیت رسیده بود.
apex /ˈeɪpeks/
the apex of his career was in 1966
zenith /ˈzen.ɪθ/
His career reached its zenith in the 1960s.
culmination / kʌlmɪˈneɪʃən/ [uncountable]
This little book represented the culmination of 15 years’ work
The show marked the culmination of months of hard work.
The space race reached its culmination in the first moon walk
2001 saw the culmination of the project.
A decision will be taken at the culmination of the initial research.
acme/ˈækmi/
the acme of scientific achievement اوج دستاوردهای علمی
summit /ˈsʌmət/
His election as President represented the summit of his career
افت - افول
trough /trɔːf/ قابل شمارش
There have been peaks and troughs in the long-term trend of unemployment.
در روند بیکاری افت و خیزهایی بوده است.
قله
peak
Mount McKinley is Alaska’s highest peak
It is one of the most difficult peaks to climb.
آن یکی از سخت‌ترین قله‌ها برای صعود [کردن] است.
We looked up at the rocky peaks towering above us.
We saw climbers on the distant mountain peaks
summit
Many people have now reached the summit of Mount Everest
We estimated the summit of the mountain to be twenty thousand feet.
ما (ارتفاع) قله کوه را بیست‌هزار پا تخمین زدیم.
The climbers planted a flag on the summit
They reached base camp, 12,000 metres below the summit.
crest
We stood on the crest of the hill
It took us over an hour to reach the crest of the hill
بزنگاه، نقطه عطف
the most exciting or important part of a story or experience, which usually comes near the end
climax
The festival reaches its climax with the traditional boat-burning ceremony.
The climax came when the President ordered an air strike on the capital
This painting marked the climax of his career.
کولاک بوران (برف و باد شدید)
blizzard /ˈblɪzərd/
اجلاس سران
an important meeting or set of meetings between the leaders of several governments
summit
The 2004 summit will be hosted by Japan.
The two presidents agreed to hold a summit in the spring
These measures were decided at a summit in July
عهدنامه
treaty /ˈtriːti/ قابل شمارش
The two countries signed a peace treaty.
دو کشور عهدنامه صلح امضا کردند.
Two binding treaties were agreed at the summit.
دو عهدنامه لازم‌الاجرا در اجلاس سران مورد توافق قرار گرفت.
نوک، رأس
apex /ˈeɪpeks/
The king was at the apex of society
ridge
I could see a group of climbers high up on a ridge.
A bald eagle stood on the ridge of the tall office building.
یک عقاب سرسفید در نوک یک ساختمان اداری بلند ایستاده [نشسته] بود.
شتاب ، عجله
great speed in doing something, especially because you do not have enough time
haste
I soon regretted my haste
They left in haste, without even saying goodbye.
In his haste to leave, he forgot his briefcase.
She worked with frantic haste
hurry :
In my hurry, I left my coat behind.
انزجار تنفر شدید
revulsion /rɪˈvʌlʃən/ غیرقابل شمارش
تجدید دیدار
reunion /riːˈjuːnjən/
The reunion is held every two years.
Let’s have a party to celebrate our reunion.
At the reunion I met a friend I hadn’t seen for twenty years.
He had a tearful reunion with his family
پاتوق
hang-out
I chased him down (=to search for and find someone or something) at his old hangout.
دغدغه
a feeling of worry or embarrassment about something that you have
hang-up /ˈhæŋʌp/ [countable] informal :
She had cured him of all his hang-ups.
She’s got a real hang-up about her body.
درد شدید (جسمی یا روحی) رنج، عذاب
extreme unhappiness caused by physical or mental suffering
anguish /ˈæŋ.ɡwɪʃ/:
His anguish at the outcome of the court case was very clear.
In her anguish she forgot to leave a message.
she shut her eyes in anguish.
او چشمانش را با درد شدید بست.
The loss of a pet can cause some people real anguish.
He suffered the anguish of watching his son go to prison.
In her anguish, she turned to her father for help.
All the pain and anguish inside her rose like a tidal wave.
How could her parents survive the anguish of not knowing what had happened to her?
When she spoke, her voice was full of anguish.
Terror and anguish has gripped Ukraine and innocent people are being killed.
وحشت و اضطراب اوکراین را فراگرفته و مردم بیگناه دارن کشته میشن.
اضطراب تشویش، ترس هول و ولا
a strong feeling of worry and anxiety because you are worried about your life, your future, or what you should do in a particular situation
angst :
All my children went through a period of late-adolescent angst.
There was much angst about the decision.
علامت ایما، اشاره
cue
She stood in the wings and waited for her cue to go on.
او در گوشه‌های صحنه می‌ایستاد و منتظر علامتش بود تا بازی‌اش را ادامه دهد [تا روی صحنه برود].
زخم - جراحت
wound /wuːnd/
He died of gunshot wounds to the head.
