IELTS Flashcards
large enough to be noticed or considered important
appreciable /əˈpriːʃəbəl/
There’s no appreciable change in the patient’s condition
The two plans are not appreciably different.
There has been an appreciable drop in the number of unemployed since the new government came to power.
Her health has improved appreciably since she changed her treatment.
too slight or unimportant to have any effect
negligible /ˈneɡlɪdʒəbəl, ˈneɡlɪdʒɪbəl/
The damage done to his property was negligible
insignificant
inconsequential /ɪnˌkɒnt.sɪˈkwen.tʃəl/ US /-ˌkɑːnt-/
Most of what she said was pretty inconsequential
trivial
We were punished for the most trivial offences.
Her feelings for Simon seemed trivial by comparison.
almost impossible to see or notice
imperceptible /ˌɪmpəˈseptəbəl, ˌɪmpəˈseptɪbəl $ -pər-/
Such changes are imperceptible to even the best-trained eye
impossible to see, see clearly, or understand
indiscernible /ˌɪn.dɪˈsɜː.nɪ.bļ/ US /-ˈsɝː-/ :
an indiscernible change/shape/reason
هم ارز ، همسنگ
having the same value, purpose, job etc as a person or thing of a different kind
equivalent /ɪˈkwɪvələnt/
a qualification which is equivalent to a degree
I had no dollars, but offered him an equivalent amount of sterling
These first computers were equivalent in power to a modern calculator
something that has the same value, purpose, job etc as something else
معادل
equivalent of /ɪˈkwɪvələnt/
He had drunk the equivalent of 15 whiskies.
This qualification is the equivalent of a degree.
This concert hall has been described as the American equivalent to London’s Albert Hall
The word has no equivalent in English.
تقریبی
approximate /əˈprɒksəmət, əˈprɒksɪmət $ əˈprɑːk-/
What is the approximate number of students in each class?
These percentages are only approximate
rough
Can you give me a rough idea of how much it would cost?
رو به زوال/کاهش
diminishing
متغیر - در حال تغییر مداوم
varying
(تغییرات) چیزی را نسبت به چیزی نشان دادن
show sth expressed as a proportion of
The chart shows government spending expressed as a proportion of national income.
رابطه مستقیم/معکوس
direct/inverse proportion
The human population in the region is expanding in inverse proportion to the wildlife.
The rewards you get in this job are in direct proportion to the effort you put in
در قیاس با
in proportion to
The cost of insurance increases in proportion to the performance of the car
in comparison (with/to something)
In comparison to other recent video games, this one isn’t very exciting.
He was a loud friendly man. In comparison, his brother was rather shy.
in relation to something :
Women’s earnings are still low in relation to men’s
حد و اندازه
proportions
The company is heading towards a disaster of enormous proportions.
an ecological tragedy of enormous proportions
For most of us, Scott was a hero of mythic proportions
شایع شدن
reach epidemic proportions
Shoplifting has reached epidemic proportions
The flu outbreak has reached epidemic proportions.
به حد بحرانی رسیدن
reach crisis proportions
The food shortage had reached crisis proportions
سهم
a part of a number or an amount, considered in relation to the whole
proportion
The proportion of women graduates has increased in recent years
Every parent is asked to contribute a proportion of the total cost
The decision affects a significant proportion of the population.
Although the majority of offenders are men, a small proportion – about five percent – are women
سهم زیادی/اندکی از چیزی را تشکیل دادن
make up a large/tiny proportion
Children make up a large proportion of the world’s population.
کودکان بخش عظیمی از جمعیت جهان را تشکیل می‌دهند.
نسبت
the relationship between two things in size, amount, importance etc
proportion
What’s the proportion of boys to girls in your class?
سهمیه
quota
They’re worried that they won’t achieve this year’s sales quota.
The committee has had more than its quota of problems.
I think I’ve had my quota of coffee for the day
fair share
سهمیه بندی کردن
impose quota on
The government has imposed quotas on the export of timber.
With an excess of milk in the European Union, production quotas were imposed on dairy farmers
set quota for
Several countries have now set quotas for cod fishing.
introduce …. quota
There are plans to introduce strict immigration quotas.
سهمیه بندی را لغو کردن
سهمیه را برداشتن
lift/scrap a quota (=stop it)
The minister for trade lifted all quotas on imports and exports
The government has decided to scrap quotas on car imports.
سهمیه را پر/تکمیل کردن
fill quota
In the 1990s the Navy couldn’t fill its quota for new recruits
سهمیه(از چیزی) را دادن
give quota of
Each person was given a quota of tickets to sell.
سهمیه(از چیزی) را گرفتن
take quota of
He never takes his full quota of holidays
بازدهی
output
We had to increase our output to fill the quota by the end of the year.
productivity
بیش از قدر سهمیه استفاده کردن
exceed quota
Many countries are still exceeding their quotas
The fishermen were accused of exceeding their quotas.
سهمیه واردات/صادرات
import/export quotas
British industry was sheltered from foreign competition by higher tariffs and import quotas
the process of comparing two or more people or things
comparison
Comparison with his previous movies shows how Lee has developed as a director
There’s just no comparison between canned vegetables and fresh ones
Let’s put them side by side for comparison
A price comparison shopping site was launched last month.
