Non-Infectious Intestinal Diseases Flashcards
what are some developmental intestinal diseases?
atresia
hernias
what is the most common type of segmental atresia?
atresia coli
what is a hernia?
passage of mesenteric fat or intestine through a foramen
what are some congenital hernias?
umbilical
diaphragmatic
inguinal/scrotal
what are some traumatic hernias?
diaphragmatic
perineal
______________ may both predispose and be a result of a perineal hernia
tenesmus
what may a perineal hernia involve?
fat
rectum
urinary bladder
prostate
small intestine
what are the types of mechanical obstructions?
intraluminal
extraluminal/intramural
why is there a high risk of perforation with linear foreign bodies?
sawing action
what are some causes of large colon impactions in horses?
poor quality feed
dehydration
poor dentition
what are the most common locations of large colon impaction in horses?
pelvic flexure
junction of right dorsal and transverse colon
what can cause a sand impaction?
horse grazing on sandy soil
feeding hay on sand
what makes up enteroliths in horses?
magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite) around nidus (hair or foreign object)
what are some extraluminal/intramural obstructions?
hernias
intussusceptions
volvulus
pendunculated lipoma
mural or extramural neoplasm
if you see intussusception in an older animal, what is likely?
neoplasia
who can large intestine volvulus be seen in?
horses
what does prognosis of large colon volvulus in horses depend on?
vascular compromise
what can be seen with small intestinal volvulus in dogs?
mesenteric small intestine volvulus: severe shock and emergency surgery required
how does a lipoma cause an obstruction or strangulation?
lipoma on stalk encircles small intestine
what neoplasms can cause mural or extramural obstructions?
adenocarcinoma
lymphoma
leiomyoma/leiomyosarcoma
gastrointestinal stromal tumor
what are some types of functional obstruction?
ileus (decreased motility)
intestinal agangliosis (rare)
leiomyositis and myenteric ganglionitis (idiopathic and rare)
what are some toxins that can cause toxic intestinal diseases?
cantharidin
heavy metals
lots of toxic plants
what are the three main manifestations of NSAID toxicosis in horses?
gastric ulcers
right dorsal colitis (ulcerative colitis)
kidney injury (papillary necrosis)
where is cantharidin found?
blister beetles in alfalfa hay
why is cantharidin a problem?
cell lysis and severe ulceration in gastrointestinal tract
urinary tract ulceration (excreted in urine)
myocardial injury
what are some round cell neoplasms in the intestines?
lymphoma
plasmacytoma
mast cell tumors
what are some epithelial neoplasms in the intestines?
polyps/adenoma
carcinoma
neuroendocrine tumors
what do polyps cause in the intestines?
tenesmus (straining to defecate)
hematochezia
may be pre-malignant
where are polyps usually found in the intestines?
dogs mostly
rectum
where are plasmacytomas usually seen/
dogs
rectum
what type of tumor is leiomyoma?
smooth muscle tumor
what is the most common tumor of the lower gastrointestinal tract in most domestic species?
lymphoma
what are some differential diagnoses for lymphoma?
other gastrointestinal neoplasia
inflammatory bowel diseases
feline infectious peritonitis in cats
what are carcinomas like in the intestines?
malignant, invasive
firm, lumpy bumpy
usually solitary, more localized than lymphoma
how common are mast cell tumors in intestines of cats?
third most common in cats
what do gastrointestinal stromal tumors arise from?
interstitial cells of cajal
who is hemomelasma ilei seen in?
horses
how can pigs get rectal strictures?
salmonellosis
penetrating wounds
what is the most common type of atresia?
atresia coli
what is a cecal impaction from?
decreased motility from pain/stress
what are the risk factors for enteroliths?
soils high in magnesium
alfalfa hay: high in magnesium
what is intussusception from in young animals?
hypermotility: enteritis, parasites, foreign body
who can get small intestinal volvulus?
horses
pigs
sometimes dogs
what is ileus associated with?
surgery
peritonitis
endotoxemia
shock
electrolyte abnormalities
will plasmacytomas recurr?
yes if not completely removed
what is a major differential for small cell lymphoma?
lymphocytic-plasmacytic enteritis
where can carcinoma metastasize to in dogs?
lymph nodes
liver
lung
how can you identify gastrointestinal stromal tumors?
c-Kit with immunohistochemistry