A nurse cleaned and bandaged the wound.
It took several months for his wounds to heal
Several of the victims suffered severe stab wounds
He was treated in hospital for head wounds.
It will take much longer for the mental wounds to heal.
sore
all of us had sores and infections on our hands
They were starving and covered with sores
صومعه، خانقاه راهبان، دیر
Monastery /ˈmɒnəstri $ ˈmɑːnəsteri/
He lived in a monastery for most of his life.
convent /ˈkɑnvənt/
سهم سود
a part of the profits or advantages that come from an activity
a slice/piece of the action:
When it comes to lawsuits, everyone seems to want a piece of the action.
The inventor wanted a large piece of the action of the profits from the new computer that he had invented.
مخترع سهم عمده ای از سود کامپیوتر جدیدی که اختراع کرده بود خواست.
آسیب جبران‌ناپذیر
irreparable damage
راهنمایی ، نصیحت
tip
Here are some handy tips for buying a computer.
اینها راهنمایی‌هایی مفید برای خرید کامپیوتر هستند.
She gave me a useful tip for growing tomatoes.
او راهنمایی مفیدی برای پرورش گوجه‌فرنگی به من کرد.
We need some useful tips on how to save money.
ما راهنمایی‌هایی مفید درباره چگونه پول جمع کردن نیاز داریم.
نکات ایمنی
safety tips
Ensure the safety of your family with a few simple safety tips from the Fire Service.
از ایمنی خانواده‌تان با چندین نکته ایمنی ساده سازمان آتش‌نشانی اطمینان حاصل کنید.
نوک انگشت
tip of finger
The tips of your fingers are dirty.
نوک انگشتانت کثیف هستند.
نوک بینی
tip of nose
He kissed the tip of her nose.
او نوک بینی او را بوسید.
حکم مجوز
warrant /ˈwɒrənt $ ˈwɔː-, ˈwɑː-/ قابل شمارش
They had a warrant to search the house.
. آنها برای تفتیش خانه مجوز داشتند.
تار و پود
warp and weft /wˈɔːɹp ænd wˈɛft/
حواله، سند
an official document giving someone the right to do something, for example buy shares in a company
warrant: /ˈwɒrənt $ ˈwɔː-, ˈwɑː-/
The company issued warrants for 300,000 shares.
گواهی فوت
death warrant
The king refused to sign the death warrant for his old friend.
By indulging in casual sex, many teenagers could be signing their own death warrants
رضایت از خود (در مفهوم منفی)
complacency /kəmˈpleɪsənsi/ غیرقابل شمارش
success brings with it the danger of complacency
considering someone or something when doing something, and taking suitable action
with somebody/something in mind
With these aims in mind, the school operates a broad-based curriculum
تبریک، تهنیت، شادباش
congratulations
Thank you for your email and congratulations on your new job
May I offer my heartiest congratulations on your promotion?
Please give your parents my congratulations
Congratulations to Tony on his new job!
به منظور آماده سازی برای چیزی
in preparation for
The boxer exercised daily in preparation for(= in order to get ready for) the fight.
The prime minister has been briefed in preparation for his forthcoming visit to China
همه کاره، همه فن حریف
jack-of-all-trades
آراستگی پاکیزگی
neatness
a piece of cloth tied around your neck to support an injured arm or hand
sling
She had her arm in a sling
انتقاد شدید
Harsh criticisms, judgments, or personal attacks.
flak
He’s taken a lot of flak for his left-wing views.
او به خاطر دیدگاه‌های چپی خود مورد انتقاد شدید قرار گرفته است.
It drew/received/took a lot of flak from the disciplinary committee.
مورد انتقاد شدید کمیته انضباطی قرار گرفت.
slings and arrows
Now that you’re the boss, get ready to face the slings and arrows of unhappy customers and employees alike.
Unpleasant or difficult hardships.
slings and arrows
We’ve all suffered the slings and arrows of day-to-day living.
We’ve had our share of slings and arrows, but we’ve managed to build ourselves up into a stable business.
دسته دنده (خودرو)
gear lever
موجودی (انبار) ذخیره
a supply of a particular type of thing that a shop has available to sell
stock:
We have a huge stock of quality carpets on sale.
That particular model is not currently in stock.
آن مدل خاص در حال حاضر در انبار موجود نیست.
I’m sorry, that swimsuit is completely out of stock in your size
This store sells its old stock at a discount.
این فروشگاه موجودی قدیمی‌اش را با تخفیف می‌فروشد.
He keeps a stock of medicines in the cupboard.
The country has been building up its stock of weapons
بازار سهام
stock market
My father put all his money into stock market.
پدرم تمام پولش را وارد بازار سهام کرد.
تابوت
coffin /ˈkɑːfɪn/ قابل شمارش
A procession of mourners slowly followed the coffin.