یاد چیزی انداختن
invite comparison with sth
Her paintings invite comparison with those of the early Impressionists (=they remind you of them).
be as good as someone or something else
stand/bear comparison
Irving’s work bears comparison with the best of the modern novelists.
Our problems don’t bear comparison with those elsewhere
after you have compared two things to see if they are similar or different , you say??
on comparison
On comparison, the Renault was the more reliable of the two cars
قیاس/مقایسه کردن
make/draw/provide/allow a comparison between
The article makes a comparison between the two poems
The writer draws a comparison between the 1950s and the present day
The test can be used to provide a comparison of a child’s language development with that of other children
This design allows the comparison of the behaviour of the two regions under identical experimental conditions.
contrast something with something
In another passage, Melville again contrasts the land with the sea.
measure somebody/something against
As a young actress, she was nervous of being measured against her famous father.
Murray’s progress is often measured against that of Nadal.
حدودی
not exact or without any detail, but generally correct and useful
crude
a crude estimate of the population available for work
مقایسه جامع / حدودی/ مفصل(مبسوط)/منصفانه و عادلانه / معتبر
broad/crude /detailed/fair/ valid comparison
There is not enough data for a valid comparison to be made.
Students had to write a detailed comparison of the two texts
A fair comparison between the two firms is extremely difficult
عرضه شده جهت مقایسه کردن
Comparative
Comparative figures for last year clearly show how sales have declined.
برتری نسبی ، مزیت نسبی
comparative advantage
A trend had already been set in textiles, where the comparative advantage of cheap labour was becoming important.
However, this solution prevents the group achieving any gains from assigning people to tasks according to their comparative advantage
نسبتاً
comparatively
Crime on the island is comparatively rare.
Comparatively speaking, this part of the coast is still unspoiled.
relatively
مستلزم زحمت و تلاش یودن
take effort
The goal of establishing a space station will take a team effort of major proportions.
هدف تاسیس یک ایستگاه فضایی به تلاش گروهی در ابعاد بزرگ نیاز دارد.
a difference between people, ideas, situations, things etc that are being compared
تفاوت - تضاد
contrast
There is a stark contrast between the lives of the rich and those of the poor.
The stock lost 60 cents a share, in contrast to last year, when it gained 21 cents
The birth rate for older women has declined, but, by contrast, births to teenage mothers have increased.
When you look at their new system, ours seems very old-fashioned by contrast
We are still getting some sun, in marked contrast to last year’s everlasting grey skies
She’s fun and warm and amusing – in direct contrast to James
Alaska is a land of dramatic contrast.
I noticed a marked contrast in his behaviour before and after treatment.
distinction
There is often no clear distinction between an allergy and food intolerance
We can see/recognize a sharp distinction between ambition and greed
Cultural distinctions lie at the heart of these issues
تفاوت ایجاد کردن
make a contrast with
The marble is smooth and polished, making a strong contrast with the worn stonework around it.
The fruit and the meat make a delicious contrast of flavours.
provide a contrast to
The red stems of this bush provide a contrast to the drab brown of the winter garden
The fresh fruit provides a contrast to the rich chocolate pudding.
متفاوت بودن با
be in contrast to
The spirited mood on Friday was in sharp contrast to the tense atmosphere last week
The winter heat wave in California is a stark contrast to the below-freezing temperatures on the East Coast.
stand in contrast to
Their attitudes towards love and marriage stand in stark contrast to those of their parents.
to contrast with
These results contrast sharply with other medical tests carried out in Australia
He contrasted her brashness unfavourably with his mother’s gentleness.
be a contrast to
This busy social life was a complete contrast to his old quiet life.
to say that two situations are similar – a rather formal use
draw an analogy :
Some people have attempted to draw an analogy between America’s invasion of Iraq and the war in Vietnam
to say that some features of things are similar, especially things that are actually very different – a rather formal use
draw a parallel :
He draws a parallel between football and religion.
Parallels can be drawn between her work and that of Picasso
تفاوت قائل شدن
از تفاوت ها حرف زدن
to say that you think two things are very different
to make a distinction between
It is important to make a distinction between people’s fears about crime and the amount of crime that really happens.
The author draws a distinction between allowing death to occur, and causing it.
The Act makes no distinction between children and adults (=it treats them as if they were the same).
highlight the contrast
The research will highlight the contrasts between different approaches to taxation
draw contrasts
It is tempting to draw sharp contrasts between religion and science.
draw a distinction between:
The author draws a distinction between allowing death to occur, and causing it.
a big difference between two groups of people or things – use this especially when you think the difference is unfair or may cause problems
disparity (formal) :
It is not easy to explain the disparity that still exists between the salaries of men and women.
the disparity in wealth between the highest and the lowest employees
The economic disparity between the area’s black and white citizens is a serious problem
a very big difference and lack of understanding between two groups of people, especially in their beliefs, opinions, and way of life
gulf between somebody and somebody:
More riots led to a growing gulf between the police and the communities in which they worked.
