Non-Specific Immune Response

Question 1

What do tears contain?

Answer 1

An enzyme called lysozyme.

Question 2

How does Lysozyme kill bacteria?

Answer 2

Lysozyme kills bacteria by breaking down their cell walls

Question 3

Where is the enzyme also found?

Answer 3

In nasal secretions and saliva

Question 4

What is the purpose of Lysozyme?

Answer 4

Protect body from harmful bacteria we breathe or the food we eat.

Question 5

What happens when someone sustains an injury?

Answer 5

Microbes enter the body.

Question 6

What helps seal a wound?

Answer 6

A blood clot.

Question 7

What is inflammation at the site called?

Answer 7

An inflammatory response.

Question 8

What does an inflammatory response help do?

Answer 8

Helps destroy invading microbes

Question 9

What do damaged WBC + mast cells release?

Answer 9

Chemicals and Histamine

Question 10

What do the chemicals released by WBCs and mast cells do?

Answer 10

Chemicals cause arterioles in the area to dilate, increasing blood flow in the capillaries at the infected site.

Question 11

What does Histamine do to the capillaries?

Answer 11

Histamine increases the permeability of the capillaries: cells in the capillary walls separate slightly=vessels leak.

Question 12

What substances leak from vessels?

Answer 12

Plasma fluid, WBC, antibodies leak from blood into the tissue.

Question 13

What does the leaking of plasma fluid, WBC and antibodies cause? What can this result in?

Answer 13

Odema (swelling). Microbes can now be attacked by these intact white cells.

Question 14

What are Phagocytes?

Answer 14

Phagocytes are WBC that, engulf bacteria + other foreign matter in blood + tissues

Question 15

What do Phagocytes include?

Answer 15

Phagocytes include: neutrophils + macrophages

Question 16

Neutrophils

Answer 16

• Leave blood capillaries by squeezing the cells of capillary walls
  
  • Ingest + destroy bacteria
  • Last a few days

Question 17

Lymphocytes

Answer 17

• Two types: B cells + T cells
  
  • Involved in immune response: antibody production + immunity
  • Can survive for a few days or few years

Question 18

Monocytes

Answer 18

• Circulate in the blood for a day or two before they move into the tissue by squeezing between the cells of the capillary walls
  
  • Here they become macrophages + engulf bacteria

Present in: lungs, liver, kidneys, spleen + lymph nodes

Question 19

Other White Blood Cells

Answer 19

Produce chemical histamine involved in the inflammatory response.

Question 20

WBC

Answer 20

All contain a nucleus

Question 21

RBC

Answer 21

No nucleus. Transport oxygen and some CO2

Question 22

Platelets

Answer 22

Platelets: Cell fragments involved in blood clotting.

Question 23

ACTION AT THE INFECTED SITE: What do the chemicals released by bacteria and cells damaged attract?

Answer 23

Phagocytic white cells.

Question 24

What white blood cell is first to arrive?What do they do?

Answer 24

Neutrophils are first to arrive and engulf bacteria and become inactive and die.

Question 25

After the neutrophils die what is it then followed by?

Answer 25

Macrophages which are larger and longer lived cells They destroy more bacteria than neutrophils Then ingest debris from damaged cells.

Question 26

Where is the ingested material enclosed? How is the lysosome involved?

Answer 26

1. Ingested material is enclosed in a vacuole 2. Lysosome containing digestive enzymes fuse with the vacuole 3. Enzymes are released + destroy bacteria

Question 27

Stages of Neutrophils/Macrophages destroying Bacteria

Answer 27

1. Bacteria with antigens on surface. 2. Engulfed by neutrophil or macrophage 3. Enclosed in vacuole 4. Lysosomes fuse with vacuole, releasing enzymes that destroy foreign material.

Question 28

ACTION TO PREVENT THE SPREAD OF INFECTION: Where do some bacteria go? How can it be stopped?

Answer 28

Some bacteria get carried by the blood or the lymph | Spread of this bacteria can be stopped by the action of macrophages in the lymph nodes, spleen + liver

Question 29

What happens when the lymph system fails?

Answer 29

When the lymph system fails the body goes into septic shock.

Question 30

Role of lymph nodes in the lymphatic system

Answer 30

1. Tissue fluid drains into the lymphatic vessels. 2. Lymph (fluid) flows through lymph vessels + passes through lymph nodes: returns to blood via lymphatic + thoracic duct. 3. As lymph passes through the lymph nodes, any pathogen present activate lymphocytes + macro phages then destroy the microbes.

Question 31

ANTIMICROBIAL PROTEINS (INTERFERON): What protein is the only non-specific defence against viruses?

Answer 31

Interferon.

Question 32

Where is interferon produced?

Answer 32

Virus infected cells produce this protein and it diffuses to the surrounding cells.

Question 33

What does interferon do?

Answer 33

Prevents viruses from multiplying Inhibits viral protein synthesis Limits formation of new virus particles.