دسته عزاداران به آرامی به دنبال تابوت حرکت کرد.
casket
شمع خودرو
he part of a petrol engine that makes a spark, which makes the petrol start burning
plug:
Change the plugs every 10,000 miles.
درپوش
an object or substance that is used to fill or block a hole, tube etc
plug
You can fill any holes with plugs of matching wood
فضای خالی، حفره
cavity
a hole or space inside something:
Put herbs inside the body cavity of the fish.
I have no cavities (=no holes in my teeth).
The gold was hidden in a secret cavity
چکیده، خلاصه
a short piece of writing, music etc taken from a particular book, piece of music etc
extract /ˈekstrækt
I’ve only seen short extracts from the film.
The extract is taken from a long essay.
They published an extract from his autobiography
عصاره اسانس
a substance obtained from something by using a special process
extract /ˈekstrækt
Add one teaspoon of vanilla extract
Add a few drops of vanilla extract.
The cream contained extracts of/from several plants.
conditioners made from natural plant extracts
استخراج
the process of removing something, especially by force
extraction /ɪkˈstræk.ʃən/
The extraction of minerals has damaged the countryside.
مجموع
aggregate /ˈæg.rɪ.gət/ :
The three smaller parties gained an aggregate of 25 per cent of the vote.
Manchester United won 2–1 on aggregate
accumulation
سرجمع
In the aggregate
In the aggregate , women outlive men by 7 or more years
in total
زمین (ناهموار)
terrain /təˈreɪn/
The car handles particularly well on rough terrain.
ماشین مخصوصا روی زمین پر دست انداز خوب کار می کند.
انگار
as though
I’m so hungry - I feel as though I haven’t eaten for days!
من خیلی گرسنه‌ام - انگار روزهاست غذا نخورده ام.
The house looks as though no one lives there.
خانه جوری به نظر می‌رسید که انگار هیچکس آنجا زندگی نمی‌کرد.
سخن یا نظر گستاخانه و توهین‌آمیز طعنه
an unkind remark intended to make someone seem silly
jibe /ʤaɪb/ :
She was tired of his jibe
Unlike many other politicians, he refuses to indulge in cheap jibes at other people’s expense.
گزیده گلچین
excerpt /ˈeksɜːrpt/
Read the following excerpt from one of Milton’s poems.
گزیده زیر را از یکی از اشعار میلتون بخوانید.
They only played a short excerpt.
آنها تنها گزیده کوتاهی از موسیقی را پخش کردند.
فریاد اعتراضی
outcry /ˈaʊtkraɪ/ قابل شمارش an outcry over the proposed change فریاد اعتراض به‌خاطر تغییر پیشنهادشده The new tax provoked a public outcry. 2 مالیات جدید منجر به اعتراض عمومی شد.
چهارراه فلکه ای
roundabout
Turn left at the first roundabout
تعهد، التزام
obligation /ˌɑb.ləˈgeɪ.ʃən/
If you have not signed a contract, you are under no obligation to pay them any money.
اگر قراردادی امضا نکرده‌ای، تعهدی نداری که به آنها پولی پرداخت کنی.
You have a legal obligation to ensure your child receives a proper education.
وظیفه قانونی توست تا اطمینان حاصل کنی که فرزندت تحصیلات مناسبی دریافت کند.
Tutors have a contractual obligation to research and publish
شخص متوفی، مرحوم
decedent [dɪ’si:d(ǝ)nt]
موافقت ، رضایت
consent /kənˈsent/
The chairman was elected by common consent (=with most people agreeing).
divorce by mutual consent (=by agreement between both the people involved)
permission to do something
consent /kənˈsent/ :
He took the car without the owner’s consent.
Her parents gave their consent to the marriage.
A patient can refuse consent for a particular treatment at any time.
Most owners are happy to have their names used for publicity if this is done with their prior consent.
Informed consent was obtained from all participants before the study began
معرفی رسمی، معارفه
the act of formally telling two people each other’s names when they first meet
introduction /ˌɪntrəˈdʌkʃən/:
Pete, are you going to make the introductions?
Our first contestant needs no introduction (=everyone already knows the person).
the introduction of new manufacturing methods
معرفی روش‌های جدید تولید
مقدمه بر چیزی
a written or spoken explanation at the beginning of a book, speech etc
introduction /ˌɪntrəˈdʌkʃən/:
In the introduction, he explains why he wrote the book.
Mr Brown gave a brief introduction to the course.
introduction to something
The book is a useful introduction to British geology.
این کتاب مقدمه مفیدی بر زمین‌شناسی بریتانیا است.
Can you write a brief introduction to the text?