The central problem was how to bridge the gulf between the warring factions of the party
a big difference between two amounts, two ages, or two groups of people
gap :
There’s a ten-year gap between Kay’s two children.
The gap between rich and poor is wider in the South than in the rest of the country.
the quality of being special in some way
the distinction of doing something
At that time, it had the distinction of being the largest bridge in the UK.
The US enjoys the dubious distinction of being the lawsuit capital of the world
unpleasant, especially because it is likely to offend people or make you unpopular
invidious /ˌɪnˈvɪdiəs/:
By innocently lying to detectives, she’d put herself in an invidious position.
روشن و صریح، قطعی، بی شک و شبهه
clear-cut
a clear-cut difference between the two plans
not easy to notice or understand unless you pay careful attention
subtle :
The pictures are similar, but there are subtle differences between them.
The warning signs of the disease are so subtle that they are often ignored
دلبخواه، میلی ، دیمی، شکمی، بختکی، من درآوردی،بی حساب و کتاب
arbitrary /ˈɑːrbəˌtreri/
he committee’s decision seemed completely arbitrary
عرفی ، متداول، معمول، متعارف
conventional /kənˈvenʃn̩əl/
Shaking hands is a conventional way to acknowledge being introduced to another person and to show acceptance of a new relationship.
the conventional distinction between pure and applied science
سنت گرا
conventional /kənˈvenʃn̩əl/
Her very conventional parents could not understand why she had no desire to get married.
to make the difference between two ideas, subjects etc less clear
blur :
His films blur the boundaries between fact and fiction.
The design of the conservatory is meant to blur the distinction between the house and the garden.
The development of the concept of abuse of power blurred the distinction between merits and vires.
Both sides in the war had been blurring the distinction between military and civilian targets
to make a situation or the effects of something less unpleasant, harmful, or serious
mitigate :
Measures need to be taken to mitigate the environmental effects of burning more coal.
alleviate
فوری، انی
instantaneous
She accidentally swallowed the poison and death was instantaneous
بدون فرق، یکسان
without distinction
All groups are entitled to this money without distinction
به شکل ممتاز (با بدست آوردن افتخارات زیاد)
with distinction
He served with distinction in the First World War.
مربوط به، نسبت به، راجع به، در باره
in relation to
latest developments in relation to the disease
Similar policies were pursued in the 1970s, particularly in relation to health services.
ارتباط مستقیم/نزدیک داشتن با
be in direct/close relation to
The energy an animal uses is in direct relation to speed and body mass
مطلوبِ کسی بودن/نبودن
be in favour/out of favour (with somebody)
The island is very much in favour as a holiday destination.
The stock is currently out of favor with investors
stop being approved of
fall/go out of favour
Grammar-based teaching methods went out of favour in the 60s and 70s.
become popular again
come/be back in favour
Fountain pens have come back in favour
به نفعِ کسی/چیزی
in sb’s favour
The new rules should actually work in your favor
The war had begun to swing in Britain’s favor
in favour of something :
Plans for a tunnel were rejected in favour of a bridge.
to prefer someone or something to other things or people, especially when there are several to choose from
favour sb/sth [over …]:
Both countries seem to favour the agreement.
loose clothing of the type favoured in Arab countries
Florida voters favored Bush over Gore by a very small margin.
a judicial system that favours men over women
to provide suitable conditions for something to happen
favour :
The current economy does not favour the development of small businesses
to say that someone is similar to or has the same qualities as someone else
liken sb/sth to sb/sth /ˈlaɪ.kən/ :
She’s been likened to a young Elizabeth Taylor.
Critics have likened the new city hall building to a barn.
He likened today’s stockmarket to that of the 1920’s.
Morris has often been likened to Bobby Kennedy.
Critics have likened the new theater to a supermarket
completely different from a particular person or thing
unlike :
Tammy was unlike any other woman I have ever known.
Unlike most people in the office, I don’t come to work by car.
انجام کاری از کسی بعید بودن
be unlike sb to
It’s unlike Greg to be late.
آنقدرها هم بی شباهت نبودن
وجه تشابهاتی داشتن
be not unlike
In appearance John is not unlike his brother.
The landscape is not unlike that of Scotland
used when saying that two people or things are very different
informal
be like chalk and cheese :
It’s hard to believe that they’re brothers – they’re like chalk and cheese!
be (like) apples and oranges :
You can’t compare residential and commercial real estate markets. It’s apples and oranges.
Obama and Romney are apples and oranges.
Comparing homemade soup to canned soup is really comparing apples and oranges
very similar
alike :
My mother and I are alike in many ways.
The twins were dressed alike
The two towns are very much alike in size and population.
Though John and Andrew look exactly alike, they act quite differently.
much the same :
The glass is still made in much the same way as it was 100 years ago.
People are much the same, wherever you go.
She still looks very much the same.
یکجور ، بتساوی
alike :
I learned a lot from teachers and students alike.
fairly similar to something
akin to something : formal
These dialects are akin to Arabic, though different in several respects