می‌توانی یک مقدمه مختصر برای این متن بنویسی؟
عرضه (برای اولین بار)
the act of bringing something into use for the first time
introduction /ˌɪntrəˈdʌkʃən/:
the gradual introduction of modern farming methods into traditional societies
the introduction of a range of new products
With the introduction of independent taxation, a married woman’s position is much clearer.
We can now begin commercial introduction of the product into the United States.
حالا ما می‌توانیم تبلیغات عرضه این کالا را به ایالات متحده آمریکا شروع کنیم.
ابداع
the act of bringing something somewhere for the first time
introduction /ˌɪntrəˈdʌkʃən/:
the introduction of Buddhism to China nearly 2000 years ago
b) [countable] a type of thing that is brought somewhere for the first time:
The potato was a 16th-century introduction.
پیش گفتار - مقدمه سخنرانی
introductory remark
as the chairman said in his introductory remarks
سائیدگی
abrasion /əˈbreɪʒən/
Leather is strong, abrasion resistant and will conform to the shape of the foot
شوک - ضربه/آسیب
an unpleasant and upsetting experience that affects you for a long time
trauma ˈtrɔːmə, ˈtraʊmə $ ˈtraʊmə, ˈtrɒː-/ :
He had psychotherapy to help him deal with his childhood traumas
The phobia may have its root in a childhood trauma.
the trauma of being a young refugee
the emotional trauma of rape
a sudden attack on someone by people who have been hiding and waiting for them, or the place where this happens
ambush /ˈæmbʊʃ/ :
The ambush became a tragedy for those who attempted it because they were all killed.
The troops lay in ambush in the dense woods all through the night.
سربازان تمام شب را در جنگل انبوه کمین کرده بودند.
The soldiers were killed in an ambush.
In winter the danger of ambush is much reduced.
Armed police lay in ambush behind the hedge.
باسن
the part of the body you sit on
posterior /pɑːˈstɪriər/
If you would kindly move your posterior just a fraction to the right, I might get by
کسری - کمبود
the difference between the amount of something that you have and the higher amount that you need
deficit /ˈdefəsət, ˈdefɪsət/ [countable]
the country’s widening budget deficit
the US’s foreign trade deficit
a deficit of £2.5 million
The trade balance shows a deficit of two million pounds.
You cannot cut a budget deficit simply by raising taxes.
We will find it hard to make up this deficit.
United are hoping to overturn a two-goal deficit from the first leg.
The government was forced to sell state-owned companies to fund the budget deficit
a budget deficit running at 7% of GDP
The UK remained in deficit with all countries outside the EU.
His proposals have so far failed to eliminate the deficit.
shortfall
Parents have been asked to pay £30 each to cover the shortfall in the budget.
The drought caused serious shortfalls in the food supply.
an estimated shortfall of about £1 million
عدم موازنه تجارت خارجی، نقصان صادرات بر واردات
the difference between the amount of goods a country imports and the amount it exports
trade deficit
Last year the country had its largest trade deficit in recent history
خیانت
betrayal /bɪˈtreɪəl/
She felt a great sense of betrayal.
The business community regarded the measures as a betrayal of election promises.
The decisions were a betrayal of everything my father stood for.
ارتداد - سرسپردگی به جناح مخالف
the act of leaving a country, political party, etc. to go to another one
defection /dɪˈfek.ʃən/
His defection to the other side was the ultimate betrayal.:
Over the years there were hundreds of defections to the West/defections from the East.
Recent changes in policy have resulted in large-scale defection from the party.
شیر خشک
baby/infant formula /ˈɪnfənt fˈɔːɹmjʊlə/ قابل شمارش
کاهش بودجه
budget squeeze/crunch /ˈbʌʤɪt skwiz/
The budget squeeze hasn’t affect us yet.
کاهش بودجه هنوز تاثیری روی ما تاثیری نگذاشته است.
a job that you do because you feel it is your purpose in life and for which you have special skills
.
vocation /voʊˈkeɪʃən/ قابل شمارش
Mason regarded teaching as his vocation.
She believes she has found her true vocation in life
آموزش حرفهای
vocational training
شغل پیشه
occupation
The third son followed his father’s occupation
Approximately half the people interviewed were in manual occupations (=physical jobs).
Agricultural work is traditionally seen as a male occupation.
service occupations such as cleaning and catering
He gave up his occupation as a farmer and became a teacher.
The college provides training in a wide range of occupations.
Plumbing and carpentry are highly skilled occupations
Teaching is regarded as a middle-class occupation
profession /prəˈfeʃən/
Johnson was a barrister by profession
Why do you want to leave the profession?
She was shocked at her daughter’s choice of profession.
He reached the top of his profession in very little time.
She entered the legal profession after university
اشغال - تصرف
when a large group of people enter a place and take control of it, especially by military force
occupation
the German occupation of France
The area is under occupation (=controlled by a foreign army).
The invaders have given up occupation of large parts of the territories.
